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AshrafGhani_2005G-_讨论如何重建破败的阿富汗国家_
A public, Dewey long ago observed , is constituted through discussion and debate . “共和”概念,正如美国哲学家杜威很久之前所观察到的, 通过辩论和讨论而成。
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); constituted:vt.组成,构成;建立;任命; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
If we are to call the tyranny of assumptions into question, and avoid doxa, the realm of the unquestioned , then we must be willing to subject our own assumptions to debate and discussion. 如果我们质疑暴政的假想, 避免不经推敲的教条, 那么我们必须愿意把自己的假想 进行讨论辨伪。
tyranny:n.暴政;专横;严酷;残暴的行为(需用复数); assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数) realm:n.领域,范围;王国; unquestioned:adj.无争议的;不成问题的;无需调查的;
It is in this spirit that I join into a discussion of one of the critical issues of our time, namely , how to mobilize different forms of capital for the project of state building. 正是秉着这种精神我才来此参与讨论 这个我们时代的关键议题, 即如何调动各式各样的资本 为国家重建服务。
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) namely:adv.也就是;即是;换句话说; mobilize:v.动员;动员;调动;组织;鼓动;调用;
To put the assumptions very clearly, capitalism , after 150 years, has become acceptable , and so has democracy . 首先明晰我们的假设, 资本主义经过150年的发展已被广为接受, 民主亦然。
capitalism:n.资本主义; acceptable:adj.认同的;可接受的;令人满意的; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
If we looked in the world of 1945 and looked at the map of capitalist economies and democratic polities , they were the rare exception , not the norm . 如果我们回看1945年的世界, 并且查看当时资本主义经济体系及民主政治版图, 它们只是少数,并非主流。
capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; polities:n.政体;国体;政治组织; exception:n.例外;异议; norm:n.规范;标准;定额;常态;v.规范;规定;
The question now, however, is both about which form of capitalism and which type of democratic participation . 然而目前的问题是, 选择何种资本主义体制 及何种民主参与机制。
participation:n.参与;分享;参股;
But we must acknowledge that this moment has brought about a rare consensus of assumptions. 但我们必须承认 此刻要唤起 宝贵的共识达成一致。
consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意;
And that provides the ground for a type of action, because consensus of each moment allows us to act. 及提供基础 以促成一种行动, 因为每个时刻的共识 能让我们共同行动。
And it is necessary, no matter how fragile or how provisional our consensus, to be able to move forward. 而且这是必须的,不管 我们的共识如何脆弱或短暂, 共识能让我们前进。
fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的; provisional:adj.临时的,暂时的;暂定的;n.临时邮票;
But the majority of the world neither benefits from capitalism nor from democratic systems. 但是世界大部分地区 既没有从资本主义体系获利 也没有从民主体系里获利。
Most of the globe experiences the state as repressive , as an organization that is concerned about denial of rights, about denial of justice , rather than provision of it. 全球大部分国家的经历 都是认为美国是压抑性的 作为一种 关注拒绝权利 否认正义的组织, 而不是提供权利和正义的机构。
repressive:adj.镇压的;压抑的;抑制的; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事); justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
And in terms of experience of capitalism, there are two aspects that the rest of the globe experiences. 从资本主义发展历程来看, 其全球经验 主要有两方面,
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
First, extractive industry. 首先是资源采掘
extractive:n.提取物;抽出物;精华;adj.提取的;可萃取的;精萃的;
Blood diamonds, smuggled emeralds , timber , that is cut right from under the poorest. 血钻,宝石走私, 木材, 从穷国掠夺财富。
smuggled:v.走私;私运;偷运(smuggle的过去分词和过去式) emeralds:n.绿宝石;[宝]祖母绿;翡翠(emerald的复数形式); timber:n.木材;木料;
Second is technical assistance. 其次是技术援助。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
And technical assistance might shock you, but it's the worst form of -- today -- of the ugly face of the developed world to the developing countries. 技术援助和你想的不一样, 但它是当今最差劲的形式, 它表现出了发达国家对发展中国家 丑陋的面孔。
ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的;
