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BettinaWarburg_2016T-_「区块链」将如何彻底改变我们的经济？_
Economists have been exploring people's behavior for hundreds of years: how we make decisions, how we act individually and in groups, how we exchange value. 经济学家数百年来不停地探索人们的行为: 我们怎样做决定、 我们作为个人与群体如何行动、 我们怎样进行价值交换。
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) individually:adv.个别地,单独地; exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
They've studied the institutions that facilitate our trade, like legal systems, corporations , marketplaces . 他们研究这些促进我们交易的制度, 例如法律系统、 企業、 市场。
institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); marketplaces:n.市场;集贸市场(marketplace的复数);
But there is a new, technological institution that will fundamentally change how we exchange value, and it's called the blockchain. 但现在,有一种全新的科技机制, 即将彻底顛覆我们价值交换的进行方式, 它叫做「区块链」。
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
Now, that's a pretty bold statement , but if you take nothing else away from this talk, 这是个相当大胆的预测, 如果你在这场演讲中,听不懂我在说什么,
bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
I actually want you to remember that while blockchain technology is relatively new, it's also a continuation of a very human story, and the story is this. 我仍旧希望各位记得: 「区块链」的技术虽然相对新颖, 但它延续了一段人类故事的发展。 故事是这样的...
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; continuation:n.继续;续集;延长;附加部分;扩建物;
As humans, we find ways to lower uncertainty about one another so that we can exchange value. 作为人类, 我们一直在寻找各种降低彼此不确定性的方法, 以方便价值交换。
uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠;
Now, one of the first people to really explore the idea of institutions as a tool in economics to lower our uncertainties about one another and be able to do trade was the Nobel economist Douglass North. 真正在经济学裏 研究如何将制度当成工具, 以降低我们彼此间不确定性 而能进行交易的学者, 有位是诺贝尔经济学奖得主道格拉斯．诺斯。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: uncertainties:n.[数]不确定性;不确定因素(uncertainty的复数);
He passed away at the end of 2015, but North pioneered what's called "new institutional economics." 他在2015年底去世, 他开创了「新制度经济学」。
institutional:adj.制度的;
And what he meant by institutions were really just formal rules like a constitution , and informal constraints , like bribery . 他所说的制度,只是一些正式的规则, 比如说宪法, 以及非正式的潜规则,例如贿赂。
constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的; constraints:n.[数]约束;限制;约束条件(constraint的复数形式); bribery:n.[法]贿赂;受贿;行贿;
These institutions are really the grease that allow our economic wheels to function, and we can see this play out over the course of human history. 这些制度是带动我们 经济体系运转的润滑油, 这些制度在我们人类历史中扮演了重要的角色。
grease:v.涂脂于;贿赂;n.油脂;贿赂; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
If we think back to when we were hunter-gatherer economies , we really just traded within our village structure . 如果我们回想一下,当我们还处于狩猎采集的经济时代时, 我们只会在自己的村落裏做交易,
hunter-gatherer:n.采集狩猎的人; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
We had some informal constraints in place, but we enforced all of our trade with violence or social repercussions . 我们在交易时虽有一些非正式的潜规则, 但我们会使用暴力 或社会公评来强制这些交易的进行。
enforced:adj.强迫的;强制性的;v.强制执行;迫使;(enforce的过去分词和过去式) violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; repercussions:n.反响,影响(repercussion的复数形式);
As our societies grew more complex and our trade routes grew more distant , we built up more formal institutions, institutions like banks for currency , governments, corporations. 当我们的社会越来越多元, 贸易越来越全球化, 我们建立了更多的正式制度, 比如负责货币流通的银行、 政府,企業。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数) distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; currency:n.货币;通货;
These institutions helped us manage our trade as the uncertainty and the complexity grew, and our personal control was much lower. 这些制度能在社会不确定性和复杂度升高、 个人掌控力下降的情况下, 幫助我们管理交易的进行。
complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
Eventually with the internet, we put these same institutions online. 之后随着网路的发展,我们在网路上也建立了同样的制度。
