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BartKnols_2012X-_消灭蚊子，终结疟疾_
(Mosquito buzzing) （蚊子叫）
(Swat) （拍打）
Gotcha . 打着了！
Gotcha:int.明白了(等于gotyou);
Mosquitos . I hate them. 我恨死蚊子了
Mosquitos:n.蚊子(mosquito的变形);
Don't you? 你们也一样吧
That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears that drives you absolutely crazy? 夜晚那恼人的蚊子叫萦绕耳边 真是让人崩溃
buzzing:v.发出嗡嗡声;发出蜂鸣声;充满兴奋(或活动等);(buzz的现在分词) absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin and suck out your blood? That's awful, right? 想象蚊子向你的皮肤里打进一根针 吸走你的血——真是太恶心了！
needle:n.针;针头;指针;缝针;v.穿过;刺激;拿针缝;拿针穿; suck:v.吸吮;吸取;n.吮吸;
In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of when it gets to mosquitos. 事实上,关于蚊子我只能想到 一点还能说得过去
When they fly into our bedroom at night, they prefer to bite my wife. 就是它们晚上飞进我们的卧室 比较喜欢咬我太太
prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升;
But that's fascinating , right? 这其中大有玄机
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
Why does she receive more bites than I do? 为什么她比我招蚊子咬？
And the answer is smell, the smell of her body. 答案是体味
And since we all smell different and produce chemicals on our skin that either attract or repel mosquitos, some of us are just more attractive than others. 我们的气味各不相同,皮肤制造不同的化学物质 有些吸引蚊子,有些则排斥蚊子 有些人确实比较招蚊子
chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) repel:v.击退;抵制;使厌恶;使不愉快; attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just stink more than she does. 所以说我太太比我好闻 或者说我比她臭
stink:n.恶臭;吵闹;争吵;v.有臭味;令人厌恶;
Either way, mosquitos find us in the dark by sniffing us out. They smell us. 不管怎么样,蚊子在黑暗中通过嗅觉找人 它们闻得出我们
sniffing:v.抽鼻子;嗅,闻;抱怨;(sniff的现在分词)
And during my Ph.D, I wanted to know exactly what chemicals from our skin mosquitos used, 读博士的时候,我想搞清楚 蚊子通过我们皮肤上的哪种化学物质来挑人
African malarial mosquitos use to track us down at night. 在夜晚,那些非洲疟蚊如何在黑暗中跟踪我们
malarial:adj.患疟疾的;毒气的; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use. 它们使用一整组物质
compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
And this was not going to be an easy task. 这个任务可不容易完成
And therefore, we set up various experiments. 于是我们设计了各种实验
Why did we set up these experiments? 我们为什么设计这些实验？
Because half the world's population runs the risk of contracting a killer disease like malaria through a simple mosquito bite. 因为世界人口的一半面临着 身患致命疾病——疟疾的风险 而关键是消除蚊子叮咬
contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet, a child dies of malaria, and Paul Levy this morning, he was talking about the metaphor of the 727 crashing into the United States. 每30秒,世界上的某个角落 就有一个孩子死于疟疾。今天早上 保罗.莱维谈到了美国波音727飞机坠毁事故的隐喻
Levy:n.征收;征兵,征税;vt.征收(税等);征集(兵等);vi.征税;征兵; metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s crashing every day. 而在非洲,(疟疾导致的)死亡相当于7架大型747客机 每天坠毁
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; jumbo:adj.巨大的;特大的;n.庞然大物;巨型喷气式飞机;体大而笨拙的人或物;
But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitos to traps , bait it with our smell, we may be able to stop transmission of disease. 也许,如果我们能把蚊子引入陷阱 用我们的体味作为诱饵,也许就能够 阻止疾病传播
traps:n.陷阱,捕捉器; v.使落入险境; (trap的第三人称单数和复数) bait:v.引诱;在…中放诱饵;折磨;n.饵;诱饵;vi.中途休息; transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置;
Now solving this puzzle was not an easy thing, because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin, but we undertook some remarkable experiments that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed. 解决这个问题可要花不少工夫 因为我们的皮肤制造上百种不同的化学物质 但我们完成了一些了不起的实验 帮助我们迅速厘清了解开难题的关键
puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑; undertook:v.承担(undertake的过去式);着手做; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; resolve:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决;
First, we observed that not all mosquito species bite on the same part of the body. Strange. 首先,我们观察到不是所有的蚊子 都叮咬人类身体的同一个部位。这挺奇怪
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
So we set up an experiment whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage, and in that cage we released mosquitos to see where they were biting on the body of that person. 我们设计了一个实验 我们让一名全身赤裸的志愿者戴在一个大笼子里 然后放进蚊子 看看这些蚊子叮咬哪些身体部位
whereby:adv.凭借;通过…;借以;与…一致; naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的; volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
And we found some remarkable differences. 我们发现了显著的差异
On the left here you see the bites by the Dutch malarial mosquito on this person. 你们看到左边图片上的这些咬痕 是被荷兰疟蚊叮咬的
Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地;
They had a very strong preference for biting on the face. 咬痕明显集中于面部
preference:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;
