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BillDavenhall_2009P-_健康本于环境_
Can geographic information make you healthy? 地理环境是否 能使你身体更健康？
geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的;
In 2001 I got hit by a train. 2001年我被一列车撞到。
My train was a heart attack . 我的心脏受到了损害。
heart attack:n.[医]心肌梗塞
I found myself in a hospital in an intensive-care ward , recuperating from emergency surgery . 醒来时我发现自己在医院 的一个加护病房里, 正从急救手术中恢复过来。
ward:n.病房; v.防止; recuperating:vi.恢复,复原;挽回损失;vt.恢复,使恢复健康; emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
And I suddenly realized something: that I was completely in the dark. 我突然意识到: 自己完全被蒙在鼓里。
I started asking my questions, "Well, why me?" 我开始问自己:“为什么是我？”
'"Why now?" "Why here?" 为什么是现在？为什么在这儿？
'"Could my doctor have warned me?" “我的医生能否事先告诫我？”
So, what I want to do here in the few minutes I have with you is really talk about what is the formula for life, and good health. 所以,在接下来的几分钟,我想与你们分享的是 一个健康的生命应由什么构成。
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等);
Genetics , lifestyle and environment. 遗传基因,生活方式和环境。
Genetics:n.遗传学;
That's going to sort of contain our risks, and if we manage those risks we're going to live a good life, and a good healthy life. 也就是说这些是我们将面对的风险因素, 如果我们处理好这些风险 我们的生活将会更健康更美好。
Well, I understand the genetics and lifestyle part. 当然 ,我了解基因和生活方式这两方面。
And you know why I understand that? 那你们知道我为什么了解吗？
Because my physicians constantly ask me questions about this. 因为我的内科医生不断地 询问这些方面的情况。
physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); constantly:adv.不断地;时常地;
Have you ever had to fill out those long, legal-size forms in your doctor's office? 你是否在医生的办公处填写过, 那些标准大小规格的表格？
I mean, if you're lucky enough you get to do it more than once, right? 我是说,你们已幸运地做过多次这样的事,对吗？
(Laughter) （笑声）
Do it over and over again . And they ask you questions about your lifestyle and your family history, your medication history, your surgical history, your allergy history ... did I forget any history? 一次又一次的重复。然后他们还要询问 你的生活方式,你的家庭史 你的药物治疗史,你的外科史 你的过敏史,恩...我还忘了其他的什么历史吗？
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; medication:n.药;药物; surgical:adj.外科的;外科手术的; allergy:n.过敏症;反感;厌恶;
But this part of the equation I didn't really get. 但是对于这个部分,我并不是真正的知道。
equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式;
And I don't think my physicians really get this part of the equation. 而且我也不认为我的医生 真正的了解了这部分的信息。
What does that mean, my environment? 我的环境意味着什么？
Well, it can mean a lot of things. 实际上,它意味着很多事情。
This is my life. These are my life places. 这是我的生活。它们是我生活的地方。
We all have these. 我们每个人都拥有的。
While I'm talking I'd like you to also be thinking about how many places have you lived? 我希望在我演讲时,你们都想想 你们在多少个地方生活过？
Just think about that, you know, wander through your life thinking about this. 在你的生活中时不时 想想这个问题。
And you realize that you spend it in a variety of different places. 你会意识到,你的生命在很多不同的地方度过。
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
You spend it at rest and you spend it at work. 你在不同的地方休息和工作。
And if you're like me, you're in an airplane a good portion of your time traveling some place. 如果是像我类的人,旅途过程中你将花相当一部分的时间 在机场这个地方。
airplane:n.飞机; portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
So, it's not really simple when somebody asks you, "Where do you live, where do you work, and where do you spend all your time? 所以,我们总是很难回答类似的问题 你在哪儿生活？你在哪儿工作？ 你在哪儿度过你的时光？
