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BillDoyle_2011P-_用电场治疗癌症_
Everybody in our society's life is touched by cancer -- if not personally , then through a loved one, a family member, colleague , friend. 这个社会的每一个成员都会接触到癌症－ 有的是本人不幸患病 有的是亲人 同事或者朋友得了癌症
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; colleague:n.同事,同僚;
And once our lives are touched by cancer, we quickly learn that there are basically three weapons, or three tools, that are available to fight the disease : surgery , radiation and chemotherapy . 一旦生命中接触到了癌症 我们很快就了解到 治疗癌症的 三个常见武器就是: 手术 放疗和化疗
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; radiation:n.辐射;放射线;放射疗法; chemotherapy:n.[临床]化学疗法;
And once we get involved in the therapeutic decisions, again either personally or with our loved ones and family members, we also very quickly learn the benefits, the trade-offs and the limitations of these tools. 一旦到了 选择治疗手段的时候 同样不论是自己的治疗 还是亲人朋友的 我们又很快了解到 各种治疗手段的 优劣之处
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) therapeutic:adj.治疗的;治疗学的;有益于健康的;n.治疗剂;治疗学家; trade-offs:n.权衡(trade-off的复数);交易;物物交换; limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式);
I'm very thankful to Jay and to Mark and the TEDMED team for inviting me today to describe a fourth tool, a new tool, that we call Tumor Treating Fields. 非常感谢杰和马克 以及TEDMED小组 邀请我 来介绍一个新的手段 我们称做肿瘤治疗场
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; Tumor:n.肿瘤;肿块;赘生物; Treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
Tumor Treating Fields were invented by Dr. Yoram Palti, professor emeritus at the Technion in Israel . 肿瘤治疗场的发明人是 尤兰姆?帕耳提医生 以色列Technion的荣誉教授
emeritus:adj.退休的;名誉退休的; Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人;
And they use low-intensity electric fields to fight cancer. 他们利用低电场 来治疗 癌症
low-intensity:n.低强度; electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的;
To understand how Tumor Treating Fields work, we first need to understand what are electric fields. 要理解肿瘤治疗电场的工作原理 我们先来了解一下 什么是电场
Let me first address a few popular misconceptions . 首先澄清 几个常见误区
misconceptions:n.迷思概念;错误的想法;
First of all , electric fields are not an electric current that is coursing through the tissue . 首先,电场 并不是电流 流经身体组织
First of all:adv.首先; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
Electric fields are not ionizing radiation, like X-rays or proton beams , that bombard tissue to disrupt DNA. 电场 不是电离辐射 比如X光或者质子光束 它们能攻击细胞组织 扰乱DNA
ionizing:adj.[化学][物]电离的;离子化的;v.电离;使离子化(ionize的现在分词); proton:n.[物]质子; beams:[建]梁; bombard:vt.轰炸;炮击;n.射石炮; disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的;
And electric fields are not magnetism . 电场 不是磁力
magnetism:n.磁性,磁力;磁学;吸引力;
What electric fields are are a field of forces. 电场 是一种力场
And these forces act on, attract, bodies that have an electrical charge. 这些力 能吸引和作用于 带电荷的物体
electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
The best way to visualize an electric field is to think of gravity. 最直观的理解方法是 类比重力
visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
Gravity is also a field of forces that act on masses . 重力也是一种力场 作用与物质
masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式);
We can all picture astronauts in space. 想象一下太空中的宇航员
They float freely in three dimensions without any forces acting on them. 他们不受重力影响 在三维空间里是自由漂浮的状态
dimensions:n.规模,大小;
But as that space shuttle returns to Earth, and as the astronauts enter the Earth's gravitational field, they begin to see the effects of gravity. 但是一旦航天飞机 回到地球 宇航员进入地球的重力场 他们就开始受重力影响了
