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BarrySchwartz_2009-_我们所遗失的智慧_
In his inaugural address, 在他的就职演讲当中,
inaugural:adj.开始的;开幕的;就任的,就职的;n.就职演讲;开幕辞;
Barack Obama appealed to each of us to give our best as we try to extricate ourselves from this current financial crisis . 奥巴马呼吁我们每个人都极尽所能 以摆脱当前的金融危机。
appealed:v.上诉;申诉;有吸引力;呼吁;吁请;恳求;(appeal的过去分词和过去式) extricate:v.(使)摆脱;解救;救出;挣脱; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
But what did he appeal to? 但他呼吁什么？
He did not, happily, follow in the footsteps of his predecessor , and tell us to just go shopping. 很庆幸,他没有像前总统布什, 就仅仅叫我们去购物而已,
footsteps:n.脚步(footstep的复数形式);步距; predecessor:n.前任,前辈;
Nor did he tell us, "Trust us. Trust your country. 也没有告诉我们“相信我们,相信美国,
Invest , invest, invest." 投资,投资,再投资”
Invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予;
Instead, what he told us was to put aside childish things. 相反的,他告诉我们把幼稚的事情放在一边,
childish:adj.幼稚的,孩子气的;
And he appealed to virtue . 呼吁美德.
virtue:n.美德;优点;贞操;功效;
Virtue is an old-fashioned word. 美德是一个过时的词。
old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的;
It seems a little out of place in a cutting-edge environment like this one. 这样的词在像这样的前沿环境里似乎并不合适,
out of place:adj.不合适的;不相称的;不在适当的位置; cutting-edge:n.(刀片的)刃口;尖端;前沿;adj.先进的,尖端的;
And besides , some of you might be wondering, what the hell does it mean? 而且,有些人可能会想: 到底什么是美德？”
besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外;
Let me begin with an example. 让我从一个例子开始。
This is the job description of a hospital janitor that is scrolling up on the screen. 这是一所医院里的一个清洁工的工作说明, 在屏幕上滚动着。
job description:n.工作职责说明;岗位责任说明; janitor:n.看门人;守卫;门警; scrolling:v.滚屏;滚动;(scroll的现在分词)
And all of the items on it are unremarkable . 这上面所写的东西都很平常。
items:n.项目;一件商品(或物品);一则,一条(新闻)(item的复数) unremarkable:adj.平凡的;不显著的;不值得注意的;
They're the things you would expect: mop the floors, sweep them, empty the trash , restock the cabinets . 这都是一些你能预料得到的事情: 扫地,清理垃圾,倒垃圾筒,进货机柜,等。
trash:n.垃圾;废物;v.丢弃;修剪树枝; restock:vt.重新进货;再储存;vi.补充货源;补足; cabinets:n.陈列柜;内阁;匣子;小房间(cabinet的复数);
It may be a little surprising how many things there are, but it's not surprising what they are. 这些事的数量可能有点令人惊讶, 但是这些事的内容却很平常。
But the one thing I want you to notice about them is this: 但是在这里面,有个现象,我想让你们注意:
Even though this is a very long list, there isn't a single thing on it that involves other human beings. 尽管这个清单很长, 但是里面没有一条是涉及到其他人的。
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数)
Not one. 一个都没有。
The janitor's job could just as well be done in a mortuary as in a hospital. 该清洁工的工作也同样可以在一个医院的停尸间里进行。
mortuary:n.太平间;停尸间;adj.死的;悲哀的;
And yet, when some psychologists interviewed hospital janitors to get a sense of what they thought their jobs were like, they encountered Mike, who told them about how he stopped mopping the floor 然而,当一些心理学家去采访一些这样的清洁工, 以了解这些人是怎么看待他们自己的工作的, 他们遇见了迈克 迈克告诉他们他之所以没有继续拖地
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式) janitors:n.看门人;守卫;门警; encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式) mopping:v.用拖把擦干净;用布擦掉;(mop的现在分词)
because Mr. Jones was out of his bed getting a little exercise, trying to build up his strength, walking slowly up and down the hall. 因为琼斯先生起床做简单的运动, 试着恢复他的元气,慢慢的在楼里上下走动。
And Charlene told them about how she ignored her supervisor's admonition and didn't vacuum the visitor's lounge because there were some family members who were there all day, every day who, at this moment, happened to be taking a nap . 而查丽告诉他们说,她之所以没有听从上司的警告, 没有用真空吸尘器打扫访客的休息室, 因为有一些家庭成员天天在那里。 现在,有人正在里面休息呢。
ignored:v.忽视;对…不予理会;佯装未见;不予理睬;(ignore的过去分词和过去式) admonition:n.警告; vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫; lounge:n.休息室;闲逛;躺椅;(英)酒吧间;vi.闲逛;懒洋洋地躺卧;闲混;vt.虚度光阴; nap:n.打盹;短绒毛;赛马情报;v.打盹;(naps是nap的复数)
And then there was Luke, who washed the floor in a comatose young man's room twice because the man's father, who had been keeping a vigil for six months, didn't see Luke do it the first time, and his father was angry. 接下来他们采访了鲁克, 鲁克对一个昏迷病人的房间的地板洗刷了两次, 因为这个病人的父亲,他在这里守夜六个月, 鲁克第一次打扫的时候,他并没有看见, 所以这个病人的父亲生气了。
comatose:adj.昏迷的;昏睡状态的;麻木的;怠惰的; vigil:n.守夜;监视;不眠;警戒;