Tens of billions of dollars are supposedly spent on building capacity with people who are paid up to 1,500 dollars a day, who are incapable of thinking creatively , or organically . 想象一下上百亿美元 被一些人投入能力建设 他们每天最高得到1500美元, 却不能 创造性地 独立地思考。
supposedly:adv.据说;据信;据传; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; incapable:adj.不能的;无能力的;不能胜任的; creatively:adv.创造性地;有创造力地; organically:adv.有机地;有组织地;器官上地;
Next assumption -- and of course the events of July 7, 其次,当然我对 6月７日的事件
I express my deep sympathy , and before that, September 11 -- have reminded us we do not live in three different worlds. 深表同情,还有９１１, 这些都提醒我们 我们不是生活在三个不同的世界,
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同; reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式)
We live in one world. 而是一个。
But that's easily said. 简单点儿说
But we are not dealing with the implications of the one world that we are living in. 我们并不是在和 我们所生活的世界的含义打交道。
implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
And that is, that if we want to have one world, this one world cannot be based on huge pockets of exclusion , and then inclusion for some. 也就是说,如果我们想要拥有一个世界, 这个世界是不能建立在 先有巨大的排斥, 然后再对其中一些进行包容之上的。
exclusion:n.排除;排斥;驱逐;被排除在外的事物; inclusion:n.包含;内含物;
We must now finally come to think about the premises of a truly global world, in relationship to the regime of rights and responsibilities and accountabilities that are truly global in scope . 我们现在终于必须来思考一下 一个真正的全球型世界 的前提是什么, 与权力政权和 责任感和可靠性之间的关系 在全球维度内是怎样的。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; premises:n.营业场所;(企业的)房屋建筑及附属场地;(premise的复数) global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制; accountabilities:n.职责(accountability的复数);职责描述;岗位职责; scope:n.能力; v.仔细看;
Otherwise we will be missing this open moment in history, where we have a consensus on both the form of politics and the form of economics. 否则我们将会 丢失这个历史上的开放时刻, 一个我们在政治 和经济的形式 达成共识的时刻。
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
What is one of these organizations to pick? 这三个组织中该选哪一个呢？
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
We have three critical terms: economy , civil society and the state. 我们有3个很关键的术语: 经济, 公民社会 和国家。
economy:n.经济;节约;理财; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
I will not deal with those first two, except to say that uncritical transfer of assumptions, from one context to another, can only make for disaster . 我并不涉及前两个,只能说 不加批判的对假设的转移 从一个语境到另一个语境之下, 只可能酿成灾难。
uncritical:adj.无批判力的;不加批判的;不严厉的; transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
Economics taught in most of the elite universities are practically useless in my context. 经济学, 在最多的精英大学里都有课程 但这在我的语境中可以说是完全没有用的。
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上;
My country is dominated by drug economy and a mafia . 我的国家 被毒品经济和黑手党所操控
dominated:v.支配;控制;左右;影响;(dominate的过去式和过去分词) mafia:n.黑手党;(意)秘密政党;
Textbook economics does not work in my context, and I have very few recommendations from anybody as to how to put together a legal economy. 书本上的经济学并不能 在我的语境中发挥作用, 而且我几乎得不到任何建议。
recommendations:n.推荐;推荐信;推荐规范(recommendation的复数形式); put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
The poverty of our knowledge must become the first basis of moving forward, and not imposition of the framework that works on the basis of mathematical modeling, for which I have enormous respect. 我们知识的贫穷 必将成为前进的 第一块基石。 而不是作用于数学模型基础上的 框架, 当然,我对此还是深怀敬意的。
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; imposition:n.征收;强加;欺骗;不公平的负担; on the basis of:根据;基于…; mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
My colleagues at Johns Hopkins were among the best. 我的在约翰霍普金斯的同事是最好的。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
