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BeauLottoandCirqueduSoleil_2019-_我们如何体验「惊叹」，以及其重要性_-
Before I get started: I'm really excited to be here to just actually watch what's going to happen, from here. 在我开始之前:我真的 很兴奋能来这里, 从这里看着会发生什么事。
So with that said, we're going to start with: 说到这里,我们一开始要谈的是:
What is one of our greatest needs, one of our greatest needs for our brain? 我们最大的需求之一是什么？ 我们大脑最大的需求之一？
And instead of telling you, I want to show you. 我不想用说的,要用呈现的。
In fact, I want you to feel it. 事实上希望你用感受的。
There's a lot I want you to feel in the next 14 minutes. 接下来的十四分钟,我有很多 想让大家感受的东西。
So, if we could all stand up. 请大家都站起来。
all stand:全部起立;
We're all going to conduct a piece of Strauss together. 我们要一起指挥 一段史特劳斯的作品。
conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; Strauss:n.施特劳斯(奥国作曲家);
Alright? And you all know it. 好吗？你们都知道的作品。
Alright. Are you ready? 好。准备好了吗？
Audience: Yeah! 观众:好了！
Beau Lotto : Alright. Ready, one, two, three! 毕尔?洛托:好。 准备,一,二,三！
Beau:n.花花公子;喜修饰者;情郎;adj.美的;好的; Lotto:n.一种对号码的牌戏;
It's just the end. 只有末段。
(Music: Richard Strauss "Also Sprach Zarathustra ") （音乐:理查?史特劳斯的 《查拉图斯特拉如是说》）
Zarathustra:n.查拉图斯特拉(拜火教的创始人);
Right? 行吧？
You know where it's going. 你们都知道接下来的乐段。
(Music) （音乐）
Oh, it's coming!
(Music stops abruptly) （音乐突然停止）
Oh! 喔！
(Laughter) （笑声）
Right?
Collective coitus interruptus . 集体性交中断法（体外射精）。
Collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; coitus interruptus:n.(为防止受孕而在射精前抽出阴茎的)不完全性交;
OK, you can all sit down. 好了,各位请坐。
(Laughter) （笑声）
We have a fundamental need for closure . 对于结尾,我们有很根本的需求。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; closure:n.关闭;终止,结束;v.使结束;使终止;;
(Laughter) （笑声）
We love closure. 我们喜爱结尾。
(Applause) （掌声）
I was told the story that Mozart, just before he'd go to bed, he'd go to the piano and go, "da-da-da-da-da." 我听过一个莫札特的故事, 他上床睡觉之前, 会到钢琴前,弹: 「答－答－答－答－答。」
His father, who was already in bed, would think, "Argh." 他的父亲已经在床上, 就会想:「啊。」
He'd have to get up and hit the final note to the chord before he could go back to sleep. 他必须要起床去弹和弦的最后音符, 然后他才能回去入睡。
chord:n.弦;和弦;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So the need for closure leads us to thinking about: 对结尾的需求,
What is our greatest fear? 我们最大的恐惧是什么？
Think -- what is our greatest fear growing up, even now? 想想看——我们成长过程, 甚至现在,最大的恐惧是什么？
And it's the fear of the dark. 是对黑暗的恐惧。
We hate uncertainty . 我们讨厌不确定性。
uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠;
We hate to not know. 我们讨厌未知的事。
We hate it. 我们讨厌它。
Think about horror films. 想想恐怖片。
horror:n.恐惧;厌恶;震惊;对某事物的强烈畏惧(或憎恨);
Horror films are always shot in the dark, in the forest, at night, in the depths of the sea, the blackness of space. 恐怖片拍摄的地点总是在黑暗中、 在森林中、 在夜晚、 在深海里、 在太空的黑暗中。
blackness:n.黑色;阴险;
And the reason is because dying was easy during evolution . 因为在演化的过程中 死亡很容易发生。
evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
If you weren't sure that was a predator , it was too late. 如果你不确定那是猎食者, 就太迟了。
predator:n.[动]捕食者;[动]食肉动物;掠夺者;
Your brain evolved to predict . 你的大脑演化成会做预测。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
And if you couldn't predict, you died. 如果你不会预测,你就死定了。
And the way your brain predicts is by encoding the bias and assumptions that were useful in the past. 大脑做预测的方式, 是将过去有用的偏见 和假设拿来编码。
predicts:vt.预报,预言;预知;vi.作出预言;作预料,作预报; encoding:n.[计]编码;v.[计]编码(encode的ing形式); bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数)
But those assumptions just don't stay inside your brain. 但那些假设不只会在你的脑中。
You project them out into the world. 你还会把它们向外投射到世上。
There is no bird there. 那里没有鸟。
You're projecting the meaning onto the screen. 你把意义投射在萤幕上。
Everything I'm saying to you right now is literally meaningless. 我现在对各位说的话 事实上没有意义。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
(Laughter) （笑声）
You're creating the meaning and projecting it onto me. 你们在创造意义,并投射到我身上。
And what's true for objects is true for other people. 对于物体是这样, 对于人也是一样的。
While you can measure their "what" and their "when," 你虽能测量「什么」和「何时」, 却永远无法衡量人的「为什么」。
you can never measure their "why."