In contrast , the African malarial mosquito had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person, and that of course we should have known all along 而相反的,非洲疟蚊 却喜欢咬脚踝和脚 当然,（这可能是因为）众所周知——
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
because they're called mosqui-toes, you see? (Laughter) 蚊子被叫做“mosqui-toes”（蚊子的英文单词结尾toes是脚趾的意思）（笑声）
That's right. (Applause) 这太对了（掌声）
And so we started focusing on the smell of feet, on the smell of human feet, until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature that said that cheese smells after feet rather than the reverse . Think of it. 于是我们集中研究脚上的气味 研究人类脚上的气味 我们在论文中得出了一个惊人的结论 奶酪不如脚丫子味道重 可别搞反了。想想看吧。
statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment. 这启发了我们去做另外一项重要的实验
triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式)
We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese, which smells badly after feet, to attract African malaria mosquitos. 我们试着用一小块林堡奶酪 它有一种近似脚臭的臭味 来吸引非洲疟蚊
Limburger:n.比利时原产干酪之一种;
And you know what? It worked. 你们知道吗？竟然有效！
In fact, it worked so well that now we have a synthetic mixture of the aroma of Limburger cheese that we're using in Tanzania and has been shown there to be two to three times more attractive to mosquitos than humans. 事实上,它的功效让我们开发出一种 林堡奶酪气味的人工混合物,在坦桑尼亚使用 事实证明它对于蚊子,较之人类, 有两到三倍的吸引力
synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; aroma:n.芳香;
Limburg, be proud of your cheese, as it is now used in the fight against malaria. 林堡,自豪吧 你们的奶酪可是抗击疟疾的利器
as it is now:像现在这样;
(Applause) （掌声）
That's the cheese, just to show you. 这就是我提到的奶酪
My second story is remarkable as well. 我的第二个故事同样精彩
It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs. 是关于人类最好的朋友——狗狗们
And I will show you how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria. 我会向你们展示 如何用狗来对付疟疾
One of the best ways of killing mosquitos is not to wait until they fly around like adults and bite people and transmit disease. 杀死蚊子的最好办法 可不是等到成虫飞到我们身边 叮咬人类传播疾病的时候
transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染;
It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae . 而是在它们还是水中的幼虫时候
larvae:n.幼虫;幼体(larva的复数形式);
Why? Because they are just like the CIA. 为什么？因为它们就像CIA
In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated . 在水塘里,幼虫集中在一起
concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词)
They're all together there. They are immobile . 全部固守在一个地方
immobile:adj.固定的;稳定的;不变的;
They can't escape from that water. They can't fly. 它们不能逃离那片水塘,它们还不会飞翔
And they're accessible . You can actually walk up to that pool and you can kill them there, right? 它们容易接触。你可以走到池塘边 把它们全杀光。是不是？
accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;
So the problem that we face with this is that, throughout the landscape , all these pools of water with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place, 我们于是遇到的问题是 漫山遍野的水塘充斥着幼虫 它们到处都是
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; scattered:adj.零散的; v.撒; (scatter的过去分词和过去式)
which makes it very hard for an inspector like this to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides . 这让杀虫员 很难找到所有的据点来喷洒杀虫剂
breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词) sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; insecticides:n.[农药]杀虫剂(insecticide的复数);
And last year we thought very, very hard, how can we resolve this problem? Until we realized that just like us, we have a unique smell, that mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell. 去年,我们绞尽脑汁 来找解决之道。直到我们意识到 就像人类有独特的气味一样 蚊子幼虫也有独特的气味
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
And so we set up another crazy experiment, because we collected the smell of these larvae, put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable. 我们开始着手另外一项大胆的实验 我们收集蚊子幼虫的气味 弄到布料上,然后做出一项壮举
Here we have a bar with four holes, and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole. 这根横木上有四个洞 我们把沾有幼虫气味的布料放在最左边的洞里面
Ooh, that was very quick. 哦,这段放的有点快
And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed . It's a border collie . 你们看到这只狗,他叫粗花呢,是一只边境牧羊犬
Tweed:n.花呢;花呢服装; border collie:n.边境科利狗(毛黑白相间,常作牧羊狗);
He's examining these holes, and now he's got it already. 他在检查这些洞,他已经闻出来了
He's going back to check the control holes again, but he's coming back to the first one, and now he's locking into that smell, which means that now we can use dogs with these inspectors to much better find the breeding sites of mosquitos in the field, and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria. 他回来又检查了一遍控制洞 但又回到第一个洞 锁定了这个气味 这意味着我们可以使用狗 来帮助杀虫员更好地找到 这片田野里蚊子的繁殖区 更好地去打击疟疾