Second, instead of debating endlessly about what is the structure of the state, why don't we simplify and say, what are a series of functions that the state in the 21st century must perform ? 第二, 不要再无止境地去辩论 一个国家的结构是什么样的, 我们为什么不能将其简化, 而去讨论一个国家21世纪 必须具备的一系列功能是什么？
debating:v.讨论,辩论;仔细考虑;思考;盘算;(debate的现在分词) endlessly:adv.不断地;无穷尽地; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; simplify:vt.简化;使单纯;使简易; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好);
Clare Lockhart and I are writing a book on this, we hope to share that much widely with -- and third is that we could actually construct an index to measure comparatively how well these functions that we would agree on are being performed in different places. 克莱尔 洛克哈特和我正在就此写一本书 我们希望能彼此之间能够有更多的沟通与分享。 第三,我们实际上可以建立一个指数, 来测量 相比较之下,这些功能发挥得怎么样,是否令我们满意, 并且能推广到其他的地方。
construct:v.建造;创建;建筑;修建;n.概念;构筑物;结构体;建造物; index:n.指标;指数;索引;指针;v.做索引;指出;编入索引中; comparatively:adv.比较地;相当地; performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式)
So what are these functions? 那么这些功能是什么呢？
We propose 10. 我们来举10个例子。
propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算;
And it's legitimate monopoly of means of violence , administrative control, management of public finances, investment in human capital, provision of citizenship rights, provision of infrastructure , 它们是:对暴力途径的合法化的垄断, 行政控制,公共财政管理 人力资金投资,民权保障 基础设施建设,
legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize); monopoly:n.垄断;垄断者;专卖权; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; administrative:adj.管理的,行政的; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁; citizenship:n.[法]公民身份,公民资格;国籍;公民权; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
management of the tangible and intangible assets of the state through regulation , creation of the market, and national agreements -- including public borrowing -- and then most importantly, rule of law. 通过调控进行对国家有形与无形资产管理, 市场的创造, 国际合约 -- 包括公共借贷 -- 还有最重要的是,法律规范。
intangible:adj.无形的,触摸不到的;难以理解的; assets:n.资产;宝贵的人材;(一项)财物;资产;(asset的名词复数) regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
I won't elaborate . 我不会进一步阐述。
elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂;
I hope the questions will give me an opportunity. 我希望这些问题可以给予我一个机会。
This is a feasible goal, basically because, contrary to widespread assumption, 这是一个切实的目标, 因为与广泛的假设相反
feasible:adj.可行的;可能的;可实行的; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; contrary:adj.相反的;对立的;adv.相反地;n.相反;反面; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的;
I would argue that we know how to do this. 我不认为我们知道该如何处理这件事。
Who would have imagined that Germany would be either united or democratic today, if you looked at it from the perspective of Oxford of 1943? 谁能想到德国 今天会变成联合或者民主的, 如果你从1943年的牛津的视角去看这个问题的话。
united:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
But people at Oxford prepared for a democratic Germany and engaged in planning. 但是牛津的人民为一个民主德国做好了准备, 并积极计划着。
engaged in:从事于;忙于;
And there are lots of other examples. 还有很多其他的例子。
Now in order to do this -- and this brings this group -- we have to rethink the notion of capital. 现在,为了做这件事, 我们必须重新思考资本的定义。
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法; notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
The least important form of capital, in this project, is financial capital -- money. 最微不足道的一种资本形式是, 是财经资本 -- 金钱。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
Money is not capital in most of the developing countries. 金钱在众多发展中国家中不都不能算作是资本。
It's just cash. 它只是现金。
Because it lacks the institutional , organizational , managerial forms to turn it into capital. 因为它缺乏机制的, 组织的,管理的形式, 来将它转变为资本。
institutional:adj.制度的; organizational:adj.组织的;编制的; managerial:adj.经理的;管理的;