So we color other people. 所以,我们幫他人上色。
We project a meaning onto them based on our biases and our experience. 根据我们的偏见和经验 把意义投射到他们身上。
biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
Which is why the best of design is almost always about decreasing uncertainty. 那就是为什么,最棒的设计 几乎都和减少不确定性有关。
decreasing:v.(使大小、数量等)减少,减小,降低;(decrease的现在分词)
So when we step into uncertainty, our bodies respond physiologically and mentally . 当我们步入不确定性当中, 我们的身体会做出身体和心理的反应。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; physiologically:adv.生理学方面; mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上;
Your immune system will start deteriorating . 你的免疫系统会开始衰退,
immune system:n.免疫系统; deteriorating:v.退化,恶化(deteriorate的ing形式);
Your brain cells wither and even die. 你的脑细胞会枯萎,甚至死亡。
wither:vt.使凋谢;使畏缩;使衰弱;vi.枯萎;凋谢;衰弱;
Your creativity and intelligence decrease . 你的创意和智力会下降。
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
We often go from fear to anger, almost too often. 我们通常会从恐惧 转变成愤怒,太常如此了。
Why? Because fear is a state of certainty. 为什么？因为恐惧是一种确定的状态。
You become morally judgmental . 你变成会在道德上做评断。
morally:adv.道德上;有道德地;确实地; judgmental:adj.审判的;
You become an extreme version of yourself. 你会变成极端版的自己。
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
If you're a conservative , you become more conservative. 如果你是保守派,你会变得更保守。
conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者;
If you're a liberal , you become more liberal. 如果你是自由派,你会变得更自由。
liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人;
Because you go to a place of familiarity . 因为你找到了熟悉的地方。
familiarity:n.熟悉,精通;亲密;随便;
The problem is that the world changes. 问题是,世界会改变。
And we have to adapt or die. 若不适应就要面临死亡。
adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应;
And if you want to shift from A to B, the first step is not B. 如果你想要从 A 转换到 B, 第一步并不是 B。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
The first step is to go from A to not A -- to let go of your bias and assumptions; to step into the very place that our brain evolved to avoid; to step into the place of the unknown. 第一步是从 A 到不是 A —— 先放掉你的偏见和假设; 进入那我们大脑演化来避开之处; 进入未知的地方。
But it's so essential that we go to this place that our brain gave us a solution . 但,很重要的是我们要到 大脑能为我们提供解决问题的地方。
essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Evolution gave us a solution. 演化为我们提供了解决方案。
And it's possibly one of the most profound perceptual experiences. 那可能是最深奥的感知体验之一。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; perceptual:adj.知觉的;感知的;有知觉的;
And it's the experience of awe . 那就是「惊叹」的体验。
awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏;
(Music) （音乐）
(Applause) （掌声）
(Music) （音乐）
(Applause) （掌声）
(Music) （音乐）
(Applause) （掌声）
(Music) （音乐）
(Applause) （掌声）
(Cheers) （欢呼）
(Applause) （掌声）
Beau Lotto: Ah, how wonderful, right? 毕尔洛托:真棒,对吧？
So right now, you're probably all feeling, at some level or another, awe. 现在,
Right? 对吧？
So what's happening inside your brain right now? 所以,现在各位的脑中发生了什么事？
And for thousands of years, we've been thinking and writing and experiencing awe, and we know so little about it. 数千年来, 我们都一直在思考、 在撰写、在体验所谓的惊叹, 而我们对它所知甚少。
And so to try to understand what is it and what does it do, my Lab of Misfits had just the wonderful opportunity and the pleasure to work with who are some of the greatest creators of awe that we know: 为了试图了解 我的「格格不入实验室」 和我们所知的最了不起的 赞叹创造者合作:
Misfits:不适应生活环境的人,不善和别人共事的人(misfit的复数);
the writers, the creators, the directors, the accountants , the people who are Cirque Du Soleil. 作家、创作者、导演、会计, 太阳马戏团的人。
accountants:n.会计;会计师;(accountant的复数) Cirque:n.圆环;天然圆形剧场;盆地谷;
And so we went to Las Vegas, and we recorded the brain activity of people while they're watching the performance, over 10 performances of "O," 所以,我们去了拉斯维加斯, 我们记录了大家 十场《O 秀》的表演,
performances:n.演出;[法]履行(performance的复数形式);
which is iconic Cirque performance. 那是太阳马戏团 最具代表性的表演。
iconic:adj.图标的,形象的;
And we also measured the behavior before the performance, as well as a different group after the performance. 我们也测量了在表演之前的行为, 以及不同族群在表演之后的行为。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
