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ArunabhaGhosh_2019I-_印度清洁空气五步法_-
Shah Rukh Khan : Something goes wrong with the air that we take for granted . 沙鲁克汗:被我们视为 理所当然的空气出现了问题。
Khan:n.可汗(对最高统治者的尊称);商队客店; take for granted:认为…理所当然;
The ill effects are suffered by all, rich and poor, city people and village folks, those inland and those on the coast. 所有人都在忍受其带来的不良影响, 不论贫穷还是富有, 不论是城里人还是乡村人, 不论是住在内陆还是沿海,
inland:n.内地;内陆;adj.内陆的;内地的;国内的;adv.在内地;向内地;向内陆;在内陆;
Nobody is exempt . 没有人能幸免。
exempt:vt.免除;豁免;adj.被免除的;被豁免的;n.免税者;被免除义务者;
So how do we give our children the chance to grow up in a world where the air is clean? 那么,如何才能让 我们的孩子在一个空气洁净 的世界中成长呢？
Our next speaker addresses this vital question. 我们的下一位演讲者 将要解决这个重要问题。
vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的;
So join me in giving a wholehearted welcome to the public policy expert and author, the multifaceted Dr. Arunabha Ghosh. 让我们热烈欢迎 公共政策专家及作家, 博学多才的 阿鲁纳巴·戈什博士。
wholehearted:adj.一心一意的; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; multifaceted:adj.多层面的;
(Music) （音乐）
Arunabha Ghosh: Let me tell you a story from China. 阿鲁纳巴·戈什:让我与各位 分享一个发生在中国的故事。
In 2014, China declared war on pollution. 2014 年,中国向污染宣战。
In November that year, there was an international summit there. 同年 11 月, 有一场国际峰会在那里举行,
summit:n.峰会;山顶;顶点;最高点;
Presidents and prime ministers from many countries arrived. 许多国家的总统和首相抵达中国。
prime:adj.主要的; v.极好地; n.初期; v.使准备好; ministers:n.部长,大臣; v.辅助; (minister的第三人称单数和复数)
So industries around Beijing were shut down, half the cars were taken off the road. 因此,当时北京周边的 工业生产都被要求暂停运营, 有一半的机动车被禁止上路。
That week, I took a photograph of the unusually blue sky in Beijing. 那周,我拍下了北京 非同寻常的蓝天。
unusually:adv.非常;异乎寻常地;显著地;
A few days later, when the summit had ended, the factories were humming again, the sky had again turned light grey. 几天后,峰会结束, 那些工厂再度开工, 天空再次变回了浅灰色。
humming:v.哼(曲子);发嗡嗡声;活跃;繁忙;(hum的现在分词)
So newspapers started urging the government to make the blue skies permanent . 所以各大报纸媒体 开始敦促政府 实行措施, 让天空永远变回蓝色。
permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
Then in early 2015, a private citizen produced a documentary on air pollution called "Under the Dome ." 之后,在 2015 年初, 一位中国公民制作了一部 关于空气污染的纪录片, 名为《苍穹之下》。
Dome:n.圆屋顶;vi.成圆顶状;vt.加圆屋顶于…上;
Just within four days, it was viewed 300 million times, and millions more continued discussing it on social media . 仅在 4 天内,就有 3 亿人次观看, 并且上百万人开始 在社交媒体上讨论这话题。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Eventually , the government acted, and by 2018, the bulk of the Chinese population had witnessed a decline in air pollution by 32 percent on average. 最终,政府采取了措施, 到了 2018 年, 众多的中国人民 都已见证了空气污染的缓解, 污染指数平均下降了 32%。
Eventually:adv.最后,终于; bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块; witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降;
When will we demand clean air in India? 那我们要何时才会要求 让印度获得清洁的空气？
I have a six-year-old daughter. 我有一个 6 岁的女儿。
Every morning, when I drop her to the school bus stop, 每天早上,当我送她去校车点时,
I have to remind her not to take off her mask. 我一定会提醒她不要摘下口罩。
remind:v.提醒;使想起;
That's the kind of world we live in. 这就是我们现在居住的世界。
One day she pointed me to an advertisement for a face wash, which claimed that the polluting particles lodged deeply in our skin could be miraculously washed off. 有一天,她指着一个 洗面奶广告给我看, 广告声称,该产品可以神奇地清洁 残留于我们皮肤深层的污染颗粒。
claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式) particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); lodged:v.lodge的过去分词; miraculously:adv.奇迹般地;神奇地;非凡地;出乎意料地;
But what of the particles lodged in our lungs? 但我们肺中的污染颗粒 又该如何清除？
When it's difficult to make out the difference between the lung of a smoker and the lung of a nonsmoker , we have a real problem, because I can run an air purifier at home, but can I lock up my daughter at home? 当非吸烟者和吸烟者 的肺部一样糟糕的那天到来的时候, 我们便遇上了真正的问题, 因为我在家可以用空气净化器, 但是我能把我的女儿锁在家吗？