And what is required is a combination of physical capital, institutional capital, human capital -- and security, of course, is critical, but so is information. 而且它所需要的是 物理资本 与体制资本,人力资本的结合。 当然,安全性是至关重要的, 信息也是。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
Now, the issue that should concern us here -- and that's the challenge that I would like to pose to this group -- is again, it takes 16 years in your countries to produce somebody with a BS degree. 现在,我们应该担忧的问题, 同时也是我希望给您们这群人 带来的挑战是 你们国家需要16年 来培养一个 有学士学历的人。
It takes 20 years to produce somebody with a PhD. 20年来培养一个 有博士学位的人
The first challenge is to rethink, fundamentally , the issue of the time. 第一个挑战是要 从基本上进行重新思考 当代的问题。
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
Do we need to repeat the modalities that we have inherited ? 我们需要重复 我们所继承的方式吗？
modalities:n.形式;形态(modality的复数);样式; inherited:v.继承(金钱、财产等);接替(责任等);继任;(inherit的过去式和过去分词)
Our educational systems are inherited from the 19th century. 我们的教育系统是自19世纪传承而来的。
educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的
What is it that we need to do fundamentally to re-engage in a project, that capital formation is rapid? 为了从根本上重新投入到一个项目中, 什么是我们需要的呢, 在这个资本形成如此之快的当下？
re-engage:vt.重新接入;再次聘用; formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形;
The absolute majority of the world's population are below 20, and they are growing larger and faster. 世界上的绝大多数人 都在20岁以下,而且他们正在变得 更多,成长得更快。
absolute majority:n.绝对多数(指超过半数的选票或竞选席位);
They need different ways of being approached . 他们需要不同的方式 不同的对待的方式。
approached:v.走近;临近;探讨;建议;(approach的过去分词和过去式)
Different ways of being enfranchised . 不同的享有权利的方式。
enfranchised:vt.给予选举权;给予自治权;解放,释放;
Different ways of being skilled . 不同的被训练的方式。
skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的;
And that's the first thing. 这是首要的。
Second is, you're problem solvers , but you're not engaging your global responsibility. 第二,你们是问题的解决者, 但是你们没有尽到你们的全球性责任。
solvers:n.解决者(solver的复数形式); engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
You've stayed away from the problems of corruption . 你们已经远离了 腐败问题。
corruption:n.贪污,腐败;堕落;
You only want clean environments in which to function. 你们只想看到干净的环境。
But if you don't think through the problems of corruption, who will? 但是你们没有彻底看透腐败的问题, 谁还能呢？
think through:彻底地想清楚;
You stay away from design for development. 你们避免为发展做规划。
You're great designers, but your designs are selfish. 你们是伟大的设计师, 但是你们的设计是自私的。
It's for your own immediate use. 只是为了你们自己即时的用处。
The world in which I operate operates with designs regarding roads, or dams, or provision of electricity that have not been revisited in 60 years. 在我的世界,我与 那些道路、 堤坝、或者电力供应 的设计打交道, 这些设计已经有60年没有被重温了。
regarding:prep.关于;至于;v.将…认为;把…视为;看待;(regard的现在分词) electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; revisited:vt.重游;再访;重临;n.再访问;
This is not right. It requires thinking. 这是不正确。需要我们来思考一下。
But particularly , what we need more than anything else from this group is your imagination to be brought to bear on problems the way a meme is supposed to work. 更重要的是, 我们最需要的 是你们的想象力, 用想象力来解决问题 这是米姆本应产生作用的方式。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; meme:n.大脑模仿病毒;文化基因;弥母;
As the work on paradigms , long time ago showed -- 而就范式的作用来说,在很久以前,
paradigms:n.范例,模范(paradigm的复数形式);
Thomas Kuhn's work -- it's in the intersection of ideas that new developments -- true breakthroughs -- occur . 托马斯-坤的工作, 他的工作是 概念的内部分工中, 新的发展出现。
intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点; breakthroughs:突破; occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;
And I hope that this group would be able to deal with the issue of state and development and the empowerment of the majority of the world's poor, through this means. 我希望这个组织,通过这些方式 可以有能力处理关于政府和国家的问题 以及给予这个世界占大多数的穷人 以权力。
