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BenedettaBerti_2015U-_伊斯兰国式的组织保持权力的惊人方式_
For the past decade, 在过去的十年里,
I've been studying non-state armed groups: armed organizations like terrorists, insurgents or militias . 我一直在研究非政府武装集团: 像恐怖分子、造反派或民兵等武装组织。
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; insurgents:n.叛乱分子(insurgent的复数); militias:n.民兵;国民军;义勇军(militia的复数);
I document what these groups do when they're not shooting. 我记录他们在非战斗状态下都做些什么。
My goal is to better understand these violent actors and to study ways to encourage transition from violent engagement to nonviolent confrontation . 我的目标是更好地了解这些暴力分子 并研究促进从暴力途径到非暴力对抗的 过渡方式。
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; nonviolent:adj.非暴力的;不使用暴力的; confrontation:n.对抗;面对;对质;
I work in the field, in the policy world and in the library. 我做过实地考察, 研究过政策层面, 在图书馆翻阅过资料.
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
Understanding non-state armed groups is key to solving most ongoing conflict , because war has changed. 理解非政府武装组织是解决当今大多数冲突的关键, 因为战争形态已经跟以前不一样了。
ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
It used to be a contest between states. 它曾经是国家间的竞赛,
No longer. 但现在不是了。
It is now a conflict between states and non-state actors. 现在它是政府与非政府组织间的冲突。
For example, of the 216 peace agreements signed between 1975 and 2011, 196 of them were between a state and a non-state actor. 例如,在1975年到2011间签署的216项 和平协议中, 其中196项是政府与非政府组织之间签订的。
So we need to understand these groups; we need to either engage them or defeat them in any conflict resolution process that has to be successful. 因此我们需要了解这些集团;我们需要要么参与他们 要么在任何非成功不可的冲突解决过程中打败他们。
resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So how do we do that? 那么我们怎么做？
We need to know what makes these organizations tick. 我们要知道是什么让这些组织采取武装行动
We know a lot about how they fight, why they fight, but no one looks at what they're doing when they're not fighting. 关于他们如何战斗、为何战斗我们了解很多, 但是没人关注当他们不战斗时都在干什么。
Yet, armed struggle and unarmed politics are related. 然而,武装斗争与非武装政治是相关联的。
unarmed:adj.不带武器的;非武装的;不使用武器的;徒手的 politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
It is all part of the same organization. 它们都是相同组织的一部分。
We cannot understand these groups, let alone defeat them, if we don't have the full picture. 我们甚至不能理解这些集团,遑论打败他们, 如果我们不能了解全貌的话。
let alone:更不必说;听任;不打扰;
And armed groups today are complex organizations. 当今的武装集团是复杂的组织。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
Take the Lebanese Hezbollah , known for its violent confrontation against Israel . 以黎巴嫩真主党为例, 它因暴力对抗以色列而出名。
Lebanese:adj.黎巴嫩的;n.黎巴嫩人; Hezbollah:n.(黎巴嫩)真主党(等于Hizbollah); Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人;
But since its creation in the early 1980s, 但自从上世纪80年代初创建以来,
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
Hezbollah has also set up a political party, a social-service network, and a military apparatus . 真主党也建立了政党, 社会服务网络和军事机构。
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官;
Similarly , the Palestinian Hamas, known for its suicide attacks against Israel, also runs the Gaza Strip since 2007. 类似地,因其对抗以色列的自杀式袭击而出名的 巴勒斯坦哈马斯, 自从2007年来也控制加沙走廊。
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; Palestinian:adj.巴勒斯坦的;巴勒斯坦人的;n.巴勒斯坦人; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀; Strip:n.带; v.夺; adj.脱衣舞的;
So these groups do way more than just shoot. 因而这些集团所做的不仅仅是战斗。
They multi-task . 他们进行多项任务。
multi-task:多任务;
They set up complex communication machines -- radio stations, TV channels, 他们建立复杂的宣传系统—— 包括无线电台、电视频道、
Internet websites and social media strategies . 网站和社交媒体宣传。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数)
And up here, you have the ISIS magazine, printed in English and published to recruit . 这里还有伊斯兰国杂志, 用英文打印,发表文章来招募新兵。
recruit:n.新兵; v.吸收(新成员); (通过招募)组成;
Armed groups also invest in complex fund-raising -- not looting , but setting up profitable businesses; for example, construction companies. 武装组织也投资复杂的基金筹备工作—— 不是通过掠夺的方式,而是通过建立可盈利的公司; 例如建筑公司。
invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; fund-raising:n.筹募基金活动; looting:n.抢劫;洗劫,趁乱打劫;v.打劫(loot的现在分词); profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
Now, these activities are keys. 现在,这些活动是关键。
They allow these groups to increase their strength, increase their funds , to better recruit and to build their brand . 它们使得这些集团能够增强自己的力量, 增加基金, 更好地招募,建立自己的品牌。
funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印;
Armed groups also do something else: they build stronger bonds with the population by investing in social services . 武装组织也做其他的一些事情: 它们通过投资社会服务 与大众建立更牢固的联系。
investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) social services:n.社会福利制度(由当地政府组织,向困难者提供帮助的制度);
They build schools, they run hospitals, they set up vocational-training programs or micro-loan programs. 他们建立学校,他们经营医院, 他们建立职业培训项目或小额贷款项目。