space shuttle:n.航天飞机; gravitational:adj.[力]重力的,[力]引力的;
They begin to be attracted towards Earth. 受到地球的吸引力
And as they land, they're fully aligned in the gravitational field. 着落时 重力场则完全作用于他们
aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的;v.结盟(align的过去式);使成一直线;
We're, of course, all stuck in the Earth's gravitational field right now. 当然我们现在正困在地球的重力场里
That's why you're all in your chairs. 所以各位才能坐在椅子上
And that's why we have to use our muscle energy to stand up, to walk around and to lift things. 所以我们不得不利用肌肉力量 才能站起来,走动 和提起东西
muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
In cancer, cells rapidly divide and lead to uncontrolled tumor growth. 恶性肿瘤里 细胞能迅速分裂 肿瘤的增大就一发不可收拾
uncontrolled:adj.不受控制的;
We can think of a cell from an electrical perspective as if it's a mini space station . 从电力学的角度 可以把肿瘤想象成 一个小型的空间站
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; space station:n.太空站;航天站;宇宙空间站;
And in that space station we have the genetic material, the chromosomes , within a nucleus . 这个空间站里 是遗传物质,染色体 位于细胞核内
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; chromosomes:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(chromosome的复数形式); nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核;
And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions. 和细胞质中 细胞分裂过程中 一种特殊蛋白质 需要再细胞质中 自由漂浮
cytoplasmic:adj.细胞质的; proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
Importantly, those special proteins are among the most highly charged objects in our body. 关键是这些蛋白质 是人体中属于携带大量电荷的 部分
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
As cell division begins the nucleus disintegrates , the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and those special proteins undergo a three-dimensional sequence whereby they attach and they literally click into place end-on-end to form chains. 细胞分裂前期 细胞核分裂 染色体排列在 细胞中 那些特殊蛋白质物质 经过三维排序 从而能够 端点相连 形成链条
disintegrates:vt.使分解;使碎裂;使崩溃;使衰变;vi.瓦解;碎裂;衰变; undergo:vt.经历,经受;忍受; three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; whereby:adv.凭借;通过…;借以;与…一致; attach:v.贴上;重视;把…固定,把…附(在…上);参加;与…有联系; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
These chains then progress and attach to the genetic material and pull the genetic material from one cell into two cells. 这些链条 就会进一步连上 遗传物质 然后将这些遗传物质 从一个细胞拉进两个细胞里
And this is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two cancer cells, two cancer cells become four cancer cells, and we have ultimately uncontrolled tumor growth. 这就是一个癌细胞分裂生两个 的过程 两个癌细胞再变成四个 最后变成 无限增长的肿瘤
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
Tumor Treating Fields use externally placed transducers attached to a field generator to create an artificial electric field on that space station. 肿瘤处理场 利用精确安置的传感器 配有一个电场生成器 来人工制造电场 只作用于那个空间站
externally:adv.外部地;外表上,外形上; transducers:n.[自]传感器;[电子]换能器;[电子]转换器;变频器; attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) generator:n.发电机;发生器;电力公司; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
And when that cellular space station is within the electric field, it acts on those highly charged proteins and aligns them. 当那个细胞空间站 在电场内 电场就能作用于那些高电荷的物质 将其排序
cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元;
And it prevents them from forming those chains, those mitotic spindles , that are necessary to pull the genetic material into the daughter cells. 阻碍其形成链条 那些有丝分裂纺锤体 纺锤体是把遗传物质拖放到 子细胞的必要条件
mitotic:adj.[细胞]有丝分裂的;间接核分裂的; spindles:n.[机]主轴; v.使成纺锤形;
What we see is that the cells will attempt to divide for several hours. 我们就能看到细胞尝试数小时 进行分裂
attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试;
And they will either enter into this so-called cellular suicide , programmed cell death, or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided. 最后它们要么进入 所谓的细胞自杀 程序化的细胞死亡 或者最后形成非正常的子细胞 一旦分裂后 细胞就死亡
enter into:进入;讨论;成为…的一部分;研讨;分享;体谅; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀; unhealthy:不健康的 apoptosis:n.细胞凋亡;细胞死亡;
And we can observe this. 我们可以观察到这些
observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
What I'm going to show you next are two in vitro experiments. 下面我将展示一下 两个体外试验
vitro:n.在试管内;
This is cultures, identical cultures, of cervical cancer cells. 这是两个完全一样的培养基 培养的子宫癌细胞
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; cervical:adj.颈的;子宫颈的;
And we've stained these cultures with a green florescent dye so that we can look at these proteins that form these chains. 我们用绿色萤光染料将 培养基染色 这样我们就能看到这些蛋白质 是如何形成链条的
stained:adj.玷污的;着色的v.玷污;败坏;给…染色(stain的过去式和过去分词); florescent:adj.花盛开的,开花的; dye:n.染料;染液;v.染;给…染色;
The first clip shows a normal cell division without the Tumor Treating Fields. 第一条短片 是一个正常的细胞分裂 没有细胞处理场的干涉
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
What we see are, first of all, a very active culture, a lot of divisions , and then very clear nuclei once the cells have separated. 我们能看到 首先是一个非常活跃的培养基 大量的分裂 一旦细胞分裂开来 就有非常清晰的细胞核
divisions:n.分开;分隔;分配;除(法);不和;差异;(division的复数) nuclei:n.核心,核子;原子核(nucleus的复数形式);
And we can see them dividing throughout . 我们从从头至尾看到分裂过程
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
When we apply the fields -- again, in the identical time-scale to the identical culture -- you're going to see something different. 然后我们使用了电场－ 同样的时间尺度 同样的培养基 你会看到不同
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; time-scale:n.时间尺度;时标;时序表;年资薪级;
The cells round up for division, but they're very static in that position. 细胞开始分裂 但是都静止在原来的位置上
static:adj.静止的; n.[物]静电(干扰);
We'll see two cells in the upper part of the screen attempting to divide. 我们看到 屏幕上方的两个细胞 尝试分裂
upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; attempting:v.努力;尝试;试图;(attempt的现在分词)
The one within the circle manages. 圆圈内的这个分裂了
But see how much of the protein is still throughout the nucleus, even in the dividing cell. 但是看看有多少蛋白质 仍然贯穿细胞核 甚至是在细胞分裂时
The one up there can't divide at all. 上面的那个根本无法分裂
And then this bubbling , this membrane bubbling , is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell. 然后细胞膜就起泡 这是细胞死亡的 一个标志特征
bubbling:v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情);(bubble的现在分词) membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; hallmark:n.特点;品质证明;vt.给…盖上品质证明印记;使具有…标志;
Formation of healthy mitotic spindles is necessary for division in all cell types. 有丝分裂纺锤体的正常形成 对每一种细胞的分裂繁殖 是一个必要的条件
Formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形;
We've applied Tumor Treating Fields to over 20 different cancers in the lab, and we see this effect in all of them. 我们已经把“肿瘤处理场” 在实验室中对20种不同的癌细胞进行了试验 实验结果 全部有效果
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数)
Now importantly, these Tumor Treating Fields have no effect on normal undividing cells. 重要的是 肿瘤处理场对于 正常不分裂的细胞没有影响
10 years ago, 十年前
Dr. Palti founded a company called Novocure to develop his discovery into a practical therapy for patients . 帕尔提医生创立一个公司叫Novocure 致力于把这个发现 变成临床实用的疗法
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
In that time, Novocure's developed two systems -- one system for cancers in the head and another system for cancers in the trunk of the body. 那时Novocure开发了两个系统 一个针对头部的肿瘤 另一个是针对躯干上的肿瘤