And behavior like this from janitors, from technicians , from nurses and, if we're lucky now and then , from doctors, doesn't just make people feel a little better, it actually improves the quality of patient care and enables hospitals to run well. 像这样的行为,不管是来自清洁工,技术人员,护士, 有的时候我们幸运一点,还会是医生, 不仅仅让人们感觉好点, 这些行为实际上改善了病人护理的质量 并且让医院良好的运作。
technicians:n.[劳经]技术员(technician的复数);工作人员; now and then:偶尔;有时; improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数) patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
Now, not all janitors are like this, of course. 当然,现在的社会,不是每一个清洁工都这样。
But the ones who are think that these sorts of human interactions involving kindness, care and empathy are an essential part of the job. 但是,这样做的人都认为这些人与人的交流, 涉及到善良,关怀和体谅, 正好是这项工作最核心的部分。
interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词) empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
And yet their job description contains not one word about other human beings. 然而,在工作说明里面没有包含一个与其他人相关的词汇。
These janitors have the moral will to do right by other people. 这些清洁工有道德的意愿去正确的对待他人。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
And beyond this, they have the moral skill to figure out what "doing right" means. 除此之外,他们还具有道德的技能去判断到底什么是正确的做法。
'" Practical wisdom ," Aristotle told us, "is the combination of moral will and moral skill." 亚里士多德告诉我们,“实践的智慧” “就是道德的意愿和道德的技能的结合”。
Practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问; Aristotle:n.亚里士多德; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
A wise person knows when and how to make the exception to every rule, as the janitors knew when to ignore the job duties in the service of other objectives . 一个明智的人知道什么时候以及如何去对每一条规定做特殊的处理, 就像这些清洁工知道在为他人服务的时候什么时候可以不用在意工作本身的职能要求。
exception:n.例外;异议; objectives:n.目的(objective的复数形式);目标;宗旨;
A wise person knows how to improvise , as Luke did when he re-washed the floor. 一个明智的人知道如何随机应变, 像鲁克就知道再去洗刷一次地板。
improvise:v.即兴创作;临时拼凑;临时做;
Real-world problems are often ambiguous and ill-defined and the context is always changing. 现实世界的问题常常很暧昧和模糊, 而且问题的内容还常常变换。
Real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的; ambiguous:adj.模糊不清的;引起歧义的; ill-defined:adj.不清楚的;不明确的; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
A wise person is like a jazz musician -- using the notes on the page, but dancing around them, inventing combinations that are appropriate for the situation and the people at hand. 一个明智的人就像爵士乐手一样, 看着歌谱演奏的时候并不会完全遵从, 会即兴创作来与当时的情形和周围的人相适宜。
combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出;
A wise person knows how to use these moral skills in the service of the right aims. 一个明智的人知道如何使用道德技能 为一个正确的目的而工作。
To serve other people, not to manipulate other people. 为他人服务,而不是应付他人。
manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改;
And finally , perhaps most important, a wise person is made, not born. 最后,也许也是最重要的, 一个明智的人不是天生的,而是后天形成的。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Wisdom depends on experience, and not just any experience. 智慧依赖于经验, 但不是依赖于所有的经验。
You need the time to get to know the people that you're serving. 你需要时间去了解你正在服务的人。
You need permission to be allowed to improvise, try new things, occasionally to fail and to learn from your failures. 你需要得到许可去做一些临时的决定, 尝试新的事物,常常会失败,那就从失败中学习。
occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然;
And you need to be mentored by wise teachers. 你也需要一个明智的导师来指导你。
mentored:v.辅导(mentor的过去形式);
When you ask the janitors who behaved like the ones I described how hard it is to learn to do their job, they tell you that it takes lots of experience. 当你问那些刚才我所提到的清洁工, 学会做他们那样的工作有多难, 他们会告诉你需要很多经验才行。
behaved:v.表现;表现得体;有礼貌;(behave的过去分词和过去式) described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
And they don't mean it takes lots of experience to learn how to mop floors and empty trash cans. 他们的意思不是说学习擦地板倒垃圾需要花很多时间累积经验,
It takes lots of experience to learn how to care for people. 而是说要学会关心护理人需要很多经验。
At TED, brilliance is rampant . 在TED,才华无限制的蔓延着。
brilliance:n.光辉;才华;宏伟; rampant:adj.猖獗的;蔓延的;狂暴的;奔放的;
It's scary. 有点可怕。