And so we had over 200 people involved . 我们的样本量超过两百个人。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
So what is awe? 所以,惊叹是什么？
What is happening inside your brain right now? 各位的大脑内部现在发生了什么事？
It's a brain state. OK? 那是一种大脑状态。好吗？
The front part of your brain, the prefrontal cortex , which is responsible for your executive function, your attentional control, is now being downregulated. 大脑的前部,即前额叶皮质, 负责的是你的执行功能, 注意力的掌控, 现在它被调降了。
prefrontal:adj.[解剖]前额的;额叶前部的;n.[解剖]额前骨; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; executive:n.管理人员; adj.经营管理的; attentional:adj.注意的;保养的;
The part of your brain called the DMN, default mode network, which is the interaction between multiple areas in your brain, which is active during, sort of, ideation , 大脑中有一部分叫做 预设模式网络（DMN）, 它是大脑数个区域之间的交互作用, 它在构思的过程中变得很活跃,
default:n.违约;拖欠;缺席;缺陷;v.违约;拖欠;缺乏;不履行; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; ideation:n.构思能力,思维能力;构思过程;
creative thinking in terms of divergent thinking and daydreaming , is now being upregulated . 也就是扩散式思考 和作白日梦的创意性思考, 它现在被调高了。
creative:adj.创造性的; divergent:adj.相异的,分歧的;散开的; daydreaming:v.做白日梦(daydream的ing形式);空想; upregulated:表达升高;音量变高
And right about now, the activity in your prefrontal cortex is changing. 大约现在, 各位大脑前额叶皮质的 活动正在改变。
It's becoming asymmetrical in its activity, biased towards the right, which is highly correlated when people step forward into the world, as opposed to step back. 它的活动开始变得不对称, 偏向右脑这边, 当人们步入迎向世界 而非对世界却步时, 和右脑活动有高度的正相关。
asymmetrical:adj.[数]非对称的(等于asymmetric);不均匀的;不匀称的; biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; correlated:v.相互关联影响;相互依赖;(correlate的过去式和过去分词) opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式)
In fact, the activity across the brains of all these people was so correlated that we're able to train an artificial neural network to predict whether or not people are experiencing awe to an accuracy of 75 percent on average, with a maximum of 83 percent. 事实上,这些人所有的 大脑活动有如此强的关联性, 使得我们能够训练出 一套人工神经网路, 来预测人们是否有体验到惊叹, 平均的正确率能达到 75%, 最高能达 83%。
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; neural network:n.神经网络; whether or not:是否…; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; maximum:n.最大限度;最大量;最高限度;adj.最高的;最多的;最大极限的;
So what does this brain state do? 所以,这种大脑状态有什么用途？
Well, others have demonstrated , for instance , Professors Haidt and Keltner, have told us that people feel small but connected to the world. 已有人证明过, 比如,海德和冠特纳教授, 他们告诉我们,人们会觉得 渺小却和世界有所连结。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例;
And their prosocial behavior increases, because they feel an increased affinity towards others. 他们的利社会行为会增加, 因为他们感觉对他人的喜爱变多了。
affinity:n.密切关系;吸引力;姻亲关系;类同;
And we've also shown in this study that people have less need for cognitive control. 在这个研究中也发现 人们对于认知控制的需求变少了,
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的;
They're more comfortable with uncertainty without having closure. 对于没有结尾的不确定性感到自在些。
And their appetite for risk also increases. 他们对风险的胃口也变大了。
appetite:n.食欲;嗜好;
They actually seek risk, and they are better able at taking it. 他们还会去追求风险, 且他们更能承担风险。
seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求;
And something that was really quite profound is that when we asked people, "Are you someone who has a propensity to experience awe?" 有个很深刻的发现是, 当我们问别人: 「你是个容易感到惊叹的人吗？」
propensity:n.倾向,习性;癖好,偏爱;
They were more likely to give a positive response after the performance than they were [before]. 比起看表演之前,在看完表演之后 他们比较有可能会给正面的回应。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
They literally redefined themselves and their history. 他们可说是重新定义了 他们自己以及他们的历史。
redefined:adj.重新定义的;vt.对…再加以解说;再给…下定义(redefine的过去分词);
So, awe is possibly the perception that is bigger than us. 所以,惊叹可能是一种
perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力;
And in the words of Joseph Campbell, "Awe is what enables us to move forward." 借用约瑟夫?坎伯的话: 「惊叹是驱使我们前进的动力。」
Joseph:n.连帽大氅; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