nonsmoker:n.不抽烟的人;禁止吸烟列车车厢; purifier:n.[食品]净化器;清洁者;精炼器;精炼者;
Air pollution is the great leveler . 空气污染让所有人变得平等,
leveler:n.平等主义者;水平测量员;
It affects us all, rich and poor, city dweller or village folk, those living inland or those living on the coast, and it's affecting our health, our economic growth, our quality of life. 它影响我们所有人, 不论贫穷还是富有, 城市居民还是乡村人口, 居住在内陆还是沿海地区。 它影响着我们的健康, 我们的经济增长, 我们的生活品质。
dweller:n.居民,居住者; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
In 2017, more than 1.2 million deaths in India were attributable to air pollution. 2017 年,在印度 超过 120 万人的死亡 可以归因于空气污染。
attributable:adj.可归于…的;可归属的;
That's more than those deaths caused by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis , malaria or diarrhea . 这远远超过艾滋病, 结核病,疟疾或腹泻的死亡人数。
tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病; malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾;
At the Council on Energy, Environment and Water, my colleagues find that today, one in two Indians is breathing air that does not meet our air quality standards . 在“能源、环境与水理事会（CEEW）”, 我的同事们发现,在今天, 两个印度人中就有一个, 正在呼吸着不符合 空气质量标准的空气。
Council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); air quality:n.空气质量; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
And the economic impact of this public health crisis is more than 80 billion dollars every year. 而且这公共卫生危机对经济的影响 每年超过 800 亿美元。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
At CEEW, my colleagues find that 80 percent of Indians can breathe clean air if we adopted stringent pollution controls. 在 CEEW,我的同事们发现, 如果我们采用严格的污染控制措施, 那么 80% 的印度人 就可以呼吸到洁净的空气。
adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); stringent:adj.严格的;严厉的;紧缩的;短缺的;
So here is my vision for India. 所以这是我对印度的愿景:
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
In 2027, when we are celebrating our 80th year of independence , can we ensure that, by then, 80 cities in India have reduced air pollution by 80 percent? 在 2027 年, 在我们庆祝印度独立 80 周年之际, 我们是否可以保证,到那时 印度的 80 座城市 能将空气污染指数降低 80 %？
independence:n.独立;独立性;自恃心;独立不羁的精神; ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全;
Let's called this Mission 80-80-80, and this is possible, but the role of citizens is going to be critical . 让我们称它为“使命 80-80-80”, 这是可能实现的, 但公民的角色变得非常关键。
Mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
To combat air pollution, we have to create a democratic demand for clean air. 为对抗空气污染, 我们需要为洁净空气 创造民主的需求。
combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
We can make this happen. 我们能做到。
First, we have to educate ourselves. 首先,我们必须自我教育。
Low-cost sensors give us real-time information about the air quality, but we still need information about how to interpret it and how to act. 低成本传感器能让我们 实时获取空气质量的信息, 但是我们仍旧需要 关于如何解释指标 以及如何应对的信息。
Low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); real-time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; interpret:v.诠释;说明;口译;把…理解为;
So we need to target information to schools and children, to resident welfare associations , to the elderly , who are more at risk. 这样我们就能将信息 传递给学校以及孩童, 传递给居民福利协会, 传递给有更高受害风险的老年人。
resident:adj.居住的;住院医师;定居的;n.居民; welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利; associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织; elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的;
You know, when the temperature outside is 30 degrees versus 40 degrees, we know how to dress, we know what to do, what not to do. 当室外气温是 30 度 或是 40 度的时候, 我们知道穿多少衣服, 我们知道该做什么事, 不该做什么事。
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
We need, similarly , information on what precautions to take when the air quality outside is poor, very poor, severe or hazardous . 同样,在室外空气质量等级为 较差、很差、严重或有害的时候, 我们也需要知道 如何采取防护措施。
similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; precautions:n.防范;预防措施;预警(precaution的复数); severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; hazardous:adj.有危险的;冒险的;碰运气的;
Second, we need to become active monitors. 第二,我们需要变成主动监测者。
Today, most Indian cities and much of rural India have no air quality monitoring at all. 今天,印度的大部分城市 和一些乡村 根本还未开始进行空气质量监测。
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
So we need to demand that air quality sensors are installed in every constituency . 因此我们需要要求
installed:v.安装;设置;使就职(install的过去分词和过去式) constituency:n.(选区的)选民;支持者;(一批)顾客;
Today, in Parliament , who is going to stand up for us as the air quality warrior ? 如今,在议会, 谁会作为空气质量的战士 支持我们？
Parliament:n.议会,国会; stand up for:支持,坚持;拥护; warrior:n.勇士;
When enforcement agencies land up at polluting sites or dust-spewing construction sites, their whack-a-mole approach doesn't always work, because as soon as their attention turns somewhere else, the offenders go back to business as usual . 当执法机构出现在污染现场 或是尘土飞扬的建筑工地时, 他们突击检查的方法 不见得都会有用。 因为只要他们的注意力转向别处, 那些违规者就会 马上继续干“坏事”。
enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制; agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; as soon as:一…就; offenders:n.罪犯(offender的复数);冒犯者; business as usual:na.照常营业;
We citizens have to become the fire alarms. 我们公民需要成为火警。
We have to demand emergency call-in numbers and specialized task forces that can respond in real time to pollution sites. 我们必须要求 能够实时响应污染现场 的紧急求助电话和专门的工作组。
emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; call-in:召集;召来; specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
So we need not just the authority but the enforcement strength to crack down . 这样,我们不再 只依靠当局,还有执法力量 来共同打击空气污染源。
authority:n.权威;权力;当局; crack down:大力整顿,严格管制;
Third, we have to be prepared to pay a price, whether it's for cars using BS6 fuel or for more expensive electricity from cleaner power plants. 第三, 我们需要做好付出代价的准备, 不论是使用 BS6 燃料的汽车, 还是更加昂贵的 来自清洁能源电厂的电力。
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
Last year, just before Diwali, 去年,就在排灯节前,
I took a surprise inspection of polluting industries in an unauthorized industrial area just outside of Delhi , and I found polluting firecrackers were being sold. 我在德里郊外一个污染工业 未经许可的工业区 进行突击检查。 我发现非环保鞭炮正被出售。
inspection:n.视察,检查; unauthorized:adj.非法的;未被授权的;独断的; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; Delhi:n.德里(印度城市名); firecrackers:n.鞭炮;爆竹;(firecracker的复数)
The Supreme Court had mandated only green firecrackers could be sold, but those were nowhere to be found. 最高法院规定 只允许绿色环保鞭炮的贩卖, 但它们却无处可寻。
Supreme Court:最高法院; mandated:adj.托管的; v.强制执行; (mandate的过去分词和过去式) nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
But the polluting ones were available. 然而非环保鞭炮却仍旧能买到。
Why? 为什么？
Because we were ready to buy. 因为我们愿意购买。
As citizens, we have to reduce the demand for these polluting products or be prepared to pay more for cleaner products. 作为公民,我们必须减少 对污染产品的需求, 或做好准备用更高价 购买更环保的产品。
Fourth step: let's build some empathy for our fellow citizens. 第四步:我们需要 建立对彼此的同理心。
empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着;
How much does it take to keep a night guard warm rather than force them to burn rubbish to stay warm in winter? 我们需要多少金钱和代价 来为夜间值班警卫供暖, 使他们不需要在冬夜 燃烧垃圾来取暖？
Or, let's take farmers. 或者,我们以农民为例。
You know, it's very easy to blame them for burning the stubble of the rice paddy crop every winter, which causes air pollution. 责怪他们每个冬天 燃烧麦茬的行为
stubble:n.残株;发茬,须茬; paddy:n.稻田(复数paddies);爱尔兰人;Patrick(男子名)和Patricia(女子名)的昵称;
It's much harder to understand that it's the combination of our agricultural policy and our groundwater crisis that often leaves the farmer with no option but to burn the stubble. 但难的却是 我们的农业政策再加上地下水危机, 才使得农民别无他法,