Eventually:adv.最后,终于;
We built platform marketplaces like Amazon , eBay, Alibaba, just faster institutions that act as middlemen to facilitate human economic activity. 我们建立了线上交易平台,比如亚马逊、eBay、阿里巴巴, 这些运作更快速的制度,扮演了中间人的角色, 促进了人类的经济活动。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; middlemen:n.中间商;经纪商(middleman的复数);
As Douglass North saw it, institutions are a tool to lower uncertainty so that we can connect and exchange all kinds of value in society. 正如道格拉斯．诺斯所观察到的, 制度是用来降低不确定性的工具, 让我们可以在社会中建立起关系并交换各种有价值的东西。
And I believe we are now entering a further and radical evolution of how we interact and trade, because for the first time, we can lower uncertainty not just with political and economic institutions, like our banks, our corporations, our governments, but we can do it with technology alone. 我认为,我们现在正进入 一种更深远彻底的演变, 人们将改变如何互动及交易。 因为,这是我们第一次可以自主降低这些不确定性, 不用透过政策或金融制度, 例如银行、企業和政府的协助就能完成交易, 我们自己运用科技即可完成。
radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
So what is the blockchain? 所以区块链是什么？
Blockchain technology is a decentralized database that stores a registry of assets and transactions across a peer-to-peer network. 区块链技术是一种分散式资料庫, 它是透过对等式网络 存放使用者的资产及交易纪录。
decentralized:adj.分散的; vt.使分散; registry:n.注册;登记处;挂号处;船舶的国籍; assets:n.资产;宝贵的人材;(一项)财物;资产;(asset的名词复数) transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数); peer-to-peer:n.对等;对等网络;
It's basically a public registry of who owns what and who transacts what. 基本上,这是一个公开的记帐系统, 上面记载了谁持有什么,谁交易过什么。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; transacts:vi.交易;谈判;vt.办理;处理;
The transactions are secured through cryptography , and over time, that transaction history gets locked in blocks of data that are then cryptographically linked together and secured. 交易纪录是透过加密保护的, 时间一过,历史交易纪录就会被封存在资料区块里, 资料区块间会透过加密方式进行连结及保护。
cryptography:n.密码学;密码使用法; cryptographically:adv.密码地;用暗号地;
This creates an immutable , unforgeable record of all of the transactions across this network. 如此,所有交易就会在这个网路下 留下一个无法更改、编造的纪录。
immutable:adj.不变的;不可变的;不能变的;
This record is replicated on every computer that uses the network. 这些交易记录会在这个网络上的每台电脑进行备份。
replicated:重复的;
It's not an app. 区块链不是一个应用程式,
It's not a company. 也不是一家公司。
I think it's closest in description to something like Wikipedia . 我觉得最接近的描述应该像是维基百科。
description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型; Wikipedia:维基百科;
We can see everything on Wikipedia. 我们在维基百科上能看到每样东西。
It's a composite view that's constantly changing and being updated . 其呈现的复合面貌不断在变动及更新中。
composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科;adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的;vt.使合成;使混合; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; updated:adj.更新的;现代化的;v.使现代化;更新;(update的过去分词和过去式)
We can also track those changes over time on Wikipedia, and we can create our own wikis , because at their core , they're just a data infrastructure . 随着时间的推移,我们可以在维基百科上追踪这些变化, 我们也可以创建自己的维基, 因为其核心只是个资料基础架构。
track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; wikis:n.维基百科(软件名); core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
On Wikipedia, it's an open platform that stores words and images and the changes to that data over time. 在维基百科上,我们用此开放平台存放文字和图片, 以及随时间添加的资料更动。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
On the blockchain, you can think of it as an open infrastructure that stores many kinds of assets. 在区块链上, 我们也可将其视为一开放基础架构, 上面存放着各式各样的资产。
It stores the history of custodianship, ownership and location for assets like the digital currency Bitcoin , other digital assets like a title of ownership of IP. 它可储存资产履历,包含管理者、 拥有者、位置等变动, 供比特币等数位货币之用, 或者其它数位资产, 像是智财权拥有者名称。
location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; Bitcoin:比特币(电子货币的一种形式,是专为互联网交易而创造的货币);
It could be a certificate , a contract , real world objects, even personal identifiable information. 它也可以是一个凭证、一份合约、 真实世界的东西、 甚至是个人识别资料。
