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BhuSrinivasan_2017S-_资本主义不是意识形态，而是作業系统_
So, what is capitalism ? 什么是资本主义？
capitalism:n.资本主义;
Capitalism, fundamentally , is a series of marketplaces . 从本质上讲,资本主义是一系列市场的组合。
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; marketplaces:n.市场;集贸市场(marketplace的复数);
You can have a marketplace for lemonade , a marketplace for lemons , a marketplace for trucks that transport lemons , a marketplace that fuels those trucks, marketplaces that sell wood to build lemonade stands. 你可以有卖柠檬汽水的市场, 有卖柠檬的市场, 有运送柠檬的卡车的市场, 有驱动这些卡车的燃料的市场, 有出售木头的市场,用来制作 放柠檬汽水的货架。
lemonade:n.柠檬水; lemons:n.[园艺]柠檬(lemon的复数); transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放;
However, capitalism of course, as we know, is this either celebrated term or condemned term. 然而,一提到资本主义, 我们都知道, 它要么是个褒义词, 要么是个贬义词。
condemned:adj.已被定罪的;被责难的;
It's either revered or it's reviled . 要么是蜜糖,要么是砒霜。
revered:v.崇敬,尊崇,敬畏(revere的过去式和过去分词); reviled:vt.辱骂;斥责;vi.辱骂;谩骂;
And I'm here to argue that this is because capitalism, in the modern iteration , is largely misunderstood . 而我要说的就是,这是因为 今天人们对资本主义有很深的误解。
iteration:n.[数]迭代;反复;重复; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; misunderstood:adj.被误解的;v.误解,误会(misunderstand的过去式);
In my view, capitalism should not be thought of as an ideology , but instead should be thought of as an operating system . 在我看来, 资本主义不应该 被看成一种意识形态, 而应该视其为一种操作系统。
ideology:n.意识形态;思想意识;观念学; operating system:n.(计算机)操作系统;
Think of your iPhone. 想想你的iPhone。
Your iPhone merges hardware with software. 你的iPhone 是硬件和软件的组合。
merges:v.合并(merge的第三人称单数); hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具;
Apps and hardware. 是APP和硬件的组合。
Now think about all the hardware as the physical reality all around you, and think of the apps as entrepreneurial activity, creative energy. 我们不妨把硬件 想象为我们周围的物理世界, 把APP想象成商业活动, 具有创造性的能量。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; entrepreneurial:adj.企业家的,创业者的;中间商的; creative:adj.创造性的;
And in-between , you have an operating system. 而这两者之间的就是操作系统。
in-between:n.中间人;中间存在者;局中的物体;adj.中间的;
As you have advances in hardware, you have advances in software. 你的硬件在发展, 软件也在发展。
And the operating system needs to keep up. 那相应的,操作系统也需要跟上。
It needs to be patched , it needs to be updated , new releases have to happen. 需要安装补丁,需要升级, 要有新的版本。
patched:v.打补丁;缝补;修补;(patch的过去分词和过去式) updated:adj.更新的;现代化的;v.使现代化;更新;(update的过去分词和过去式) releases:n.释放; vt.释放;
And all of these things have to happen symbiotically . 所有这些要同步发展。
symbiotically:adv.symbiotic的变形adj.[生物学]共生的[亦作symbiotical];
The operating system needs to keep getting more and more advanced to keep up with innovation . 操作系统需要不断进化, 才能跟上创新的脚步。
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) keep up with:赶得上;和…保持联系; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
And this is why, fundamentally, when you think about it as an operating system, it devolves the language of ideology away from what traditional defenders of capitalism think. 本质上来说,这就是为什么, 当你把它看作一个操作系统的时候, 就会把传统的资本主义捍卫者 所认为的,它是一种 意识形态的看法摈弃。
devolves:vi.被移交;转让;vt.转移;移交;使滚下;衰落; traditional:传统的,惯例的, defenders:n.后卫;防御者(defender的复数);
But even if you go to the constitution , you'll notice, before the founders even got to the First Amendment -- with free speech, free religion, free press, they thought about patents and copyright . 但是,即使你去翻看宪法, 你会发现,在建国者们 通过第一修正案之前, 关于言论、宗教和出版的自由, 他们首先想到的是专利和版权。
constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; founders:n.创办人;造物者(founder的复数); First Amendment:n.美国宪法第一修正案(保护言论与信仰自由以及和平集会权); patents:n.[专利]专利(patent的复数形式);专利权; copyright:n.版权;著作权;adj.受版权保护的;未经准许不得复制的;v.获得…的版权;