The good news is you don't need to be brilliant to be wise. 好消息是,要想成为明智的人你不必聪明绝顶。
The bad news is that without wisdom, brilliance isn't enough. 坏消息是如果没有智慧, 仅仅有才华是不够的。
It's as likely to get you and other people into trouble as anything else. 这就好像其他很多让你和他人烦心的事一样。
(Applause) 掌声
Now, I hope that we all know this. 现在呢,我希望我们都清楚这一点。
There's a sense in which it's obvious , and yet, let me tell you a little story. 这是很显然的, 不然,我再给你们讲一个小故事。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
It's a story about lemonade . 这是一个关于柠檬水的故事。
lemonade:n.柠檬水;
A dad and his seven-year-old son were watching a Detroit Tigers game at the ballpark . 一个父亲和他七岁的儿子在棒球场看底特律虎队的比赛。
Detroit:n.底特律(美国一座城市); ballpark:n.(美)棒球场;活动领域;可变通范围;adj.大约的;
His son asked him for some lemonade and dad went to the concession stand to buy it. 儿子给他说想喝点柠檬水 这个父亲就去商店买。
concession:n.让步;特许(权);承认;退位;
All they had was Mike's Hard Lemonade, which was five percent alcohol . 但是店里只有Mike‘s Hard柠檬水, 里面有5%的酒精含量。
alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料;
Dad, being an academic , had no idea that Mike's Hard Lemonade contained alcohol. 这个父亲完全不知道里面（理论上来说）含了酒精。
academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者;
So he brought it back. 所以他就买了回来。
And the kid was drinking it, and a security guard spotted it, and called the police, who called an ambulance that rushed to the ballpark, whisked the kid to the hospital. 这孩子就开始喝了,警卫发现了这一点, 就叫了警察,警察又叫了救护车 冲到棒球场,迅速的把孩子带到了医院。
security guard:保安人员; spotted:adj.有花点的;有斑点的;v.看见;看出;发现;让步;(spot的过去分词和过去式) ambulance:n.救护车; whisked:v.搅打,搅动;匆匆带走;迅速送走(whisk的过去分词和过去式)
The emergency room ascertained that the kid had no alcohol in his blood. 急诊室后来确定这孩子的血液里没有含酒精。
emergency room:n.急诊室; ascertained:v.查明;弄清;(ascertain的过去分词和过去式)
And they were ready to let the kid go. 然后才可以让这孩子离开。
But not so fast. 但是不会很快哦。
The Wayne County Child Welfare Protection Agency said no. 韦恩县儿童福利保障局不允许孩子马上被带走。
County:n.郡,县; Welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利; Agency:n.代理,中介;代理处,经销处;
And the child was sent to a foster home for three days. 这孩子被送到了一个抚养孤儿的家庭,待了三天。
foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的;
At that point, can the child go home? 都这样了,这孩子能回家了吗？
Well, a judge said yes, but only if the dad leaves the house and checks into a motel . 当然,法官说可以,但是条件是他的父亲离开住处到旅馆住。
motel:n.汽车旅馆;
After two weeks, I'm happy to report, the family was reunited . 两周以后,我很高兴向大家报告, 这个家庭终于团聚了。
reunited:v.重聚;使再结合(reunite的过去式和过去分词);
But the welfare workers and the ambulance people and the judge all said the same thing: "We hate to do it but we have to follow procedure ." 但是福利机构,救护人员, 还有法官都说了同样的话: “我们也讨厌这么做,但是我们得按规章办事”
procedure:n.步骤;手术;(商业、法律或政治上的)程序;
How do things like this happen? 这样的事怎么可能发生呢？
Scott Simon, who told this story on NPR, said, "Rules and procedures may be dumb , but they spare you from thinking." 司高特 赛门,在NPR里讲了这个故事。 他说:“规章制度可能悄无声息, 但是他们会让你不去思考。“
procedures:n.程序;规程(procedure的复数); dumb:adj.哑的,无说话能力的;不说话的,无声音的; spare:v.节约,吝惜;饶恕;分出,分让;adj.多余的;瘦的;少量的;n.剩余;备用零件;
And, to be fair, rules are often imposed because previous officials have been lax and they let a child go back to an abusive household . 公平点说,规则常常都是强制性的 因为以前的官员比较松懈 他们让一个孩子回到了一个充满漫骂和伤害的家庭。
imposed:adj.强加的;施加的;应用的;v.欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; lax:n.松元音;泻肚;adj.松的;松懈的;腹泻的; abusive:adj.辱骂的;滥用的;虐待的; household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的;
Fair enough . 理由够充分了。
Fair enough:同意或接受但有所保留;
When things go wrong, as of course they do, we reach for two tools to try to fix them. 当事情确实做错了, 我们会用两类工具去弥补。
One tool we reach for is rules. 一类工具就是规则条例。
Better ones, more of them. 更多,更好的规则。
The second tool we reach for is incentives . 我们会寻求的第二类工具就是激励制度。
incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施;
Better ones, more of them. 更多,更好的激励制度。
What else, after all, is there? 究竟还有什么其他的东西呢？
We can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis. 我可以轻易的在对现在的经济危机的响应中发现。
in response to:响应;回答;对…有反应;
Regulate , regulate, regulate. 管制,管制再管制。
Regulate:v.调节;控制;
Fix the incentives, fix the incentives, fix the incentives ... 改善激励制度,改善激励制度,还是改善激励制度...