certificate:n.证明;证明书;合格证书;文凭;v.发给结业证书;(尤指)发给职业培训证书; contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约; identifiable:adj.可辨认的;可认明的;可证明是同一的;
There are of course other technical details to the blockchain, but at its core, that's how it works. 当然区块链还有其他技术细节, 但其核心是这样运作的。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
It's this public registry that stores transactions in a network and is replicated so that it's very secure and hard to tamper with. 这个开放式记帐系统,存放了该网路的所有交易纪录, 而且所有纪录都备份到每台电脑,所以很安全、很难被窜改。
tamper:v.篡改;干预;损害;玩弄;贿赂;n.填塞者;捣棒;
Which brings me to my point of how blockchains lower uncertainty and how they therefore promise to transform our economic systems in radical ways. 这引申出我要说的重点: 区块链可降低不确定性, 以及因此将彻底地改变我们的经济体系。
blockchains:区块链; transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
So uncertainty is kind of a big term in economics, but I want to go through three forms of it that we face in almost all of our everyday transactions, where blockchains can play a role. 「不确定性」是经济学上 一个相当重要的专業词彙, 但我想简单叙述一下, 区块链在我们每天的交易中 所扮演的三个角色。
We face uncertainties like not knowing who we're dealing with, not having visibility into a transaction and not having recourse if things go wrong. 我们面对的不确定性,比如说我们不知道我们在跟谁交易、 交易过程中没有透明性、 如果出问题无处补救。
visibility:n.可见性;能见度;能见距离 recourse:n.求援,求助;[经]追索权;依赖;救生索;
So let's take the first example, not knowing who we're dealing with. 那麽我们来先谈谈第一个,不知道跟谁交易。
Say I want to buy a used smartphone on eBay. 比如说我想在 eBay 上买一个二手的智慧型手机。
smartphone:n.智能手机;
The first thing I'm going to do is look up who I'm buying from. 我要做的第一件事就是确认我是要跟谁买,
Are they a power user ? 他们是能力很强的用户吗？
power user:n.需要高性能计算机的用户;
Do they have great reviews and ratings , or do they have no profile at all? 别人对其评语及给分好吗？还是说他们根本没有基本资料可查？
reviews:n.综述; v.回顾; ratings:n.评级;等级(rating的复数形式); profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
Reviews, ratings, checkmarks : these are the attestations about our identities that we cobble together today and use to lower uncertainty about who we're dealing with. 评语、给分、查核标志: 这些是我们今天 拼凑对方身份的证据, 这些资讯可以用来降低对方身份的不确定性
checkmarks:n.微裂纹;选中标记;检查标志(checkmark的复数); identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数) cobble:vt.修,拙劣地修补;铺鹅卵石,用圆石铺面;n.鹅卵石,圆石;
But the problem is they're very fragmented . 但问题是这些讯息非常零碎。
fragmented:v.(使)碎裂,破裂,分裂;(fragment的过去分词和过去式)
Think about how many profiles you have. 想想你个人就有多少份基本资料。
profiles:n.配置文件; v.扼要描述;
Blockchains allow for us to create an open, global platform on which to store any attestation about any individual from any source . 区块链可以让我们建立一个开放式的全球平台, 在其上面,可以存放 来自任何来源的个人资讯证明。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
This allows us to create a user-controlled portable identity . 因此,我们可以建立出一种用户管控下 可携带式的身份证明。
portable:adj.便携式的;手提的;轻便的;n.便携机;(尤指)手提电脑; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
More than a profile, it means you can selectively reveal the different attributes about you that help facilitate trade or interaction , for instance that a government issued you an ID, or that you're over 21, by revealing the cryptographic proof that these details exist and are signed off on. 这不仅是一份普通的基本资料, 因为你可以选择性地揭露 你自己的不同属性, 以利交易进行或者互动。 例如,想证明有政府发给的身份证, 或者你年满 21 岁, 你只要揭示你的加密凭证即可, 裏面证明这些个人细节存在,且你签章过。
selectively:adv.有选择地; attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数) interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式) revealing:adj.暴露的;发人深省的;v.揭示;露出;显示;展示;(reveal的现在分词) proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护;
Having this kind of portable identity around the physical world and the digital world means we can do all kinds of human trade in a totally new way. 有了这种介于真实与数位世界之间的 便利身份证明, 我们就可以用这种全新的方式 来做任何交易。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
So I've talked about how blockchains could lower uncertainty in who we're dealing with. 我已经阐述完区块链可以幫助我们 在交易上减少不确定性。