empowerment:n.许可,授权;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Chris Anderson: So, Ashraf, until recently , you were the finance minister of Afghanistan , a country right at the middle of much of the world's agenda . 克里斯 安德森:“那么,Ashraf先生,直到最近, 你一直是阿富汗的财政部长, 这是一个处在世界事务 中心的国家。
recently:adv.最近;新近; finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人; Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲); agenda:n.议事日程;
Is the country gonna make it? 这个国家真的能够完成（你所说的那些）吗？
Will democracy flourish ? What scares you most? 民主可否繁荣？什么使你最为生畏？
flourish:n.兴旺; vt.夸耀; vi.繁荣,兴旺;
Ashraf Ghani: What scares me most is -- is you, lack of your engagement . Ashraf Ghani:“最令我害怕的,是你们, 是缺乏你们的积极参与。”
engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度;
(Laughter) （笑声）
You asked me. You know I always give the unconventional answer. 你问了我。你知道我总是给出一些非传统的答案。
unconventional:adj.非常规的;非传统的;不依惯例的;
No. But seriously, the issue of Afghanistan first has to be seen as, at least, a 10 to 20-year perspective. 不。但是说真的, 阿富汗的问题 必须首先被视作 一个至少10到20年的视角。
Today the world of globalization is on speed. 今天,全球化 在加速。
globalization:n.全球化;
Time has been compressed . 时间已经被压缩了。
compressed:adj.(空气或气体)压缩的; v.(被)压紧; (compress的过去式和过去分词)
And space does not exist for most people. 空间对于大多数人来说也已不再存在。
But in my world -- you know, when I went back to Afghanistan after 23 years, space had expanded . 但是在我的世界里, 你要知道,当我23年之后回到阿富汗的时候, 空间已经扩大了。
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式);
Every conceivable form of infrastructure had broken down. 所有可感知的社会基础设施被毁坏了。
conceivable:adj.可能的;想得到的,可想像的;
I rode -- traveled -- travel between two cities that used to take three hours now took 12. 我旅行着, 原本需要花3个小时往返的城市 现在需要12个小时。
So the first is when the scale is that, we need to recognize that just the simple things that are infrastructure -- it takes six years to deliver infrastructure. 所以,首先,当度量标准变了, 我们必须要认识到 基础设施就是这么简单的一些东西, 而要传递基础设施需要6年的时间。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
In our world. 在我们的世界,
Any meaningful sort of thing. 所有像这样有意义的东西。
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的;
But the modality of attention, or what is happening today, what's happening tomorrow. 但是注意力的情态 或者说今天发生了什么,明天将发生什么。
modality:n.形式,形态;程序;物理疗法;主要的感觉;
Second is, when a country has been subjected to one of the most immense , brutal forms of exercise of power -- we had the Red Army for 10 continuous years, 110,000 strong. 第二, 当一个国家 已经从属于最广泛、残忍的权力施行形式之一的时候, 我们连续10年, 拥有红军, 110,000个强壮的人
immense:adj.巨大的,广大的;无边无际的;非常好的; brutal:adj.残忍的;野蛮的,不讲理的; continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的;
Literally terrorizing . 真的很吓人
Literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: terrorizing:v.恐吓;恫吓;威胁;(terrorize的现在分词)
The sky: every Afghan sees the sky as a source of fear. 天空: 每一个阿富汗人 将天空视为恐惧的来源。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
We were bombed practically out of existence. 我们几乎已经快被轰炸 给灭绝了。
Then, tens of thousands of people were trained in terrorism -- from all sides. 然后,成千上万的人被训练程恐怖分子, 什么方面的都有。
terrorism:n.恐怖主义;
The United States, Great Britain , joined for instance , 美国,英国加入了
Great Britain:n.大不列颠(包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士); instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例;
Egyptian intelligence service to train thousands of people in resistance and urban terrorism. 诸如埃及情报服务的组织 来训练成千上万的人 来抵御和城市恐怖主义。
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
How to turn a bicycle into an instrument of terror. 如何把一辆自行车 变成一种恐怖行动的工具。
instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械;
How to turn a donkey , a cart horse, anything. 如何将一头驴子,一辆马车,任何东西,（变成恐怖行动的工具）。
donkey:n.毛驴;傻瓜;[动]驴;(非正式)笨蛋; cart:n.运货马车;手推车;手拉车;v.用车装运;用手提;强行带走;抓走;.