inspectors:n.[经管]检查员,巡视员(inspector的复数形式);检查器; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
This lady is Ellen van der Zweep. She's one of the best dog-trainers in the world, and she believes that we can do a lot more. 这位女士名叫艾伦.冯.德.兹威普。她是世界一流的训狗师 她认为我们能做的还远远不止这些
van:n.厢式货车;客货车;v.选矿;用车搬运;
Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites smell different compared to people that are uninfected , she's convinced that we can train dogs to find people that carry the parasite. 由于我们也知道疟疾寄生虫的携带者 与没有感染的人有不同的气味 她相信我们也可以通过训练狗 来找到这些携带者
parasites:n.[基医]寄生虫;[生物]寄生生物(parasite的复数); compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) uninfected:未感染; convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式)
That means that in a population where malaria has gone down all the way, and there's few people remaining with parasites, that the dogs can find these people, we can treat them with anti-malarial drugs, and give the final blow to malaria. 这就意味着在一个疟疾基本得到控制的人群中 只有很少的人是携带者 而狗能找到这些人 我们可以使用抗疟疾药物为他们治疗,彻底终结疟疾
anti-malarial:抗疟;
Man's best friend in the fight against malaria. 狗也是人类抗击疟疾的最好朋友
My third story is perhaps even more remarkable, and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today. 我的第三个故事也许更有意义 而且我得说今天是我第一次对公众讲述这个故事
Yeah. 是的
It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best and ultimate revenge against mosquitos ever. 这很疯狂,但我相信这也许是最好的 向蚊子复仇的终极武器
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; revenge:n.报复;复仇;v.报复;替…报仇;洗雪;
In fact, people have told me that now they will enjoy being bitten by mosquitos. 事实上,有人告诉我他们现在居然 享受被蚊子叮咬
And the question of course is, what would make someone enjoy being bitten by mosquitos? 这里的疑问当然是, 是什么让人们享受蚊子叮咬？
And the answer 答案是
I have right here in my pocket, if I get it. 我口袋里就有 我有这个
It's a tablet , a simple tablet , and when I take it with water, it does miracles . 这是一个药片,很简单的一个药片 当我用水服下 它能产生奇迹
tablet:n.碑;药片;写字板;小块; miracles:n.奇迹;奇人;不平凡的事;(miracle的复数)
Thank you. 谢谢你
(Drinking) （喝水）
Now let me show you how this works. 让我告诉你们它有什么效果
Here in this box I have a cage with several hundred hungry female mosquitos that I'm just about to release. (Laughter) 在这个盒子里有一个笼子 关着好几百只 饥饿的雌蚊子 我即将释放它们（笑声）
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
Just kidding, just kidding. 开玩笑,我只是在开玩笑
What I'm going to show you is I'm gonna stick my arm into it and I will show you how quickly they will bite. 我要把胳膊伸进去 向你们展示它们咬过来有多迅速
Here we go. 开始了！
Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab. 别慌,我在实验室里一直这么做
There we go. Okay. 好了,开始。
Now, on the video, on the video here, 现在我放的这个录像
I'm going to show you exactly the same thing, except that what I'm showing you on the video happened one hour after I took the tablet. 会向你们展示同样的情景 唯一的不同是拍这段录像时 我已经服药一个小时了
Have a look. That doesn't work. Okay. Sorry about that. 看看吧。放错了……好。不好意思。
I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy blood meal, I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time to see these mosquitos get very, very sick indeed, here shown in fast motion , and three hours later what we see at the bottom of the cage is dead mosquitos, 我把胳膊放进去,我给了它们一顿大餐 我把它们晃走,然后跟踪拍摄 它们变得非常非常虚弱 用快进来放 三个小时后我们再来看笼子的底部 全是死蚊子
motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
very dead mosquitos, and I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen, we have swapped the cards with mosquitos. 而且死透了。我要说,女士们先生们 我们反败为胜了
swapped:交换;调换;
They don't kill us. We kill them. 它们杀不了我们。我们能杀死它们。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Now — (Laughter) — 好了——（笑声）——
Maastricht, be prepared. 马斯特里赫特,准备好了！
Now think of what we can do with this. 让我们想想我们能做到什么
We can actually use this to contain outbreaks of mosquito-born diseases , of epidemics , right? 我们可以用这种药来控制 蚊子传播的瘟疫,对不对？
outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫;
And better still, imagine what would happen if, in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs, this drug, for just three weeks. 更进一步,想象一下这种情形 在一个广大地区,人人都吃了这种药 吃上三个礼拜
That would give us an opportunity to actually eliminate malaria as a disease. 这就是个大好机会来真正消灭 这个地区的疟疾
eliminate:v.消除;排除;
So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos. 用奶酪、狗、和药片来灭蚊
pill:n.[医]药丸;药品;
That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing, for the betterment of mankind , but especially for her, so that she can grow up in a world without malaria. Thank you. (Applause) 这就是我喜欢研究的“偏门”科学 为了人类的福祉 特别是为了她。为了让她能在一个 没有疟疾的世界长大。谢谢大家（鼓掌）
out-of-the-box:adj.拆盒即可使用的;开箱即用的; betterment:n.改善,改进;改良;涨价; mankind:n.人类;男性; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;