The second uncertainty that we often face is just not having transparency into our interactions . 接下来,第二个我们经常遇到的不确定性, 就是互动不够透明。
transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
Say you're going to send me that smartphone by mail. 比如说,你要邮寄智慧型手机给我,
I want some degree of transparency. 但我想要有一定程度的透明度。
I want to know that the product I bought is the same one that arrives in the mail and that there's some record for how it got to me. 我想知道我买的东西跟寄到邮箱裏的是否同一个东西, 以及这个东西是如何送到我手上的相关记录。
This is true not just for electronics like smartphones , but for many kinds of goods and data, things like medicine, luxury goods, any kind of data or product that we don't want tampered with. 不只寄送智慧型手机等电子产品如此, 寄送任何货物或资料也适用, 像是药物、奢侈品, 任何我们不想被掉包的资料或产品都可以。
electronics:n.电子学;电子工业; smartphones:智能手机(smartphone的复数); luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的; tampered:v.干扰;玩弄(tamper的过去分词形式);
The problem in many companies, especially those that produce something complicated like a smartphone, is they're managing all of these different vendors across a horizontal supply chain . 很多公司都会有这样的问题, 特别像是生产智慧型手机这样复杂东西的公司, 他们在管理不同供应商时, 横跨整个水平供应链经常出现类似的问题。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) vendors:n.供应商,销售商(vendor的复数); horizontal:n.水平线;水平面;横线;水平位置;adj.水平的;与地面平行的;横的; supply chain:n.供应链;
All of these people that go into making a product, they don't have the same database. 投入一项产品制造的所有相关人等, 他们没有同一份资料庫。
They don't use the same infrastructure, and so it becomes really hard to see transparently a product evolve over time. 他们不用同一套基础资料架构, 所以过程中很难透明看到一项产品如何随时间演化。
transparently:adv.显然地,易觉察地;明亮地; evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;
Using the blockchain, we can create a shared reality across nontrusting entities. 运用区块链,我们可以在无信任的个体之间, 创造出一个共享的真相。
By this I mean all of these nodes in the network do not need to know each other or trust each other, because they each have the ability to monitor and validate the chain for themselves. 我的意思是, 这个网路上的每个节点,彼此间都不需要互相认识 或信任对方, 因为他们彼此都有能力 可以去监控、确认他们自己的供应链。
nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数) validate:v.证实;确认;使生效;批准;认可;
Think back to Wikipedia. 再回头看看维基,
It's a shared database, and even though it has multiple readers and multiple writers at the same time , it has one single truth. 它是个共享的资料庫, 虽然它同时有许多读者 及许多作者, 但真相只有一个。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
So we can create that using blockchains. 所以我们可以运用区块链来创造类似的环境。
We can create a decentralized database that has the same efficiency of a monopoly without actually creating that central authority . 我们可以在不用中心化管理授权的情况下, 创造一个去中心化资料庫,其效能和集中垄断相同。
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; monopoly:n.垄断;垄断者;专卖权; authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
So all of these vendors, all sorts of companies, can interact using the same database without trusting one another. 因此,所有厂商、公司在彼此不信任的状况下, 能运用相同的资料庫做互动,
It means for consumers , we can have a lot more transparency. 对消费者而言,我们就有更多的产品资讯透明度。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数)
As a real-world object travels along, we can see its digital certificate or token move on the blockchain, adding value as it goes. 当真实世界的东西在运送时, 我们就可以在区块链上看到其数位凭证或符号作移动变化, 随其变动添加记录值。
real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的; token:n.代币;代金券;赠券;adj.装样子的;敷衍的;象征性的;
This is a whole new world in terms of our visibility. 就能见度而言,这是个全新的境界。
So I've talked about how blockchains can lower our uncertainties about identity and how they change what we mean about transparency in long distances and complex trades, like in a supply chain. 所以,我已经谈完区块链可以如何降低身份的不确定性, 以及如何改变供应链中 远距离及复杂交易的透明度。
The last uncertainty that we often face is one of the most open-ended , and it's reneging . 最后一个不确定性就是我们经常面临, 却最难处理的违约问题。
open-ended:adj.开放式的;无限制的;自由回答的;两端未封闭的; reneging:vi.食言;违例出牌;vt.否认;n.出牌违例;
What if you don't send me the smartphone? 你要是没把手机寄给我,怎么办？
What if:如果…怎么办?