They talked about the government's role in promoting arts and sciences. 他们讨论的是政府 在推进艺术和科学发展中所起的作用。
promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词)
It's the reason why I could not start a search engine tomorrow called Goggle . 所以我不能明天上线一个搜索引擎, 把它叫做“果歌”。
search engine:n.(计算机)搜索引擎; Goggle:vi.眼珠转动; n.护目镜,风镜; adj.瞪眼的,睁眼的; vt.使瞪眼;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Google doesn't own Gs, but I couldn't do it because there could be some confusion . 当然,谷歌只有一个G, 但我也不能这么干, 因为会引发歧义。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; confusion:n.困惑;混淆;混同;困窘;
So even property rights have ambiguity built into them. 因此,即使是产权 也会有不明确之处。
ambiguity:n.含糊;不明确;暧昧;模棱两可的话;
And on and on . 这种情况有很多。
on and on:继续不停地;
And by 1900, you have other types of property that come into being. 到1900年代, 其他类型的财产开始出现。
For instance , imagine that in 1900, you owned 100 acres of land someplace in the Midwest . 比如,假设你在1900年, 拥有100英亩的土地, 位于中西部的某处。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; Midwest:n.美国的中西部;
It's very easy to see where your fence ends, your neighbor's property begins. 你跟你邻居的土地, 很容易区分开来, 看篱笆从哪里结束就行。
Now let me ask you, where in the sky does your property end? 那么问题来了, 你的财产往空中延伸到哪里？
Does it end at 1,000 feet, 5,000 feet, 10,000 feet? 是1000英尺高？ 还是5000英尺, 或者10000英尺？
It makes no difference, because other than the novelty of a few hot-air balloons, man couldn't fly. 其实区别不大, 因为除非坐上 当时还很少见的的热气球, 当时的人类并不会飞。
novelty:n.新奇;新奇的事物;新颖小巧而廉价的物品; hot-air:n.热气式;热空气;大话,毫无根据的谎言;
But within three years, he could. 但3年之后,就可以了。
Now all of a sudden , it was very much relevant whether your land ends at 1,000 feet in the sky, 5,000 feet, 10,000 feet. 突然之间,你的财产范围 是1000英尺高, 还是5000英尺高, 或者10000英尺高, 一下子有了意义。
all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
And you have to have someone arbitrate that. 这就需要有人来进行裁决。
arbitrate:vt.仲裁;公断;
And indeed, that's exactly what happened. 事实也是如此。
And five or ten years from now, 5年或者10年后,
And five or ten years from now, from that UPS truck, we're going to have to decide: Does you property end at five feet, 10 feet, 50 feet, 100 feet? 当亚马逊要将一个包裹 从UPS的卡车上 越过你的房子送到你邻居家时, 我们就要判断: 你的土地范围是5英尺高, 还是10英尺, 50英尺,100英尺？
Where does it end? 到多高的地方结束？
And there is no ideology that will tell you where your property ends. 没有哪种意识形态 会显示你的土地边界在哪里。
It's an operating system. 这是一种操作系统。
And similarly , we're going to see this with automobiles . 同样的, 我们来看一下汽车。
similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; automobiles:n.[车辆]汽车,发动器(automobile复数);关于汽车;
A few years after the Wright brothers figured out flight, human beings started using more and more cars. 在怀特兄弟发明飞机几年后, 我们开始越来越多地使用汽车。
Wright:n.制作者;工人;
And all of a sudden, the regulatory system -- the operating system -- had to be patched to all of a sudden address the safety of consumers . 一夜之间, 监管系统,或者说操作系统, 需要进行调整, 要更加关注消费者的安全。
regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数)
That the consumers of vehicles were presenting danger to horses, other pedestrians , trolleys , what have you. 汽车消费者可能会危及路上的马匹, 行人,有轨电车,等等。
vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) pedestrians:n.行人(pedestrian的复数); trolleys:n.手推车(trolley的复数形式);
And all of a sudden, the drivers of these automobiles had to have driver's licenses , eye exams, registered motor vehicles, speed limits, rules of the road, so that horses, pedestrians, could coexist with cars. 突然之间, 汽车驾驶员都需要拿驾照,测视力, 车辆登记,限速, 道路交通法规, 这样才能让马匹、行人跟车辆共存。
licenses:n.许可(license的复数);授权;v.允许(license的三单形式); registered:adj.登记过的;记名的;挂号的;v.登记;注册;(register的过去式和过去分词) coexist:vi.共存;和平共处;
It had to be backwards compatible . 它必须向后兼容,
backwards compatible:adj.向后兼容的;兼容旧系统(或机器、程序)的;