And where do you expose yourselves to risks that maybe perhaps you don't even see?" 你在哪儿陷入那些 你甚至未意识到的危机之中？
expose:v.揭露,揭发;使曝光;显示;
Well, when I have done this on myself, 当我向自己发问时
I always come to the conclusion that I spend about 75 percent of my time relatively in a small number of places. 我总能得出以下结论 我生命中大约75%的时间 都集中在几个地方度过。
conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
And I don't wander far from that place for a majority of my time, even though I'm an extensive global trekker . 大部分的时间 我不会远离它们, 即使我是一位满世界跑的旅行者。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: extensive:adj.广泛的;大量的;广阔的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; trekker:n.特雷克牌汽车;
Now, I'm going to take you on a little journey here. 现在,我将带你们踏上我的几段旅途。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
I started off in Scranton Pennsylvania . 我从宾夕法尼亚的斯克兰顿出发。
Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
I don't know if anybody might hail from northeastern Pennsylvania. 我不知道现场是否有人来自宾西法尼亚州东北部。
hail:n.冰雹; v.致敬; northeastern:adj.在东北的;东北方的;来自东北的;
But this is where I spent my first 19 years with my little young lungs. 但是这是我与我年轻活力的肺 一起呆了19年的地方。
You know, breathing high concentrations here of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and methane gas, in unequal quantities -- 19 years of this. 在这里,我伴随着高浓度的 二氧化硫,二氧化碳 和甲烷 一起度过了我生命中的19年。
concentrations:n.关注点;[土壤]浓聚物(concentration的复数); sulfur:vt.用硫磺处理;n.硫磺;硫磺色; carbon dioxide:二氧化碳; methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气; unequal:adj.不平等的;不规则的;不胜任的;n.不等同的事物; quantities:n.数量;数目;大量;大宗;(quantity的复数)
And if you've been in that part of the country, this is what those piles of burning, smoldering coal waste look like. 如果你也曾在这个地方住过, 你就会了解它们都是产生于就像这些一堆堆正在燃烧的煤渣。
piles:n.痔疮;痔; smoldering:n.闷烧,阴燃;adj.(情绪)郁积的(smoder的变形);
So, then I decided to leave that part of the world. 所以,我决定离开那个地方。
And I was going to go to the mid-west. 然后打算迁到中西部。
Okay, so, I ended up in Louisville Kentucky . 现在我在肯塔基州的路易斯维尔定居。
Louisville:n.路易斯维尔(美国肯塔基州城市); Kentucky:n.肯塔基州;
Well, I decided to be neighbors to a place called Rubbertown. 我打算成为橡胶镇的邻居。
They manufacture plastics. They use large quantities chloroprene and benzene . 这个镇生产塑料。生产过程中使用大量的氯丁二烯 和苯。
manufacture:v.(用机器)大量生产; n.大量制造; benzene:n.[有化]苯;
Okay, I spent 25 years, in my middle-age lungs now, breathing various concentrations of that. 就这样,我带着我那步入中年的肺 呼吸着充满氯丁二烯和奔的空气又生活了25年。
middle-age:中年;
And on a clear day it always looked like this, so you never saw it. 在晴朗的天气里它显得那样的干净漂亮,你从不会发现这些毒气存在。
It was insidious and it was really happening. 但它却是真真实实的潜在地发生了。
insidious:adj.阴险的;隐伏的;暗中为害的;狡猾的;
And then I decided I had to get really smart, 然后我决定了我必须变得聪明,
I would take this job in the west coast . 我要在西海岸从事这个工作。
west coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州);
And I moved to Redlands California. 然后我又搬到了加利福尼亚州的瑞德兰兹。
Very nice, and there my older, senior lungs, as I like to call them, 我带着年长的 肺（我喜欢这样称呼它们）生活在那里
senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人;
I filled with particulate matter, carbon dioxide, and very high does of ozone . 之后我又发现了一些小问题,二氧化碳,臭氧的浓度非常高。
particulate:adj.微粒的;n.微粒,微粒状物质; ozone:n.[化学]臭氧;新鲜的空气;
Okay? Almost like the highest in the nation. 甚至是整个国家最高点的。
Alright, this is what it looks like on a good day. 这个地方天气好的时候就像这样。
If you've been there, you know what I'm talking about. 如果你住过那里,你就会了解我正在说的。