The truth is that neither rules nor incentives are enough to do the job. 真相是:不管是规章条例还是激励制度 都不足以完成这样的工作。
How could you even write a rule that go the janitors to do what they did? 你要如何去写一条规定让刚才提到的那些清洁工去做他们之前做的那些事呢？
And would you pay them a bonus for being empathic ? 你会因为他们的同情心而给他们发奖金吗？
empathic:adj.移情作用的;神入的;
It's preposterous on its face. 这看起来太荒谬了。
preposterous:adj.荒谬的;可笑的;
And what happens is that as we turn increasingly to rules, rules and incentives may make things better in the short run, but they create a downward spiral that makes them worse in the long run . 当我们更多的求助于条例制度的时候会发生什么事, 规章条例和激励制度会在短期内让事情变好, 但是这些制度和条例建立了向下的漩涡, 会让事情在长期内变得更糟。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; downward:adj.下降的;向下的;adv.同"downwards"; spiral:n.螺旋;旋涡;螺旋形之物;adj.螺旋形的;v.使成螺旋形;vi.盘旋;螺旋形上升; in the long run:长远;终究;
Moral skill is chipped away by an over-reliance on rules that deprives us of the opportunity to improvise and learn from our improvisations . 道德的技能已经被对规则的国度信赖粉碎了, 这剥夺了我们的机会 去随机应变以及从临场反应中学习。
chipped:v.打破;弄缺;被损坏;切下;打(或踢)高球;(chip的过去分词和过去式) deprives:vt.使丧失,剥夺; improvisations:n.即兴创作;即兴演奏;(improvisation的复数)
And moral will is undermined by an incessant appeal to incentives that destroy our desire to do the right thing. 道德意愿也被埋没了 因为不断的寻求激励制度 破坏了我们本身对于做正确的事情的欲望。
undermined:v.暗地里破坏;挖…的下面(undermine的过去分词); incessant:adj.不断的;不停的;连续的;
And without intending it, by appealing to rules and incentives, we are engaging in a war on wisdom. 不用去预想, 寻求规则和激励制度, 我们将会经历一场智慧的战争。
intending:adj.预期的;未来的;v.打算;计划;想要(intend的现在分词) appealing:adj.吸引人的; v.呼吁; (appeal的现在分词) engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
Let me just give you a few examples, first of rules and the war on moral skill. 让我来举几个例子, 先是规则和道德技能的冲突。
The lemonade story is one. 柠檬水的故事就是一个。
Second, no doubt more familiar to you, is the nature of modern American education: scripted , lock-step curricula . 第二个,你们会更熟悉, 美国现在教育的现状: 照本宣科,因循守旧的课程。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; scripted:adj.照书面稿念的;v.为电影(或戏剧等)写剧本;(script的过去分词和过去式) lock-step:[计]连锁步伐(队列行进时步伐完全一致);固定不变的方式; curricula:n.课程(curriculum的复数形式);
Here's an example from Chicago kindergarten . 这是一个芝加哥幼儿园的例子。
kindergarten:n.幼儿园;
Reading and enjoying literature and words that begin with 'B.' 阅读并欣赏文章 和以B开头的单词。
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
The bath: Assemble students on a rug and give students a warning about the dangers of hot water. 浴室:把学生们聚集在一个小垫子上, 警告学生们热水的危险性。
Assemble:vt.集合,聚集;装配;收集;vi.集合,聚集; rug:n.小地毯;垫子;(盖腿的)厚毯子;v.用厚毯包;
Say 75 items in this script to teach a 25-page picture book . 在教案里说出75件物品来教一本25页的图画书。
picture book:图画书;
All over Chicago in every kindergarten class in the city, every teacher is saying the same words in the same way on the same day. 整个芝加哥的幼儿园, 每个老师在同一天以同样的方式说着同样的话。
We know why these scripts are there. 我们清楚为什么会有这样的教案。
scripts:n.原稿,手稿(script的复数形式);
We don't trust the judgment of teachers enough to let them loose on their own. 我们无法充分的信任老师们的判断力 让他们去自由发挥。
judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力; loose:adj.宽松的; v.释放; v.松散地; n.放纵;
Scripts like these are insurance policies against disaster . 像这样的教案就像是应对灾难的保险单一样。
insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
And they prevent disaster. 他们能预防灾难。
But what they assure in its place is mediocrity . 但是他们身处教师的位置,能肯定的是,他们造就了平庸。
assure:vt.保证;担保;使确信;弄清楚; mediocrity:n.平庸之才;平常;
(Applause) 掌声。
Don't get me wrong. We need rules! 不要误解我的意思。我们是需要规则的！
Jazz musicians need some notes -- most of them need some notes on the page. 爵士乐手也需要一些谱子, 他们中大部分人还需要看着谱子演奏。
We need more rules for the bankers, God knows. 我们需要更多的条款来约束银行家,上帝也知道。
But too many rules prevent accomplished jazz musicians from improvising . 但是太多的规则会让熟练的爵士乐手 无法即兴创作。