So a new invention had to basically fit advances from the past. 也就是新的发明 必须能跟旧的事物相匹配。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
Similarly, five or ten years from now, we're going to see the same thing with self-driving cars -- coexisting with human-driven cars. 同样的,5-10年后, 我们会看到无人车 跟传统汽车和平共处。
self-driving:自驾; coexisting:adj.共存的;v.[数]共存(coexist的现在分词);
The reason why this is important, is in 10 years, another thing is going to happen beyond drones and self-driving cars, but you're going to see the most valuable economy in the world -- the largest economy in the world -- is going to be a country run by communists . 为什么这件事很重要呢, 因为在未来10年, 还会有一件重要的事情发生, 它远比无人机或无人车重要, 你们将会看到 世界最有价值的经济体, 世界最大的经济体, 将会是一个由共产党领导的国家。
drones:v.嗡嗡叫;嗡嗡响;(drone的第三人称单数) valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; communists:n.共产党员(communist的复数形式);
The Chinese seem to be very good at capitalism. 中国人似乎对资本主义很在行。
And this is going to have fundamental problems and present an identity crisis for the United States. 这将引发一个根本性的问题, 可能会在美国引发身份认知危机。
identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
Because for a long time, free markets coincided with liberties such as free speech, free press, free religion. 因为长久以来, 自由市场是跟公民自由息息相关的, 比如言论自由、出版自由, 宗教信仰自由。
coincided:v.同时发生;相同;相符;重叠;(coincide的过去式和过去分词) liberties:n.自由(liberty的复数);
And all of a sudden, this equation is going to be decoupled . 突然之间,这二者分道扬镳了。
equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式; decoupled:adj.不挂钩的;v.解耦,[电]退耦(decouple的过去式和过去分词);
And when it gets decoupled, we might find that democracy , the multitude of voices, actually impedes capitalism because a state that does not have any pretense of limited government 当这种情况出现时, 我们会发现,民主,多种言论, 实际上阻碍了资本主义, 因为一个国家,它的政府 如果有强大的行动力
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; multitude:n.众多;大量;群众;民众;人群; impedes:vt.阻碍;妨碍;阻止; pretense:n.借口;虚假;炫耀;自吹(等于pretence); limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
can very quickly mandate a regulatory framework for drones, for electric cars, for self-driving cars, for any new innovation where they feel that they can leapfrog Western societies. 就可以非常迅速地出台监管框架—— 针对无人机, 电动车,自动驾驶汽车, 任何新发明, 只要他们认为可以赶超西方社会。
mandate:n.授权;命令,指令;委托管理;受命进行的工作;vt.授权;托管; electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的; leapfrog:n.跳背游戏;跳蛙游戏;交互跃进;vi.跳背;跳蛙;交替前进;vt.跃过;
And this is a very unique thing in the American experience. 美国从未经历过这种事。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
And this is why it's very important to think of American capitalism as an operating system and not as an ideology. 这就是为什么要将美国的资本主义 看成一个操作系统而不是意识形态。
Because when you think about it as an ideology, you can have good politics make for very, very bad policy . 因为一旦你把它看成意识形态, 你就有可能在好的政治制度下 制定出非常糟糕的政策。
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
That market outcomes and democratic voices and battles for votes can end up stifling progress. 那种市场结果和民主声音, 为争取选票的斗争, 可能会阻碍进步。
outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; stifling:adj.令人窒息的;沉闷的;v.使窒息;粉碎;(stifle的现在分词)
So over the next few years, as this political cycle plays out, you're going to see American democracy rise to meet the challenges that capitalism poses and modernity poses. 在接下来的数年间, 随着这种政治循环的上演, 你会看到美国民主 如何应对资本主义和现代化提出的挑战。
poses:姿势; modernity:n.现代性;现代的东西;新式;
And I ask policymakers to think about -- decoupling ideology from economics, and think about how good policy can ultimately become good politics. 我呼吁政策制定者们好好考虑, 将经济问题跟意识形态区分开, 思考好的政策最终可以 如何成就好的政治制度。
policymakers:n.决策人;(policymaker的复数) decoupling:n.去耦;v.去耦(decouple的现在分词); ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）