The first cancer that we have focused on is the deadly brain cancer, GBM. 我们针对的第一个癌症 是致命的脑癌GBM（多形性胶质母细胞瘤）
deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地;
GBM affects about 10,000 people in the U.S. each year. 在美国每年有将近一万人 受此病折磨
It's a death sentence . 患上脑癌如同死刑
death sentence:n.死刑;
The expected five year survival is less than five percent. 不足百分之五的患者 能够存活到五年
survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
And the typical patient with optimal therapy survives just a little over a year, and only about seven months from the time that the cancer is first treated and then comes back and starts growing again. 大多数病人 接受了最好的治疗后 也只能撑过一年多一点 首次接受治疗后 仅仅约是七个月 癌症就会复发继续扩大
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
Novocure conducted its first phase three randomized trial in patients with recurrent GBM. Novocure进行了 第一阶段的三个随即试验 病人都是GBM复发
conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; randomized:adj.[数]随机化的,随机的;v.使随机化;做任意排列(randomize的过去分词); recurrent:adj.复发的;周期性的,经常发生的;
So these are patients who had received surgery, high dose radiation to the head and first-line chemotherapy, and that had failed and their tumors had grown back. 他们都曾 接受过手术 高强度的头部放疗 和一线化疗 这些都失败了 肿瘤复发
dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; first-line:adj.头等的,首要的; tumors:n.肿瘤(tumor的复数);
We divided the patients into two groups. 我们把病人分成两组
The first group received second-line chemotherapy, which is expected to double the life expectancy , versus no treatment at all. 第一组接受二线化疗 对比完全不接受治疗的病人 预期能够延长一倍存活寿命
second-line:adj.第二线的; life expectancy:预期寿命; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
And then the second group received only Tumor Treating Field therapy. 第二组 接受肿瘤处理场的治疗
What we saw in that trial is that that the life expectancies of both groups -- so the chemotherapy treated group and the Tumor Treating Field group -- was the same. 在这个实验中 我们看到两组－ 放疗组 和肿瘤处理场治疗组 预期寿命是一样的
expectancies:n.期望,期待;
But importantly, the Tumor Treating Field group suffered none of the side effects typical of chemotherapy patients. 但重要的是 接受肿瘤处理场的对照组 没有遭受任何化疗的 副作用
They had no pain, suffered none of the infections . 没有疼痛 没有感染
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
They had no nausea , diarrhea , constipation , fatigue that would be expected. 没有恶心或腹泻 便秘或疲劳 这些可能的症状
nausea:n.恶心,晕船;极端的憎恶; diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾; constipation:n.[临床]便秘;受限制; fatigue:n.疲劳;劳累;厌倦;(金属或木材的)疲劳;v.疲劳;使疲乏;(士兵)担任杂役;
Based on this trial, in April of this year, the FDA approved Tumor Treating Fields for the treatment of patients with recurrent GBM. 基于 今年4月的试验 FDA批准了肿瘤处理场 用于GBM复发病人的 治疗
approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式)
Importantly, it was the first time ever that the FDA included in their approval of an oncology treatment a quality of life claim . 这是FDA首次 把生命质量的要求 放入对肿瘤治疗的 批准条款
approval:n.批准;认可;赞成; oncology:n.[肿瘤]肿瘤学; claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得;
So I'm going to show you now one of the patients from this trial. 所以我将 展示一位 来自此试验的病人
Robert Dill-Bundi is a famous Swiss cycling champion. 罗伯特?狄尔邦迪 是著名瑞士自行车赛冠军
He won the gold medal in Moscow in the 4,000 meter pursuit . 他曾在莫斯科 四千米竞赛中获得金牌
gold medal:n.金牌;金质奖章; pursuit:n.追求;追赶;追捕;跟踪;
And five years ago, 五年前
Robert was diagnosed with GBM. 罗伯特被确证为GBM
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式)
He received the standard treatments . 他接受了标准疗法
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