accomplished:adj.完成的;有技巧的;有学问的;v.完成;(accomplish的过去分词和过去式) improvising:vt.即兴创作;即兴表演;临时做;临时提供;vi.即兴创作;即兴表演;临时凑合;
And as a result , they lose their gifts, or worse, they stop playing altogether. 最终,他们会丢失他们的天赋, 或者更坏,他们完全不再演出。
as a result:结果;
Now, how about incentives? 那激励制度呢？
They seem cleverer. 他们看起来更聪明些。
If you have one reason for doing something and I give you a second reason for doing the same thing it seems only logical that two reasons are better than one and you're more likely to do it. 如果你有一个理由做某件事, 我会给你第二个理由做同样的事情 仅仅从逻辑上来讲,两个理由似乎要比一个理由好 你就更有可能去做。
logical:adj.合逻辑的,合理的;逻辑学的;
Right? 对吧？
Well, not always. 其实,不一定。
Sometimes two reasons to do the same thing seem to compete with one another instead of complimenting and they make people less likely to do it. 有的时候,做同一件事的两个理由可能会相矛盾, 而不是相辅相成 他们就会使人不那么愿意去做。
compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); complimenting:v.赞美;称赞;钦佩;(compliment的现在分词)
I'll just give you one example because time is racing. 因为时间有限,我就只举一个例子。
In Switzerland back about 15 years ago they were trying to decide where to site nuclear waste dumps . 大概在15年以前的瑞士, 人们试图决定要在哪里处置核废料。
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; nuclear waste:n.核废料; dumps:n.废物,垃圾场(dump的复数);忧郁;v.倾倒(dump的单三形式);
There was going to be a national referendum . 那时举行了全国性的公民投票。
referendum:n.公民投票权;外交官请示书;
Some psychologists went around and polled citizens who were very well informed . 一些心理学家就四处游走,向一些知识丰富的公民拉票。
polled:adj.剪去毛的;无角的;截去树梢的;v.投票(poll的过去分词);剪短; well informed:adj.消息灵通的;见多识广的;熟悉的;博学的;
And they said, "Would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community ?" 他们就问:“你愿意在你的社区里放置核废料吗？”
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Astonishingly , 50 percent of the citizens said yes. 吃惊的是,50%的公民说愿意。
Astonishingly:adv.令人惊讶地;
They knew it was dangerous. 他们知道危险性。
They thought it would reduce their property values. 他们也知道这将降低他们房产的价值。
But it had to go somewhere and they had responsibilities as citizens. 但是这些废料总要放到某个地方 而且作为公民也有义务。
The psychologists asked other people a slightly different question. 心理学家们稍微改了一下问题,又问了其他的人。
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
They said, "If we paid you six weeks' salary every year would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?" 他们问:“如果我们每年付你六周的薪水, 你愿意在你的社区里安置核废料吗？”
Two reasons. It's my responsibility and I'm getting paid. 两个原因。这是我的义务而且我还拿钱。
Instead of 50 percent saying yes, 25 percent said yes. 不像之前的50%说愿意, 现在只有25%的人愿意这么做。
What happens is that the second this introduction of incentive gets us so that instead of asking, "What is my responsibility?" 第二个结果 就是引进激励条件所造成的。 那么,不去问:“什么是我的职责义务？”
all we ask is, "What serves my interests?" 我们问的是,“什么适合于我们的兴趣？”
When incentives don't work, when CEOs ignore the long-term health of their companies in pursuit of short-term gains that will lead to massive bonuses the response is always the same. 当激励机制不奏效的时候, 当首席执行官不顾公司的长期健康发展 而去追寻可以得到大量红利的短期利益的时候, 回应始终是一样的。
long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; in pursuit of:寻求,追求; short-term:adj.短期的; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
Get smarter incentives. 建立更加巧妙的激励机制。
The truth is that there are no incentives that you can devise that are ever going to be smart enough. 真相确是:你是不可能想出 足够巧妙的激励机制的。
devise:v.设计; n.[法]遗赠财产的遗嘱(或其中的条款);
Any incentive system can be subverted by bad will. 任何激励机制都可以被恶意的意愿推翻的。
subverted:vt.颠覆;推翻;破坏;
We need incentives. People have to make a living . 我们是需要激励机制的。人们总是要生活的。
make a living:谋生,维持生活;
But excessive reliance on incentives demoralizes professional activity in two senses of that word. 但是对于激励机制过分的依赖 会让专业的活跃性受挫 可以从两个方面来看。
excessive:adj.过多的,极度的;过分的; reliance:n.信赖;信心;受信赖的人或物; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