And the Russians, equally. 俄罗斯人也是一样。
So, when violence erupts in a country like Afghanistan, it's because of that legacy . 所以,当暴力在一个国家, 比如阿富汗, 是因为有那样一种传统。
erupts:vi.爆发;喷出;发疹;长牙;vt.爆发;喷出; legacy:n.遗赠,遗产;
But we have to understand that we've been incredibly lucky. 但是我们必须明白 我们已经非常幸运了。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
I mean, I really can't believe how lucky I am here, standing in front of you, speaking. 我的意思是,我真的无法相信我有多么幸运能来到这里, 站在你们面前讲话。
When I joined as finance minister, 当我成为财政部长的时候,
I thought that the chances of my living more than three years would not be more than 5 percent. 我以为我能活过3年的概率 不超过5%。
Those were the risks. They were worth it. 危险是存在的,但是也是值得的。
I think we can make it, and the reason we can make it is because of the people. 我认为我可以做到, 而且我如此认为的原因, 就在于人民。
You see, because, I mean -- I give you one statistic . 你知道,因为,我给你们一个数据好了。
statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的;
91 percent of the men in Afghanistan, 86 percent of the women, listen to at least three radio stations a day. 在阿富汗91%的男人, 86%的女人, 每天都会听至少3个收音频道来
In terms of their discourse , in terms of their sophistication of knowledge of the world, 讲述这个世界的 复杂性。
discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出; sophistication:n.复杂;诡辩;老于世故;有教养;
I think that I would dare say, they're much more sophisticated than rural Americans with college degrees and the bulk of Europeans . 我敢说, 他们 比美国的拥有大学文凭的人, 和大把的欧洲人都要深刻。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块; Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数);
Because the world matters to them. 因为这些跟他们息息相关。
And what is their predominant concern? 而他们的最主要的担忧是什么呢？
predominant:adj.显著的;明显的;盛行的;占优势的;n.特优生物
Abandonment . 遗弃。
Abandonment:n.抛弃;放纵;
Afghans have become deeply internationalist . 阿富汗人已经深深地成为了国际主义者了。
internationalist:n.国际主义者;国际法学家;
You know, when I went back in December of 2001, 你知道,当我在2001年12月份回国的时候,
I had absolutely no desire to work with the Afghan government. 我一点都不想与阿富汗政府合作。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
Because I'd lived as a nationalist. 因为我是一个国家主义者。
And I told them -- my people, with the Americans here -- separate. 我告诉他们 - 我的人民,和美国人在这 - 是分开的
Yes, I have an advisory position with the U.N. 是的,我在联合国有着顾问的职位。
advisory:adj.咨询的;顾问的;劝告的;n.报告;公告;
I went through 10 Afghan provinces very rapidly. 我快速地穿越了10个阿富汗的省份。
And everybody was telling me, it was a different world. 每个人都告诉我,这是一个不同的世界。
You know, they engage. 你知道,他们参与进来了。
They see engagement, global engagement, as absolutely necessary to the future of the ordinary people. 他们看见了国际的介入, 这对于这些普通人的未来是至关重要的。
And the thing that the ordinary Afghan is most concerned with is -- 而普通的阿富汗人最为关心的是
concerned with:关心;涉及;忙于;与…有关;
Clare Lockhart is here, so I'll recite a discussion she had with an illiterate woman in Northern Afghanistan. 克莱尔 洛克哈特在这里, 所以我讲讲述一段她 与一个阿富汗北部的未接受过教育的妇女的讨论。
recite:v.朗诵;(口头)列举;逐一讲述; illiterate:adj.文盲的;不识字的;没受教育的;n.文盲;
And that woman said she didn't care whether she had food on her table. 那个妇女说她不关心 她的饭桌上是否有食物。