So, what's wrong with this picture? 现在看看,这副图片存在什么问题？
Well, the picture is, there is a huge gap here. 是的,在图片的这里,有个巨大的空隙。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
The one thing that never happens in my doctor's office: 在我医生的办公室从未发生过的一件事就是:
They never ask me about my place history. 他们从未问过我的居住地情况。
No doctor, can I remember, ever asking me, "Where have you lived?" 我记得从未有过任何一个医生问过我: 你曾经在什么地方居住过？
They haven't asked me what kind of the quality of the drinking water that I put in my mouth, or the food that I ingest into my stomach. 他们没有问过我 我饮用的水质量如何？ 或者我食用的食物的质量又如何？
drinking water:n.饮用水; ingest:vt.摄取;咽下;吸收;接待;
They really don't do that. It's missing. 他们从未那样做过。
Look at the kind of data that is available. 看看这组数据。
This data is from all over the world -- countries spend billions of dollars investing in this kind of research. 这组数据是世界各国投入数亿美元 做此类研究所得出的。
investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词)
Now, I've circled the places where I've been. 现在,我圈出了我们研究过的地方。
Well, by design, if I wanted to have a heart attack 现在,我必须在一些地方呆过
have a heart:v.发慈悲;
I'd been in the right places. Right? 我才能得心脏病,对吗？
So, how many people are in the white? 所以,有多少人住在白色的这些地方？
How many people in the room have spent the majority of their life in the white space? 在坐的有多少人在这些白色地方 度过了你生命中的大部分时间？
Anybody? Boy you're lucky. 有吗？这个先生你很幸运。
How many have spent it in the red places? 又有多少人居住在这些红色区域？
Oh, not so lucky. 看来不是很幸运。
There are thousands of these kinds of maps that are displayed in atlases all over the world. 有成千上万副类似的图片, 在世界各地的 地图册中展示出来。
displayed:v.陈列;展出;展示;显露(display的过去分词和过去式) atlases:n.[测]地图册(atlas的复数形式);
They give us some sense of what's going to be our train wreck . 他们提醒我们 发生火车碰撞后将会发生什么。
wreck:n.严重损毁人或物;沉船;v.破坏;损坏;毁掉;使遇难;
But none of that is in my medical record. 但是在我的医疗记录中没有任何相关的记录。
And it's not in yours either. 相信你们的也没有。
So, here is my friend Paul. 这是我的一位朋友Paul,
He's a colleague . He allowed his cell phone to be tracked every two hours, 24/7, 365 days out of the year, for the last two years, everywhere he went. 是我同事,在过去的两年里,他将其移动电话设置为可以被追踪的 365天,每天 两个小时, 不管他到哪个地方。
colleague:n.同事,同僚; tracked:v.跟踪;追踪;(track的过去分词和过去式)
And you can see he's been to a few places around the United States. 你可以看到他到过了美国的几个地方,
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And this is where he has spent most of his time. 在这里他度过了大部分的时间。
If you really studied that you might have some clues as to what Paul likes to do. 如果你认真的观察这些地方,你可能从中猜出 Paul的爱好是什么。
clues:n.(调查,研究等的)线索;迹象;(故事的)关键情节;(clue的复数)
Anybody got any clues? Skiing. Right. 有人知道吗？是的,就是滑雪。
We can zoom in here, and we suddenly see that now we see where Paul has really spent a majority of his time. 我们聚焦这儿,我们马上会发现 在这些地方Paul度过了相当一部分的时光。
And all of those black dots are all of the toxic release inventories that are monitored by the EPA. 所有这些黑点 都是由EPA监测出的有毒气排放 记录的地方。
toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; inventories:n.存货(inventory的复数); v.盘存;
Did you know that data existed? 你们知道有这类数据存在吗？
For every community in the United States, you could have your own personalized map of that. 在美国的各个社区, 你们都可以领取属于你们自己的地图册。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
So, our cellphones can now build a place history. 所以,我们的手机现在帮助建立我们的居住史。
cellphones:n.手机;移动电话;(cellphone的复数)
This is how Paul did it. He did it with his iPhone. 这就是Paul用他的iPhone 所做的.