It causes people who engage in that activity to lose morale and it causes the activity itself to lose morality . 他会让已经在这个活动里面的人丢失士气 也会让活动本身丧失民心。
engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定; morale:n.士气,斗志; morality:n.道德;品行,美德;
Barack Obama said, before he was inaugurated , "We must ask not just 'Is it profitable ?' but 'Is it right?'" 在就职之前,巴拉克 奥巴马说, “我们一定不要仅仅问‘这个有利润吗？’还要问‘这是对的吗？’”
inaugurated:v.开始;开幕(inaugurate的过去分词);使正式就任; profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的;
And when professions are demoralized everyone in them becomes dependent on -- addicted to -- incentives and they stop asking "Is it right?" 当职业士气受挫时, 从事这个职业的人都会变得依赖甚至沉溺于激励机制 而且他们也不会问“这是正确的吗？”
professions:n.行业,职业;业内人士;同行;(profession的复数) demoralized:adj.士气低落的; v.使士气低落; dependent on:依赖于;依靠; addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷;
We see this in medicine. 我们能在制药行业看到这些。
("Although it's nothing serious, let's keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't turn into a major lawsuit .") “尽管不是那么严重,我们最好注意一下确保这不会变成严重的诉讼。”
keep an eye on:v.照看;留意;密切注视; lawsuit:n.诉讼;[法]官司;诉讼案件;
And we certainly see it in the world of business. 我当然也能在商业世界里看到这些。
("In order to remain competitive in today's marketplace , I'm afraid we're going to have to replace you with a sleezeball.") “为了在当今的市场保持竞争力,我们恐怕要用不靠谱的人来取代你的位置了。”
competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的; marketplace:n.市场;集市;
("I sold my soul for about a tenth of what the damn things are going for now.") “为了这些破事将来要达到的目标的十分之一,我现在就出卖了我的灵魂。”
damn:v.谴责;该死;n.诅咒;adj.可恶的;
It is obvious that this is not the way people want to do their work. 很显然这并不是人们所期望的工作方式。
So what can we do? 那我们可以做什么呢？
A few sources of hope: 下面是一些希望的来源:
sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
We ought to try to re-moralize work. 我们应该尝试重新赋予工作道德的含义。
One way not to do it: teach more ethics courses. 一个方法就是:不要教授过多的道德规范课程。
ethics:n.伦理学;伦理观;道德标准;
(Applause) 掌声。
There is no better way to show people that you're not serious than to tie up everything you have to say about ethics into a little package with a bow and consign it to the margins as an ethics course. 要向人们展示你并不那么严肃,最好的方法就是 把你要说的那些关于道德规范的事包装 到一个带有蝴蝶结的小包裹里,然后把他当成一节道德课交出来。
consign:vt.交付;托运;寄存;把…委托给; margins:n.边缘; v.给…镶边; (margin的复数)
What to do instead? 除此之外还可以做什么呢？
One: Celebrate moral exemplars . 方法一:表扬道德榜样。
exemplars:标本(exemplar的名词复数);
Acknowledge, when you go to law school, that a little voice is whispering in your ear about Atticus Finch . 当你走进法学院的时候,会有 一个很小的声音就会在你耳边耳语讲 阿提卡斯 芬奇这个正义律师的故事。
Finch:n.雀科鸣鸟;雀类;
No ten-year-old goes to law school to do mergers and acquisitions . 不会有10岁的小孩去法学院做并购的。
mergers:v.兼并; n.吸收; acquisitions:n.兼并,购并; v.获得,[法]取得(acquisition的第三人称单数形式);
People are inspired by moral heroes. 人们会被道德英雄们激励。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
But we learn that, with sophistication comes the understanding that you can't acknowledge that you have moral heroes. 但是我们知道,当诡辩强词夺理的时候, 你就会为不承认你有敬仰的道德英雄而找到借口。
sophistication:n.复杂;诡辩;老于世故;有教养;
Well, acknowledge them. 还是承认他们吧。
Be proud that you have them. 因为你有他们而自豪吧。
Celebrate them. 赞美他们。
And demand that the people who teach you acknowledge them and celebrate them too. 也需要那些教你承认并赞美道德英雄的人。
That's one thing we can do. 这是我们可以做的一件事。
I don't know how many of you remember this: another moral hero, fifteen years ago, Aaron Feuerstein, who was the head of Malden Mills in Massachussetts -- they made Polartec -- 我不知道你们有多少人记得这件事: 十五年前,另一个道德英雄,艾伦 福尔斯丁, 他是马萨诸塞州梅尔登 米尔斯的老板 这公司是生产Plolartec（北极棉之类的材料）的。
Mills:n.磨坊; v.碾碎,磨成粉(mill的第三人称单数和复数)
The factory burned down. 工厂烧毁了,
3,000 employees. He kept every one of them on the payroll . 有3000个工人,他还是让每一个人都领到了工钱。
payroll:n.工资单;