Can I get my money back? 我能拿回我的钱吗？
Blockchains allow us to write code, binding contracts , between individuals and then guarantee that those contracts will bear out without a third party enforcer. 区块链可以让我们在上面编码、 绑定合约、 来约束彼此, 并确保双方的合约不需要 第三方的强制执行就能履行。
binding:v.结合; n.(书籍的)封皮; adj.必须遵守的; (bind的现在分词) contracts:n.[经]合同; v.使收缩; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保;
So if we look at the smartphone example, you could think about escrow . 所以,以智慧型手机当例子,你可以把交易想成是有信托付款的。
escrow:n.由第三者保存附带条件委付盖印的契约; vt.把…暂交第三者保管以待条件实现;
You are financing that phone, but you don't need to release the funds until you can verify that all the conditions have been met. 你信托付款购买手机, 在你尚未确认所有条件都符合 并拿到手机前,
release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; verify:vt.核实;查证;
You got the phone. 你不须同意把钱汇给对方。
I think this is one of the most exciting ways that blockchains lower our uncertainties, because it means to some degree we can collapse institutions and their enforcement . 我认为这是区块链在降低不确定性方面 最令人兴奋的地方, 这意味着,在某种程度上 我们可以瓦解机构及其强制力需求了,
collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制;
It means a lot of human economic activity can get collateralized and automated , and push a lot of human intervention to the edges, the places where information moves from the real world to the blockchain. 这也意味着有更多的人类经济活动 可在担保抵押下自动执行, 而将一大堆人为干扰因素局限在最外围, 当资讯从真实世界进入区块链后就不受干扰。
collateralized:vt.以…作抵押; automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词) intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍;
I think what would probably floor Douglass North about this use of technology is the fact that the very thing that makes it work, the very thing that keeps the blockchain secure and verified , is our mutual distrust . 我想这项科技的运用 让道格拉斯．诺斯感到惊讶的地方, 应该就是区块链技术真的办到了, 而让区块链维持安全且易确证的原因 就是我们彼此的不信任。
verified:adj.已查清的,已证实的; mutual:adj.共同的;相互的,彼此的; distrust:vt.不信任;n.不信任;怀疑;
So rather than all of our uncertainties slowing us down and requiring institutions like banks, our governments, our corporations, we can actually harness all of that collective uncertainty and use it to collaborate and exchange more and faster and more open. 所以,并不须利用原本 让我们的交易慢下来的 那些制度, 像是银行、政府、公司, 我们已经可以驾驭这些不确定性, 并运用区块链来促进更多,更快,更公开的合作及交换。
harness:vt.治理; n.马具; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌;
Now, I don't want you to get the impression that the blockchain is the solution to everything, even though the media has said that it's going to end world poverty , 我不是要各位产生错误印象, 以为区块链可以解决所有事情。 甚至还有媒体说,区块链可以终结贫穷,
impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
it's also going to solve the counterfeit drug problem and potentially save the rainforest . 也可以解决假药的问题, 甚至可能解救雨林。
counterfeit:vt.伪造,仿造; vi.仿造; n.赝品; adj.假冒的,伪造的; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; rainforest:n.(热带)雨林;
The truth is, this technology is in its infancy , and we're going to need to see a lot of experiments take place and probably fail before we truly understand all of the use cases for our economy . 事实上,这项技术还在其婴儿期, 我们还须观察许多实验的进行结果, 有些也许失败, 这样才能真正了解其所有适用的 经济情况。
infancy:n.初期;婴儿期;幼年; take place:发生;举行; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