He received surgery. 实施了手术
He received high dose radiation to the head. 接受了高强度的放疗
And he received first-line chemotherapy. 也接受了一线化疗
A year after this treatment -- in fact, this is his baseline MRI. 治疗后一年－ 这是他的脑部核磁共振成像的基线
baseline:n.基线;底线;
You can see that the black regions in the upper right quadrant are the areas where he had surgery. 右上角的 黑色区域 就是手术的部位
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) quadrant:n.象限;[海洋][天]象限仪;四分之一圆;
And a year after that treatment, his tumor grew back with a vengeance . 治疗一年后 肿瘤复发
with a vengeance:猛烈地,激烈地;
That cloudy white mass that you see is the recurrence of the tumor. 图上大块的白色云状物 就是复发的肿瘤
recurrence:n.再发生;循环;重现;重新提起;
At this point, he was told by his doctors that he had about 3 months to live. 当时医生告诉他 只有三个多月的寿命了
He entered our trial. 他加入了我们的试验
And here we can see him getting the therapy. 这里我们可以看到他在接受治疗
First of all, these electrodes are noninvasive . 首先这些电极是体外的
electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条; noninvasive:adj.非侵袭的;非侵害的;
They're attached to the skin in the area of the tumor. 附着在皮肤上 在肿瘤的对应范围内
Here you can see that a technician is placing them on there much like bandages. 这儿你可以看到 一位技术人员正把绷带模样的东西放上去
technician:n.技术员;技师;(艺术、体育等的)技巧精湛者;
The patients learn to do this themselves 病人会自己学习操作
And then the patients can undergo all the activities of their daily life. 这样病人 就可以正常进行日程活动
There's none of the tiredness . 没有疲乏症状
tiredness:n.疲劳;疲倦;
There's none of what is called the "chemo head." 没有chemo head症状（记忆力减退,思维能力下降等）
There's no sensation . 感觉不到装置
sensation:n.感觉;轰动;感动;
It doesn't interfere with computers or electrical equipment. 不需要 电脑或电子设备
interfere:v.干涉;干预;介入;
And the therapy is delivered continuously at home, without having to go into the hospital either periodically or continually . 治疗可以在家中 持续进行 不必不停或者时不时地 往医院跑
continuously:adv.连续不断地; periodically:adv.定期地;周期性地;偶尔;间歇; continually:adv.不断地;频繁地;
These are Robert's MRIs, again, under only TTField treatment. 这些是罗伯特的核磁共振成像图 还是在肿瘤处理场的作用区域
This is a therapy that takes time to work. 这个治疗得花上不少时间才能起效
It's a medical device; it works when it's on. 这是个医疗设备 打开时才工作
But what we can see is, by month six, the tumor has responded and it's begun to melt away . 但是我们看到,第六个月 肿瘤就有了变化 开始缩小
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词) melt away:v.消失;融掉;
It's still there. 不过还在那儿
By month 12, we could argue whether there's a little bit of material around the edges, but it's essentially completely gone. 12月的时候 可以说 只有周边还有一些残余 但是大部分是消失了
essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
It's now five years since Robert's diagnosis , and he's alive, but importantly, he's healthy and he's at work. 现在是罗伯特诊断后的 第五年 他仍然活着 更重要的是,他很健康 还在工作
diagnosis:n.诊断;
I'm going to let him, in this very short clip, describe his impressions of the therapy in his own words. 让他来在这个短片里 亲自介绍一下 他对治疗的感受
impressions:n.印象;观感;(impression的复数)
(Video) Robert Dill-Bundi: My quality of life, （视频）罗伯特?狄尔邦迪:我现在的
I rate what I have today a bit different than what most people would assume . 生命质量 我觉得 人们可能意想不到
different than:不同于; assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
I am the happiest, the happiest person in the world. 我是这世上最最开心的人
And every single morning I appreciate life. 每个早晨我都感谢生命
appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解;
Every night I fall asleep very well, and I am, I repeat, the happiest man in the world, and I'm thankful I am alive. 每个晚上我都沉沉熟睡 我的确是 世界上最开心的人 我很感激我还活着
BD: Novocure's also working on lung cancer as the second target. BD:Novocure对肺癌也有效 这是第二目标