Why? Because it would have been a disaster for them and for the community if he had let them go. 为什么？因为如果让他们离开,对于他们来说,或者对于 社区来说,这将是很不幸的灾难。
'"Maybe on paper our company is worth less to Wall Street , but I can tell you it's worth more. We're doing fine." “可能名义上,我们并没有华尔街的公司值钱。” 但是我可以告诉你们,它比想象的更有价值,我们做的很好！“
Wall Street:n.华尔街(美国纽约金融中心和证券交易所所在地);
Just at this TED we heard talks from several moral heroes. 就在TED,我们就听到了好几个道德英雄的演讲。
Two were particularly inspiring to me. 有两个特别激励我。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词)
One was Ray Anderson, who turned -- 一个是雷 安德森,他-
(Applause) 掌声。
- turned, you know, a part of the evil empire into a zero-footprint, or almost zero-footprint business. 你们也知道,他把邪恶帝国的一部分变成了 一个零排放,或者说零排放的生意。
evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
Why? Because it was the right thing to do. 为什么呢？因为这是正确的事。
And a bonus he's discovering is he's actually going to make even more money. 他发现的一个额外的奖励是: 他实际上将会赚更多的钱。
His employees are inspired by the effort. 他的员工被他的作为所激励。
Why? Because there happy to be doing something that's the right thing to do. 为什么？因为他们很乐意去做那些正确的事。
Yesterday we heard Willie Smits talk about re-foresting in Indonesia . 昨天,我们听了威力 斯密特 关于重建印尼森林的演讲。
Indonesia:n.印尼,印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国);
(Applause) 掌声。
In many ways this is the perfect example. 从很多方面来讲,这是一个完美的例子。
Because it took the will to do the right thing. 因为,它利用了意愿来做正确的事。
God knows it took a huge amount of technical skill. 上帝也知道这会用到很多很多的专业技术。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
I'm boggled at how much he and his associates needed to know in order to plot this out. 我非常吃惊,他和他的组织到底需要知道多少事情 才能把事情规划出来。
boggled:vi.犹豫,退缩;惊恐;vt.搞糟,弄坏;使…惊奇;使…困惑;n.犹豫,退缩;惊奇; associates:n.同事; v.联想; (associate的第三人称单数和复数) plot:n.情节;阴谋;布局;小块土地;v.密谋;暗中策划;(在地图上)标出;绘制(图表);
But most important to make it work -- and he emphasized this -- is that it took knowing the people in the communities . 但是,最重要的是让它运作起来, 而且他强调这 是用来让很多团体的人们了解的那一部分。
emphasized:v.强调,着重(emphasize的过去式); communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Unless the people you're working with are behind you this will fail. 除非和你一起工作的人们在身后支持你, 这将会失败。
And there isn't a formula to tell you how to get the people behind you because different people in different communities organize their lives in different ways. 没有一个公式,告诉你如何让人们支持你。 因为在不同的团体不同的人 会用各种不同的方式来进行生活
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等); organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
So there's a lot here at TED, and at other places, to celebrate. 在TED和其他很多地方都有很多事值得称赞。
And you don't have to be a mega-hero. 你也不必非要去当个超级英雄。
There are ordinary heroes. 有很多平凡的英雄。
Ordinary heroes like the janitors who are worth celebrating too. 像之前提到的清洁工人就是值得赞扬的平凡英雄。
As practitioners each and everyone of us should strive to be ordinary, if not extraordinary heroes. 作为从业者,我们每一个人都应该努力 如果成不了非凡的英雄也要成为一个平凡的英雄。
practitioners:n.实践者;开业者;实习者(practitioner的复数); strive:v.力求;斗争;反抗;(strive的第三人称单数) extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
As heads of organizations , we should strive to create environments that encourage and nurture both moral skill and moral will. 作为公司的老板, 我们应该努力的创造环境 来鼓励和培养道德技能和道德意愿。
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; nurture:v.养育;培养;养护;支持;
Even the wisest and most well-meaning people will give up if they have to swim against the current in the organizations in which they work. 即使最聪明善意的人 也会放弃,如果要他们去逆流而行 和他们工作的的单位抗争的话。
well-meaning:adj.善意的;好心的;
If you run an organization you should be sure that none of the jobs -- none of the jobs -- have job descriptions like the job descriptions of the janitors. 如果你要开公司,你要确保 没有一个工作--没有一个工作 的工作说明会像之前的清洁工工作说明一样。