This might be what we end up with. 这可能即使我们最终想要达到的效果。
This is what the physician would have in front of him and her when we enter that exam room instead of just the pink slip that said I paid at the counter. Right? 当我们进入到治疗室时, 这个将呈现给我们的医生 而不是在柜台领取的那张表,对吗？
pink slip:解雇;
This could be my little assessment . 这个是我自己一个小猜测
assessment:n.评定;估价;
And he looks at that and he says, "Whoa Bill, 他可能看着那个然后说 “喔~Bill,
I suggest that maybe you not decide, just because you're out here in beautiful California, and it's warm every day that you get out and run at six o'clock at night. 你居住, 你居住在美丽的加利福尼亚 每天都那么的温暖, 可能你决定每天晚上6点出去跑步,
I'd suggest that that's a bad idea Bill, because of this report." 但是从这组数据中看出 这将不会是个好主意。”
What I'd like to leave you for are two prescriptions . 今天我将留给你们是这样的两个处方:
prescriptions:n.医药处方,[医]药方(prescription复数形式);
Okay, number one is, we must teach physicians about the value of geographical information. 第一个:我们必须让我们的医生 了解到地理信息的价值所在。
geographical:adj.地理的;地理学的;
It's called geomedicine. There are about a half a dozen programs in the world right now that are focused on this. 全世界正在做的研究 其中一半项目都在关注。
And they're in the early stages of development. 这些研究都处于起步阶段,
These programs need to be supported. 都需要得到支持。
And we need to teach our future doctors of the world the importance of some of the information 然后我们需要告诉我们未来全世界范围内的 医生们, 今天我与你们
I've shared here with you today. 一起分享的这些信息的重要性。
The second thing we need to do is while we're spending billions and billions of dollars all over the world building an electronic health record, we make sure we put a place history inside that medical record. 第二件事我们需要做的是: 当世界各地投入 亿万美元 去建立一个电子化的健康记录时, 我们必须确定将居住史 记录在内。
electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
It not only will be important for the physician; it will be important for the researchers that now will have huge samples to draw upon. 它不仅对医生显得很重要, 为研究者也同样重要。 对此,我们可以举出大量的例子。
But it will also be useful for us. 同样对于我们自己也非常有用。
I could have made the decision, if I had this information not to move to the ozone capital of the United States. Couldn't I? I could make that decision. 如果我们拥有了这些信息, 无需到美国的臭氧中心就可以得出结论。 我可以吗？是的,我可以。
Or I could negotiate with my employer to make that decision in the best interest of myself and my company. 基于我自己和我公司的最大利益, 或者我可以与我的雇主谈判 做出决定。
negotiate:v.谈判,商议;转让;越过; employer:n.雇主,老板; in the best interest of:符合…的最佳利益;为…着想;
With that, I would like to just say that Jack Lord said this almost 10 years ago. 有了那些,我可以说出Jack Lord 差不多十年前说过的话。
Lord:n.(英国)贵族,大人,大臣;v.使成贵族;作威作福;
Just look at that for a minute . 花一分钟的时间看这,
for a minute:一会儿;
That was what the conclusion of the Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare was about, with saying that we can explain the geographic variations that occur in disease , in illness, in wellness , and how our healthcare system actually operates. 这是Dartmouth保健地图册 所得到的结论。 从中我们可以解释 在身体处于生病抑或是健康时地理区域的变化。 还有我们的保健系统又是怎么实际运行的。
Dartmouth:n.达特茅斯(英国港口); Healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健; variations:n.变奏曲,变更;[生物]变种(variation的复数形式); occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; wellness:n.健康;
That was what he was talking about on that quote . 这就是他在引用此数据时 所要阐述的。
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用;
And I would say he got it right almost a decade ago. 我要说在10年前他就正确的认识到了。
So, I'd very much like to see us begin to really seize this as an opportunity to get this into our medical records. 所以,我将非常欣喜的看到 我们能真正的抓住这个机会将居住史也涵盖在医疗记录中。
seize:v.抓住;夺取;理解;逮捕;
So, with that I'll leave you that in my particular view of view of health, geography always matters. 所以我将带给你们 我个人对健康的看法: 就是地理总是问题所在。
And I believe that geographic information can make both you and me very healthy. Thank you. 而且我坚信了解地理信息 将会使你和我更加健康。谢谢！
(Applause) （鼓掌）