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BillGates_2015-_下次的疫情暴发？我们还没准备好_
When I was a kid, the disaster we worried about most was a nuclear war. 当我还是小孩时, 我们最担心的灾害是核战争。
disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的;
That's why we had a barrel like this down in our basement, filled with cans of food and water. 所以我们在地下室有个这样的筒子, 装满了罐头食物和水。
barrel:n.桶;枪管;一桶(的量);v.飞驰;
When the nuclear attack came, we were supposed to go downstairs , hunker down, and eat out of that barrel. 当核战争爆发时, 我们就要躲到地下室去,蹲低身子并靠那个筒子维生。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) downstairs:adv.在楼下;往楼下;adj.楼下的;n.楼下(尤指地面的一层); hunker:vi.蹲下,盘坐;n.守旧者;
Today the greatest risk of global catastrophe doesn't look like this. 今天的全球灾难最大的危险 看起来已不像这样了。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; catastrophe:n.大灾难;大祸;惨败;
Instead, it looks like this. 事实上,会像这样。
If anything kills over 10 million people in the next few decades, it's most likely to be a highly infectious virus rather than a war. 如果有什么东西在未来几十年里可以杀掉上千万人, 那比较有可能是个高度传染的病毒, 而不是战争。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的;
Not missiles , but microbes . 不是导弹,而是微生物。
missiles:n.导弹;发射物;投掷物;(missile的复数) microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式);
Now, part of the reason for this is that we've invested a huge amount in nuclear deterrents . 部分的理由是因为 我们在核威慑上投注了很大的精力和金钱。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) deterrents:n.阻碍剂;妨碍物(deterrent的复数);
But we've actually invested very little in a system to stop an epidemic . 但是我们在防止疫情的系统上却投资很少。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
We're not ready for the next epidemic. 我们还没有准备好预防下一场大疫情的发生。
Let's look at Ebola . 让我们看看埃博拉病毒。
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
I'm sure all of you read about it in the newspaper, lots of tough challenges. 我相信大家在报纸上都有读到这样的新闻, 充满了许多艰难的挑战。
I followed it carefully through the case analysis tools we use to track polio eradication . 用我们追踪消灭脊髓灰质炎（小儿麻痹）的案例分析工具, 我仔细地追踪这病毒的发展。
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎; eradication:n.消灭,扑灭;根除;
And as you look at what went on, the problem wasn't that there was a system that didn't work well enough, the problem was that we didn't have a system at all. 随着疫情的发展我们可以看到, 问题不在于我们没有一套可以使用的系统, 而是我们根本没有任何系统。
In fact, there's some pretty obvious key missing pieces. 事实上我们可以看到有几个很明显的不足。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
We didn't have a group of epidemiologists ready to go, who would have gone, seen what the disease was, seen how far it had spread. 我们找不到一群准备好了的流行病学家, 能去疫区看看病理和病情发展。
epidemiologists:n.流行病学家(epidemiologist的复数); disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
The case reports came in on paper. 病例都是由纸上报道传来的。
It was very delayed before they were put online and they were extremely inaccurate . 信息传上线时已经很晚了, 此外还很不准确。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; inaccurate:adj.错误的;
We didn't have a medical team ready to go. 我们也找不到训练有素的医护小组。
We didn't have a way of preparing people. 我们没有一套让人们严阵以待的方法。
Now, Médecins Sans Frontières did a great job orchestrating volunteers . 目前,“无国界医生”在动员志愿者上做了很大的贡献。
orchestrating:v.精心安排;编配或创作管弦乐曲;策划;密谋;(orchestrate的现在分词) volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数)
But even so, we were far slower than we should have been getting the thousands of workers into these countries. 但即使如此,我们调动数千名工作者到疫区的速度 还是十分差强人意的。
And a large epidemic would require us to have hundreds of thousands of workers. 大的疫情会需要我们动员数十万的人员,
There was no one there to look at treatment approaches . 但我们没有任何人在研究治疗的方向。
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
No one to look at the diagnostics . 也没有人在看诊断的方法。
diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数);
No one to figure out what tools should be used. 没有人在想该用什么工具。
As an example, we could have taken the blood of survivors, processed it, and put that plasma back in people to protect them. 举个例子来说,我们也许可以抽取生还者的血液, 处理过后,再将血浆注入人体内来保护没得病的人。
processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词) plasma:n.[等离子]等离子体;血浆;[矿物]深绿玉髓;
But that was never tried. 但是这个方法从来没有试过,
So there was a lot that was missing. 所以有很多事都还没来得及做。
And these things are really a global failure. 而这的确是全球性的失败。
The WHO is funded to monitor epidemics , but not to do these things I talked about. 世界卫生组织的目的是来监视流行病,而不是来做我刚讲的事。