descriptions:n.摘要;说明,说明书;描述(description的复数形式);
Because the truth is that any work that you do that involves interaction with other people is moral work. 因为,真相是 你做的任何一个与人打交道的工作 都是道德的工作。
And any moral work depends upon practical wisdom. 任何一个道德的工作都会依赖于实践的智慧。
And, perhaps most important, as teachers, we should strive to be the ordinary heroes, the moral exemplars, to the people we mentor. 然后,可能最重要的是, 作为老师,我们应该努力成为平凡的英雄, 成我们做教导的人的道德模范。
And there are a few things that we have to remember as teachers. 作为老师有一些东西我们应该记住。
One is that we are always teaching. 一是我们一直都在教导。
Someone is always watching. 而有人会一直在观察。
The camera is always on. 镜头永远是开着的。
Bill Gates talked about the importance of education and, in particular , the model that KIPP was providing. 比尔盖茨谈过教育的重要性, 还特别提供了KIPP规范。
in particular:尤其,特别;
'"Knowledge is power." “知识就是力量。”
And he talked about a lot of the wonderful things that KIPP is doing to take inner-city kids and turn them in the direction of college. 他也谈到了很多美好的事情 KIPP正在 让市中心的孩子走向大学的道路。
inner-city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的;
I want to focus on one particular thing KIPP is doing that Bill didn't mention. 我想把重点放在KIPP正在做的一件事情上 比尔盖茨没有提过。
That is that they have come to the realization that the single most important thing kids need to learn is character. 他们发现这样一个事实 就是孩子需要学的的最重要的一件事 就是人格。
realization:n.实现;领悟;
They need to learn to respect themselves. 他们需要学习尊重自己。
They need to learn to respect their schoolmates . 他们需要学习尊重他们的同学。
schoolmates:n.同学;同窗;
They need to learn to respect their teachers. 他们需要学习尊重他们的老师。
And, most important, they need to learn to respect learning. 最重要的是,他们需要学习尊重学习。
That's the principle objective. 这是一个理论性的目标。
principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
If you do that, the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill . 如果你这么做了,剩下的就像是向下的滑坡一下好走。
downhill:adv.下坡;向下;每况愈下;adj.下坡的;容易的;n.下坡;滑降;
And the teachers: the way you teach these things to the kids is by having the teachers and all the other staff embody it every minute of every day. 老师们:你们教导孩子的方法 应该把每天每一分钟所有的东西都融合在一起。
embody:v.具体表现,体现,代表(思想或品质);包括;
Obama appealed to virtue. 奥巴马呼吁美德。
And I think he was right. 我认为他是对的。
And the virtue I think we need above all others is practical wisdom, because it's what allows other virtues -- honesty, kindness, courage and so on -- to be displayed at the right time and in the right way. 而且我认为我们最需要的美德就是实践的智慧。 因为他让其他的美德-诚实,善良,勇气等等-- 在正确的时间以正确的方式展现出来。
virtues:n.优点,贞操;美德; displayed:v.陈列;展出;展示;显露(display的过去分词和过去式) at the right time:在适当时候;
He also appealed to hope. 他还呼吁期望。
Right again. 也是对的。
I think there is reason for hope. 我认为呼吁期望是有原因的。
I think people want to be allowed to be virtuous . 我想人都希望能够善良/有道德。
virtuous:adj.善良的;有道德的;贞洁的;正直的;有效力的;
In many ways, it's what TED is all about. 从很大程度上来说,这就是TED的意义所在。
Wanting to do the right thing in the right way for the right reasons. 期望能做正确的事情, 以正确的方式, 因为正当的理由。
This kind of wisdom is within the grasp of each and every one of us if only we start paying attention. 这种智慧是我们每一个都都力所能及的, 只要我们开始注意。
grasp:n.抓住;理解;控制;v.抓住;领会;
Paying attention to what we do, to how we do it, and, perhaps most importantly, to the structure of the organizations in which we work, so as to make sure that it enables us and other people to develop wisdom rather than having it suppressed . 注意我们所做的事情, 我们如何去做, 以及,可能是最重要的, 去构建我们所工作的组织, 以此来保证它可以让我们和其他人开发智慧 而不是压制我们的智慧。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; suppressed:adj.抑制的,发育不全的;v.镇压,禁止;(suppress的过去时和过去分词)
Thank you very much. 谢谢大家。
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) 掌声。
Chris Anderson: You have to go and stand out here a sec. 克里斯 安德森:你可能要到那边站着等一下。
Barry Schwartz: Thank you very much. 巴瑞 斯瓦兹:非常感谢大家！
(Applause) 掌声。