Or in the words of a dear friend, probably one of our greatest photographers, still living photographers, Duane Michaels, he said to me just the other day that maybe it gives us the curiosity to overcome our cowardice . 或者,我有位亲爱的朋友, 可能是现存的摄影师中最伟大的 其中一位,杜恩?麦可斯, 有一天他对我说, 也许惊叹给了我们好奇心, 让我们能克服怯懦。
the other day:不久前某一天;几天以前; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩; overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; cowardice:n.怯懦;胆小;
So who cares? Why should we care? 谁在乎呢？我们为何要在乎？
Well, consider conflict , which seems to be so omnipresent in our society at the moment. 想想冲突, 目前,在我们的社会中, 冲突似乎无所不在。
conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; omnipresent:adj.无所不在的;
If you and I are in conflict, it's as if we're at the opposite ends of the same line. 如果你和我有冲突, 就好像我们在一条线的相对两端。
And my aim is to prove that you're wrong and to shift you towards me. 我的目标是要证明你错了, 要把你拉向我。
The problem is, you are doing exactly the same. 问题是,你也在做相同的事。
You're trying to prove that I'm wrong and shift me towards you. 你在试图证明我错了, 要把我拉向你。
Notice that conflict is the setup to win but not learn. 注意:冲突的目的 是要赢,不是要学习。
Your brain only learns if we move. 只有当我们改变观念想法时, 大脑才会学习。
Life is movement. 生命恒变。
So, what if we could use awe, not to get rid of conflict -- conflict is essential, conflict is how your brain expands , it's how your brain learns -- but rather, to enter conflict in a different way? 所以,如果我们能用惊叹, 冲突是必要的, 冲突会让大脑扩张, 是大脑学习的方式—— 但,惊叹的目的是要用 不同的方式进入冲突,如何？
what if:如果…怎么办? expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数)
And what if awe could enable us to enter it in at least two different ways? 如果惊叹能让我们 用至少两种不同的方式 进入冲突,如何？
One, to give us the humility and courage to not know. 第一,给我们 「不知道」的谦卑和勇气。
humility:n.谦卑,谦逊;
Right? To enter conflict with a question instead of an answer. 对吧？带着问题进入冲突, 而不是带着答案。
What would happen then? 那会发生什么事？
To enter the conflict with uncertainty instead of certainty. 带着不确定性进入冲突, 而不是确定性。
And the second is, in entering conflict that way, to seek to understand, rather than convince . 第二,以那种方式进入冲突之后, 去寻求了解,而不是说服。
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
Because everyone makes sense to themselves, right? 因为每个人都有自己的道理,对吧？
And to understand another person, is to understand the biases and assumptions that give rise to their behavior. 去了解另一个人, 就是去了解造成其行为的偏见和假设。
give rise to:使发生,引起;
And we've actually initiated a pilot study to look to see whether we could use art-induced awe to facilitate toleration . 我们真的着手进行了一项先导研究, 看看我们是否能够用艺术诱发的惊叹 来促进包容。
initiated:v.开始;发起;创始;使了解;传授;吸收;(initiate的过去式和过去分词) facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易; toleration:n.宽容,忍受,默认;耐受性;
And the results are actually incredibly positive. 结果非常正面。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
We can mitigate against anger and hate through the experience of awe generated by art. 我们可以透过体验由艺术产生的惊叹, 来减轻愤怒和仇恨。
mitigate:vt.使缓和,使减轻;vi.减轻,缓和下来; generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
So where can we find awe, given how important it is? 既然惊叹这么重要,
So, what if ... 那,如果……
A suggestion: that awe is not just to be found in the grandeur . 一个暗示: 并不是只有在壮观的地方 才能找到惊叹。
grandeur:n.壮丽;庄严;宏伟;
Awe is essential. 惊叹是很基本的。
Often, it's scale -- the mountains, the sunscape. 通常和规模有关——山岳、太阳景观。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
But what if we could actually rescale ourselves and find the impossible in the simple? 但,我们是否能够重新 改变我们自己的规模, 在很简单的地方找到不可能？
And if this is true, and our data are right, then endeavors like science, adventure , art, ideas, love, a TED conference , performance, are not only inspired by awe, but could actually be our ladders into uncertainty to help us expand. 如果是这样, 如果我们的资料正确, 那么,各种探索尝试,像是科学、 冒险、艺术、想法、爱、 TED 会议、表演, 都不仅是由惊叹所驱使, 可能还可以成为我们 进入不确定或的途径, 协助我们扩张。
endeavors:尽力; adventure:n.冒险;奇遇;经历;冒险游戏;v.探险;以…冒险;大胆进行;闯; conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) ladders:n.[建]梯子(ladder的复数);v.装设梯子(ladder的第三人称单数形式);
Thank you very much. 非常谢谢。
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Please, come up. 请上来。
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(Cheers) （欢呼）
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