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫;
Now, in the movies it's quite different. 但是在电影中演的剧情又是另一回事。
There's a group of handsome epidemiologists ready to go, they move in, they save the day, but that's just pure Hollywood. 有一群很英俊的流行病学家准备就绪, 他们到了疫区拯救了大家,但这是纯好莱坞的剧情。
The failure to prepare could allow the next epidemic to be dramatically more devastating than Ebola 我们的准备不足 ,可能会导致下一场疫情, 比埃博拉病毒的危害更严重。
dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词)
Let's look at the progression of Ebola over this year. 让我们看看埃博拉病毒在过去一年中的发展。
progression:n.前进;连续;
About 10,000 people died, and nearly all were in the three West African countries. 大约死了一万人, 所有的死者都在西非的三个国家里。
There's three reasons why it didn't spread more. 之所以没有扩散的原因有三个。
The first is that there was a lot of heroic work by the health workers. 第一个是卫生工作人员作的很多英雄事迹。
heroic:adj.英雄的;英勇的;记叙英雄及其事迹的;夸张的;n.史诗;英勇行为;
They found the people and they prevented more infections . 他们找到很多病人并防止了更多人得病。
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
The second is the nature of the virus. 第二个是病毒的特性,
Ebola does not spread through the air. 埃博拉病毒不是靠空气传染的。
And by the time you're contagious , most people are so sick that they're bedridden . 等到你有足够的传染力时, 大部分的人已经病得卧床不起了。
contagious:adj.感染性的;会蔓延的; bedridden:adj.卧床不起的;
Third, it didn't get into many urban areas. 第三个是因为病毒没有传到都会区。
urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
And that was just luck. 这纯粹是运气好。
If it had gotten into a lot more urban areas, the case numbers would have been much larger. 如果病毒传到了都会区, 那么死亡的人数绝对不止于此。
So next time, we might not be so lucky. 所以下一次我们可能不会这么幸运了。
You can have a virus where people feel well enough while they're infectious that they get on a plane or they go to a market. 有的病毒可能让你毫无察觉,但当感染病毒的人乘飞机或者去逛商场, 他们其实已经具有一定的传染力了。
The source of the virus could be a natural epidemic like Ebola, or it could be bioterrorism . 此外病毒的来源可以是天然的,像埃博拉病毒, 或是由生物恐怖攻击产生的。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; bioterrorism:n.生物恐怖主义;
So there are things that would literally make things a thousand times worse. 所以可以让疫情惨上千倍的病毒是存在的。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
In fact, let's look at a model of a virus spread through the air, like the Spanish Flu back in 1918. 事实上,让我们来看看一个病毒由空气传染的模型, 像1918年的西班牙流感。
So here's what would happen: 疫情有可能像这样发展:
It would spread throughout the world very, very quickly. 病毒会以很快的速度向全世界蔓延。
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And you can see over 30 million people died from that epidemic. 你可以看到全球有三千万人死于这个疾病。
So this is a serious problem. 这就是个很严重的问题。
We should be concerned . 我们绝不应该忽视。
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
But in fact, we can build a really good response system. 但事实上我们可以建立一个很好的反应系统。
response:n.响应;反应;回答;
We have the benefits of all the science and technology that we talk about here. 我们可以利用所有发展至今的科技和科学。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
We've got cell phones to get information from the public and get information out to them. 我们可以用手机 来收集信息和发布信息。
We have satellite maps where we can see where people are and where they're moving. 我们有卫星地图可以看到人们在哪里和往哪移动。
We have advances in biology that should dramatically change the turnaround time to look at a pathogen and be able to make drugs and vaccines that fit for that pathogen. 我们在生物学上也有进展, 这可以大幅缩短我们找到病原的时间, 并可以在很短的时间里找出解药和疫苗。
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; turnaround:n.转变;转向;突然好转;回车道; pathogen:n.病原体;病菌; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
So we can have tools, but those tools need to be put into an overall global health system. 所以我们是有工具的, 但这些工具必须统合在一个全球健康系统下。
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
And we need preparedness . 此外我们必须处在准备好的状态。
preparedness:n.有准备;已准备;做好准备(尤指作战准备);
The best lessons, I think, on how to get prepared are again, what we do for war. 而我们如何做好准备, 最好的例子还是来自于备战。
For soldiers, we have full-time , waiting to go. 对军人来说,他们是随时随地都准备好要投入战争的。
full-time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的;
We have reserves that can scale us up to large numbers. 我们还有预备军人,能使备战人口大量增加。
reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
NATO has a mobile unit that can deploy very rapidly. 北约组织有个机动小组,可以很快地行动起来。