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; groundwater:n.地下水; option:n.选择;可选择的东西;
So we need to draw in the urban poor laborer or the rural poor farmer into our collective call for clean air. 因此我们需要拉拢 城市贫困劳动力, 或乡村贫困农民 加入我们争取洁净空气的集体呼吁。
urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; laborer:n.劳动者;工人; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
Farmers come and tell us that they want to adopt sustainable agriculture, but they need some help. 有农民告诉我们, 他们想要采用可持续农业, 但他们需要一些帮助。
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
And fifth, we have to change our lifestyles . 第五,我们必须改变 我们的生活方式。
lifestyles:n.生活方式(lifestyle的复数);
Yes, public transport is often not available, but the choice to buy a cleaner, less polluting private vehicle is ours. 没错,公共交通并非通常触手可得, 但我们可以选择购买更清洁、 少污染的私家车,
public transport:n.公共交通;公交车辆; vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物;
The choice to segregate and recycle household waste is ours. 也可以选择分类 并循环使用家庭垃圾。
segregate:vt.使隔离;使分离;在…实行种族隔离; recycle:v.回收利用;再利用; household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的;
You know, in Surat after the 1994 plague , citizens there take pride in keeping their city one of the cleanest in the country. 在 1994 年瘟疫过后, 苏拉特的市民非常自豪, 因为他们的城市 成为了全国最干净的城市之一。
plague:n.瘟疫;灾祸;麻烦;讨厌的人;vt.折磨;使苦恼;使得灾祸; take pride in:v.以…为傲;
Down south in Mysore, public-private partnerships and citizen-led eco clubs are coming together to reduce, segregate and recycle waste in a manner that landfills can be eliminated altogether. 在迈索尔的南部, 公私合作伙伴 和公民主导的环保俱乐部 正在同心协力 减少、分类和回收利用垃圾, 以完全消除垃圾填埋。
partnerships:n.伙伴关系;合伙;(partnership的复数) in a manner:在某种意义上;在某种程度上; landfills:n.废物填埋地(或场);废物填埋;填埋的废物;(landfill的复数) eliminated:v.排除;清除;消除;(比赛中)淘汰;消灭;(eliminate的过去式和过去分词)
Now I'm not saying that officials have no responsibility here, but it is our collective apathy that takes the pressure off of our parliamentarians , the bureaucrats or the enforcement agencies. 我不是在说 官员们在这方面没有责任, 但正是我们的集体淡漠, 卸下了议员、官员 和执法机构 肩上的压力。
apathy:n.冷漠,无兴趣,漠不关心;无感情; parliamentarians:n.国会议员,熟练而又有经验的议员;adj.议会的; bureaucrats:官僚;
Mission 80-80-80 will only begin when we demand it. “使命 80-80-80” 只有在我们的要求下, 才会开始。
We have to create a democratic demand for clean air, because citizens, you and me, can decide what kind of air we breathe. 我们需要为清洁空气 创造民主需求, 因为公民,你和我, 可以决定我们想要呼吸何种空气。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
SRK: Thank you so much. 沙:非常感谢您。
Tell me something: India, our country, do we have any advantages ? 能不能告诉我,我们国家印度 在这方面有任何优势吗？
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
Have we become aware of it earlier because of all the inputs from people like you? 我们是否已经 提早意识到了这个问题, 因为有像你这样的公民在不懈努力？
inputs:n.[自][电子]输入;投入(input的复数);
AG: Our biggest strength: our people and our ability to make change without always necessarily relying only on the government. 阿:我们最大的优势是 我们的人民, 和我们不总是依靠政府 做出改变的能力。
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; relying:v.依赖;信任;指望(rely的现在分词);
And that strength of civil society and civil demand for a civilized living condition is, I think, our biggest asset . 我认为,公民社会的力量 和公民对文明生活条件的要求 就是我们最大的财富。
civilized:adj.文明的; v.教化; (civilize的过去式和过去分词) asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物;
Then, all of those and more will happen. 所有的改变都会随之发生。
(Applause) （掌声）
SRK: Thank you, Dr. Ghosh. Bless you for coming here. 沙:谢谢你,戈什博士。 感谢你今天的到来。
And it's very enlightening . 你的演讲非常有启发性。
enlightening:adj.富有启发性的;v.启发;开导;阐明;(enlighten的现在分词)
Thank you very much, and all the best with 80-80-80. 非常感谢, 也祝“使命 80-80-80”一切顺利。
Dr. Ghosh, everyone. AG: Thank you. 大家再次谢谢戈什博士。 阿:谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）