But there are tons of people working on this, from financial institutions to technology companies, start-ups and universities. 许多人正努力研究区块链, 包括金融机构, 科技公司,初创企業,大学等。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; start-ups:起动;新兴公司(start-up的名词复数);
And one of the reasons is that it's not just an economic evolution. 其中一个原因是它不只带来经济上的进化,
It's also an innovation in computer science . 它也带来电脑科学上的创新。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; computer science:n.计算机科学;
Blockchains give us the technological capability of creating a record of human exchange, of exchange of currency, of all kinds of digital and physical assets, even of our own personal attributes, in a totally new way. 区块链让我们拥有技术能力, 可以记录人类交易、 货币交换, 各种数位、实体资产 甚至我们的个人属性 以全新方式进行记录。
capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量;
So in some ways, they become a technological institution that has a lot of the benefits of the traditional institutions we're used to using in society, but it does this in a decentralized way. 所以,某些方面, 区块链变成一种 拥有很多好处的科技机制, 取代了我们传统社会上常用的制度, 但却是用去中心化的方式达成。
traditional:传统的,惯例的,
It does this by converting a lot of our uncertainties into certainties. 它把我们很多的不确定性 转化成确定性。
converting:v.(使)转变,转换,转化;可转变为;归附;(convert的现在分词)
So I think we need to start preparing ourselves, because we are about to face a world where distributed , autonomous institutions have quite a significant role. 所以我认为我们自己要开始准备了, 因为我们即将面对一个新世界 其中,分散式、自主式的机制 扮演了相当重要的角色。
are about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
Thank you. 感谢各位。
(Applause) （掌声）
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Bettina. BG:谢谢妳,贝蒂娜。
I think I understood that it's coming, it offers a lot of potential, and it's complex. 我想我已经了解这样的世界即将到来, 它提供了很多潜在的机会, 但也很复杂。
What is your estimate for the rate of adoption ? 你可否估算一下目前区块链的使用率？
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本; adoption:n.采用;收养;接受;
Bettina Warburg: I think that's a really good question. 贝蒂娜．沃伯格:我想这是一个很好的问题。
My lab is pretty much focused on going the enterprise and government route first, because in reality, blockchain is a complex technology. 我的实验室着重在 先往企業及政府推广的道路上, 因为实际上,区块链是一个相当复杂的技术。
How many of you actually understand how the internet works? 在座有多少人是真正懂得网际网路如何运作的？
But you use it every day, so I think we're sort of facing the same John Sculley idea of technology should either be invisible or beautiful, and blockchain is kind of neither of those things right now, 但你每天都在用网路。 我想,我们正面临约翰．史考利（前苹果公司执行长）所说的状况, 他说,科技最好潜身让人看不见,不然就是要让人觉得很美, 可惜,目前区块链似乎这两样都不具备,
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
so it's better suited for either really early adopters who kind of get it and can tinker around or for finding those best use cases like identity or asset tracking or smart contracts that can be used at that level of an enterprise or government. 所以它比较适合初期采用者 既了解它,也知道如何修改它, 或者想从中找到最佳适用情境的人, 像是企業或政府这种层级 需要身份识别,资产追踪,或智慧型合约的用户。
adopters:n.养父母;[化工]接受管; tinker:n.修补工;小炉匠,补锅匠,白铁匠;v.(尤指不起作用地)小修补,小修理; tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词)
BG: Thank you. Thanks for coming to TED. BG:谢谢妳,谢谢妳来 TED 演讲。
BW: Thanks.
(Applause) （掌声）