NATO:abbr.(=theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)[组]北约; mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开;
NATO does a lot of war games to check, are people well trained? 北约组织有很多战争游戏可以测试人员是否已训练有素？
Do they understand about fuel and logistics and the same radio frequencies ? 他们是否了解燃油,补给 和相同的收音机频率？
logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流; frequencies:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;(frequency的复数)
So they are absolutely ready to go. 是的话,那么他们就已准备好了。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
So those are the kinds of things we need to deal with an epidemic. 这些就是面对疫情时我们该准备的事。
What are the key pieces? 关键的项目有哪些？
First, we need strong health systems in poor countries. 第一,在贫穷的国家里必须有发达的卫生系统。
That's where mothers can give birth safely, kids can get all their vaccines. 母亲们可以安全地生小孩, 小孩们可以接种疫苗。
But, also where we'll see the outbreak very early on. 我们也可以在很早的阶段侦查到疫情的爆发。
outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
We need a medical reserve corps : lots of people who've got the training and background who are ready to go, with the expertise . 我们需要后备的医疗部队: 还有很多训练有素的专业人员, 随时准备好能带着他们专长到疫区。
corps:n.兵团;(陆军)特种部队;(从事某工作或活动的)一群人; expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
And then we need to pair those medical people with the military . 我们可以用军队来配合医护人员,
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人;
taking advantage of the military's ability to move fast, do logistics and secure areas. 利用军队移动迅速的特性, 来进行后勤运输和维持安全。
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点:
We need to do simulations , germ games, not war games, so that we see where the holes are. 我们也需要进行一些情境模拟, 不是进行战争游戏而是进行病菌游戏 ,看看防卫漏洞在哪。
simulations:n.[计]模拟(simulation的复数);[计]仿真; germ:n.[植]胚芽,萌芽;细菌;vi.萌芽;
The last time a germ game was done in the United States was back in 2001, and it didn't go so well. 上一次的病菌游戏是在美国进行的, 那是在2001年了, 进行得也不是很顺利。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
So far the score is germs : 1, people: 0. 目前病菌得一分人类零分。
germs:n.[微]细菌; v.发生(germ的单三形式);
Finally , we need lots of advanced RD in areas of vaccines and diagnostics. 最后我们在疫苗和病理学上还需要很多的研发工作。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
There are some big breakthroughs , like the Adeno-associated virus, that could work very, very quickly. 在某些方面例如腺相关病毒上,我们已经有了相当的突破, 这可以在很短的时间内生效。
breakthroughs:突破;
Now I don't have an exact budget for what this would cost, but I'm quite sure it's very modest compared to the potential harm. 我目前没有明确的预算这到底需要多少钱, 但是我确信跟损失比起来是比较便宜的。
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; modest:adj.些许的;谦虚的; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
The World Bank estimates that if we have a worldwide flu epidemic, global wealth will go down by over three trillion dollars and we'd have millions and millions of deaths. 根据世界银行的估算,如果我们有流感的疫情暴发, 全球经济会损失三万多亿美元。 我们还会可能有千百万人员的死亡。
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数) worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
These investments offer significant benefits beyond just being ready for the epidemic. 跟仅仅只是准备好比起来, 这些额外的投资会带来显着的益处。
investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
The primary healthcare , the RD, those things would reduce global health equity and make the world more just as well as more safe. 基础的卫生保健,研发, 可以促进全球健康的平衡发展, 让这个世界更健康更安全。
healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健; equity:n.公平,公正;衡平法;普通股;抵押资产的净值; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
So I think this should absolutely be a priority . 所以我觉得这非常重要重要。刻不容缓。
priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事;
There's no need to panic . 不需要惊慌。
panic:adj.恐慌的;n.惊恐;恐慌;惶恐不安;v.惊慌失措;
We don't have to hoard cans of spaghetti or go down into the basement. 我们不需要囤积面罐头或是躲到地下室去,
hoard:v.积聚钱财;贮藏;n.贮藏物; spaghetti:n.意大利式细面条;
But we need to get going, because time is not on our side. 但是我们必须急起直追,因为时间有限。
In fact, if there's one positive thing that can come out of the Ebola epidemic, it's that it can serve as an early warning, a wake-up call , to get ready. 事实上,要说这场埃博拉病毒的疫情带来了什么正面影响的话, 那就是提早响起了警报,让我们觉醒并做好准备。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; wake-up call:叫醒电话;叫醒服务;警钟;唤醒服务;
If we start now, we can be ready for the next epidemic. 我们如果即刻开始准备,那么在下一场疫情来临前我们是可以准备好的。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）