Hezbollah offers all of these services and more. 真主党提供所有这些服务,并且不止这些。
Armed groups also seek to win the population over by offering something that the state is not providing: safety and security. 武装组织也寻求通过提供政府未提供的东西 来赢得大众的支持: 安全和稳定。
seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求;
The initial rise of the Taliban in war-torn Afghanistan , or even the beginning of the ascent of ISIS, can be understood also by looking at these groups' efforts to provide security. 塔利班在战乱重创的阿富汗的崛起, 或者甚至是伊斯兰国的崛起, 可以通过看这些团体提供安保的努力 来理解。
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; Taliban:塔利班; war-torn:adj.遭受战争破坏的; Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲); ascent:n.上升;上坡路;登高;
Now, unfortunately , in these cases, the provision of security came at an unbearably high price for the population. 现在,不幸的是,在这些案例中, 提供安保对大众来说是个 难以承受的高代价。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地; provision:n.规定;条款;准备;[经]供应品;vt.供给…食物及必需品; unbearably:adv.不堪忍受地;无法容忍地;
But in general , providing social services fills a gap , a governance gap left by the government, and allows these groups to increase their strength and their power. 但是通常情况下,提供社会服务填充了一个缺口, 由政府留下的管理缺口, 使得这些集团能够增强自身实力 和权利。
in general:总之,通常;一般而言; gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开; governance:n.管理;统治;支配;
For example, the 2006 electoral victory of the Palestinian Hamas cannot be understood without acknowledging the group's social work . 例如,要理解2006年巴勒斯坦哈马斯的选举胜利 就不能不承认集团的社会工作扮演的重要角色。
electoral:adj.选举的;选举人的; social work:n.社会工作;
Now, this is a really complex picture, yet in the West, when we look at armed groups, we only think of the violent side. 现在,情况变得复杂起来, 然而在西方,当我们提起武装集团, 我们仅仅想到它暴力的一面。
But that's not enough to understand these groups' strength, strategy or long-term vision. 但这不足以理解这些集团的力量, 策略或长远目标。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
These groups are hybrid . 这些集团是混合体。
hybrid:n.杂种,混血儿;混合物;adj.混合的;杂种的;
They rise because they fill a gap left by the government, and they emerge to be both armed and political, engage in violent struggle and provide governance. 他们的崛起是因为他们填补了政府留下的空白, 他们以武装与政治集团的身份出现, 参与暴力斗争、提供管理。
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
And the more these organizations are complex and sophisticated , the less we can think of them as the opposite of a state. 这些组织越复杂、精密, 他们越不会将自身视为国家的对立面。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
Now, what do you call a group like Hezbollah? 现在,你怎么称呼想真主党这样的集团？
They run part of a territory , they administer all their functions, they pick up the garbage , they run the sewage system. 他们管理部分领土,有政府所有的功能, 他们回收垃圾,他们维护排水系统。
territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; administer:v.管理;施行;执行;给予;提供; garbage:n.垃圾;废物; sewage:n.污水;下水道;污物;
Is this a state? Is it a rebel group? 这是政府吗？这是叛乱集团吗？
rebel:n.反政府的人;叛乱者;造反者;反抗权威者;v.造反;反抗;背叛;adj.造反的;
Or maybe something else, something different and new? 或是其他一些东西,一些不同的新东西？
And what about ISIS? 那么伊斯兰国呢？
The lines are blurred . 界限模糊了。
blurred:adj.模糊不清的; v.玷污; (blur的过去式和过去分词)
We live in a world of states, non-states, and in-between , and the more states are weak, like in the Middle East today, the more non-state actors step in and fill that gap. 我们生活在政府、非政府以及二者之间, 政府越无力,像今天的中东那样, 非政府武装组织就会更多地介入,填补那个空白。
in-between:n.中间人;中间存在者;局中的物体;adj.中间的; Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
This matters for governments, because to counter these groups, they will have to invest more in non-military tools. 这对政府来说很重要,因为为了对抗这些集团, 他们将不得不在非军事领域投入更多。
non-military:非军事的;
Filling that governance gap has to be at the center of any sustainable approach . 填补这项政府空白, 必须居于任何可持续方式的中心。
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
This also matters very much for peacemaking and peacebuilding. 这对于调解和创建和平也很重要。
peacemaking:n.调停;调解;adj.调停的;调解的;
If we better understand armed groups, we will better know what incentives to offer to encourage the transition from violence to nonviolence . 如果我们更好地理解武装集团, 我们将更好地了解该采取何种途径来 实现从暴力到非暴力形式的过渡。
incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; nonviolence:n.非暴力;非暴力事件;
So in this new contest between states and non-states, military power can win some battles, but it will not give us peace nor stability . 因此在这项政府与非政府间的竞赛中, 军事力量可以赢得一些战斗, 但是它不会给我们带来和平与稳定。
stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心;
To achieve these objectives , what we need is a long-term investment in filling that security gap, in filling that governance gap that allowed these groups to thrive in the first place . 为了实现这些目标, 我们需要的是填补这项安保空白 填补上政府管理的缺位 这才是阻止非政府武装组织繁荣的关键.
objectives:n.目的(objective的复数形式);目标;宗旨; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁; thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达; in the first place:首先;起初;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）