We've run a phase two trial in Switzerland on, again, recurrent patients -- patients who have received standard therapy and whose cancer has come back. 我们在瑞士进行了 第二期临床试验 也是针对复发患者 病人都曾接受过标准治疗 而癌症又复发了
I'm going to show you another clip of a woman named Lydia. 我将展示一个视频 来自一位女士叫莉迪雅
Lydia's a 66 year-old farmer in Switzerland. 莉迪雅是名66岁的农妇 住在瑞士
She was diagnosed with lung cancer five years ago. 五年前 她被诊断为肺癌
She underwent four different regimes of chemotherapy over two years, none of which had an effect. 她在两年内接受了四种不同的 化疗 没有一个有效果
underwent:v.经验;遭遇(undergo的过去式); regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数);
Her cancer continued to grow. 她的肿瘤持续增大
Three years ago, she entered the Novocure lung cancer trial. 三年前 她参加了Novocure的肺癌临床试验
You can see, in her case, she's wearing her transducer arrays, one of the front of her chest, one on the back, and then the second pair side-to-side over the liver . 可以看到 她携带着她的传感器设备 一个在胸前一个在背后 另一副并排放在肝部上方
liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝;
You can see the Tumor Treating Field field generator, but importantly you can also see that she is living her life. 你能看到肿瘤处理场的生发器 但更重要的可以看到她仍然照常生活
She is managing her farm. 经营她的农场
She's interacting with her kids and her grand kids. 她和儿女还有孙子孙女们一起玩乐
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
And when we talked to her, she said that when she was undergoing chemotherapy, she had to go to the hospital every month for her infusions . 我们和她聊天的时候 她说当她接受化疗时 每个月她得去医院接受输液
undergoing:v.经历,经受(变化、不快的事等);(undergo的现在分词) infusions:n.[临床]输液;灌输;[化学]浸剂(infusion的复数);
Her whole family suffered as her side effect profile came and went. 她的整个家庭因为 她的治疗副作用而遭罪
side effect:n.副作用;附带后果; profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
Now she can run all of the activities of her farm. 现在她能自己 从事农场的所有活计
It's only the beginning. 这只是开始
(Applause) （掌声）
In the lab, we've observed tremendous synergies between chemotherapy and Tumor Treating Fields. 在实验室里,我们观察到了很多 化疗和肿瘤处理场的协同增进效果
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; synergies:n.协同增效效应;合并效果(synergy的复数);
There's research underway now at Harvard Medical School to pick the optimum pairs to maximize that benefit. 这些试验正在哈佛医学院进行 来挑选出最优组合 最大化效果
underway:adj.进行中的;起步的;航行中的;n.[公路]水底通道; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; optimum:adj.最适宜的;n.最佳效果;最适宜条件; maximize:vt.取…最大值;对…极为重视;vi.尽可能广义地解释;达到最大值;
We also believe that Tumor Treating Fields will work with radiation and interrupt the self-repair mechanisms that we have. 我们也相信肿瘤处理场能和放疗协调工作 从而阻断肿瘤的自我修复机制
interrupt:v.中断;打断;插嘴;妨碍;n.中断; self-repair:n.自行修复; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
There's now a new research project underway at the Karolinska in Sweden to prove that hypothesis . 这是一项在瑞典的Karolinska 进行的新研究项目 来实现我们的假想
hypothesis:n.假设;
We have more trials planned for lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer. 我们还有更多的临床实验 针对肺癌的 胰腺癌,卵巢癌 还有乳腺癌
pancreatic:adj.胰的;胰腺的; ovarian:adj.[解剖]卵巢的;子房的;
And I firmly believe that in the next 10 years 我坚信 未来十年里
Tumor Treating Fields will be a weapon available to doctors and patients for all of these most-difficult-to-treat solid tumors. 肿瘤处理场 将成为医生和患者的武器 来对付所有顽固的实质固态肿瘤
I'm also very hopeful that in the next decades, we will make big strides on reducing that death rate that has been so challenging in this disease. 我也希望 在未来十年 我们能在 减少以上疾病的死亡率上 有大的进步
strides:n.大步;步幅(stride的复数形式);v.跨过;迈步(stride的第三人称单数形式); death rate:n.死亡率;
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）