What she worried about was whether there was a plan for the future, where her children could really have a different life. 她关心的是未来是否有计划, 她的孩子们能否有个不一样的人生。
That gives me hope. 这给予了我希望。
CA: How is Afghanistan going to provide alternative income to the many people who are making their living off the drugs trade? CA:阿富汗 怎么能为那么多以毒品交易为生的人 提供 收入呢？
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择;
AG: Certainly. Well, the first is, instead of sending a billion dollars on drug eradication and paying it to a couple of security companies, they should give this hundred billion dollars to 50 AG:当然了。首先, 不要再花费几十亿美元 在毒品根除上了, 取而代之的是,把资金给几个安全公司, 他们将上千亿美元的资金 分给50个
eradication:n.消灭,扑灭;根除;
of the most critically innovative companies in the world to ask them to create one million jobs. 全球最具开创性的公司, 让他们创造一百万个工作。
critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
The key to the drug eradication is jobs. 根除毒品的关键在于工作。
Look, there's a very little known fact: countries that have a legal average income per capita of 1,000 dollars don't produce drugs. 看,这有个鲜为人知的事实: 人均合法的年收入在1000美元以上的国家 不生产毒品。
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
Second, textile . 第二,纺织品。
textile:n.纺织品;纺织业;
Trade is the key, not aid. 贸易是关键,而不是援助。
The US and Europe should give us a zero percent tariff . 美国和欧洲应该 给我们零关税。
tariff:n.关税表;收费表;vt.定税率;征收关税;
The textile industry is incredibly mobile . 纺织品行业极具移动性。
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
If you want us to be able to compete with China and to attract investment, we could probably attract four to six billion dollars quite easily in the textile sector , if there was zero tariffs -- would create the type of job. 如果你想让我们有能力与中国竞争并吸引投资, 我们可能可以很轻松地 凭借纺织品行业 吸引60亿美元, 如果零关税的话, 这也可以创造很多工作岗位。
compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形; tariffs:n.[税收]关税(tariff的复数);
Cotton does not compete with opium; a t-shirt does. 棉花不能与鸦片相比, 但是T恤可以。
And we need to understand, it's the value chain. 而且我们需要知道,这是一个价值链。
Look, and the ordinary Afghan is sick and tired of hearing about microcredit . 看,一个普通的阿富汗已经 对微贷款很厌烦了。
sick and tired:筋疲力尽的,完全厌烦的; microcredit:n.微型贷款;微额信贷;
It is important, but what the ordinary women and men who engage in micro-production want is global access. 这很重要, 对于那些从事微生产的人 最需要的的国际的切入口。
They don't want to sell to the charity bazaars that are only for foreigners -- and the same bloody shirt embroidered time and again . 他们不想要卖给仅针对外国人 的慈善义卖会, 而且要把同样的衬衫 一遍又一遍的绣。
charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物; bazaars:n.市集(bazaar的复数); bloody:adj.血腥的;血淋淋的;v.血染; embroidered:v.刺绣;加以渲染(或润色);添枝加叶;(embroider的过去分词和过去式) time and again:adv.屡次;常常;
What we want is a partnership with the Italian design firms. 我们需要 与意大利的设计公司合作。
partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约;
Yeah, we have the best embroiderers in the world! 是的,我们有全世界最好的缝纫师！
embroiderers:n.绣花机;刺绣工;
Why can't we do what was done with northern Italy? 为什么我们不能做与意大利北部做的东西一样的呢？
With the Put Out system? 凭着发行系统？
So I think economically , the critical issue really is to now think through. 所以我认为,经济上, 关键问题在于如何思考。
economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地;
And what I will say here is that aid doesn't work. 我在这里要说援助没有用。
You know, the aid system is broken. 你知道,援助系统坏了。
The aid system does not have the knowledge, the vision, the ability. 它不具备只是 远见,和能力。
I'm all for it; after all, I raised a lot of it. 我是全力支持慈善的;毕竟我提倡了很多。
Yeah, to be exact, you know, 是的,准确的说,我试图
I managed to persuade the world they had to give my country 27.5 billion. 劝说这个世界来 给我的国家275亿。
persuade:v.说服;劝说;使信服;使相信;
They didn't want to give us the money. 他们不想给我们金钱。
CA: And it still didn't work? CA:还是不起作用吗？
AG: No. It's not that it didn't work. AG:不。不是不起作用。
It's that a dollar of private investment, in my judgment , is equal at least to 20 dollars of aid, in terms of the dynamic that it generates . 只是,一美元的私人投资, 在我看来, 等于至少20美元的援助, 就它产生的动力来看。
judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力; dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; generates:[计]生成;发生;
Second is that one dollar of aid could be 10 cents, it could be 20 cents, or it could be four dollars. 第二,1美元的援助可能变成10美分 或者20美分, 或者变成4美元,
It depends on what form it comes, what degrees of conditionalities are attached to it. 这取决于它以什么形式来的, 它附带的条件的级别是什么。
conditionalities:n.制约性;受限制性; attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式)
You know, the aid system, at first, was designed to benefit entrepreneurs of the developed countries, not to generate growth in the poor countries. 你知道,援助系统起初是为了奖励 发达国家的企业家的, 而不是为贫困国家产生财富增长。
entrepreneurs:n.企业家;(entrepreneur的复数)
And this is, again, one of those assumptions -- the way car seats are an assumption that we've inherited in governments, and doors. 这又是一个假设: 如同汽车座椅一样的假设, 我们从政府和门继承而来的。
You would think that the US government would not think that American firms needed subsidizing to function in developing countries, provide advice, but they do. 你也许会想美国政府 不认为美国的公司需要 在发展中国家设立分公司,提供建议, 但他们需要。
subsidizing:vt.资助;给与奖助金;向…行贿;
There's an entire weight of history vis-a-vis aid that now needs to be reexamined . 面对面援助 有一个历史的重量 这现在需要被重新检验。
vis-a-vis:n.面对面的人; prep.关于; v.相向着; reexamined:v.复试(审查);(reexamine的过去式)
If the goal is to build states that can credibly take care of themselves -- and I'm putting that proposition equally; you know I'm very harsh on my counterparts -- aid must end in each country in a definable period. 如果目标是建立能 可靠地照顾好他们自己的国家, 而我是公平地将提出这个建议的, 你知道,我对于我的对手非常严苛-- 援助必须在每一个国家, 在一定期限内停止。
proposition:n.提议;待处理的问题;任务;(美国)法律修正议案;见解;命题;v.向...提议; harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的; counterparts:n.(契约)副本(counterpart的复数);相对物;相对应的人; definable:adj.可下定义的;可确定的;可限定的;
And every year there must be progress on mobilization of domestic revenue and generation of the economy. 每一年, 国内收入的流动 和经济的刺激生长必须获得进步。
mobilization:n.动员;调动; domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署;
Unless that kind of compact is entered into, you will not be able to sustain the consensus. 除非那样的一种影响介入, 你们将不能够保持同一意见。
compact:n.合同,契约;小粉盒;adj.紧凑的,紧密的;简洁的;vt.使简洁;使紧密结合; sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实;