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ArisVenetikidis_2012X-_有意义的地图_
What I do is I organize information. I'm a graphic designer. [00:12]
organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理; graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的;
Professionally , I try to make sense often of things that don't make much sense themselves. [00:15]
Professionally:adv.专业地;内行地;
So my father might not understand what it is that I do for a living. [00:22]
His part of my ancestry has been farmers. [00:26]
ancestry:n.祖先;血统;
He's part of this ethnic minority called the Pontic Greeks. [00:28]
ethnic minority:n.少数民族;
They lived in Asia Minor , and fled to Greece after a genocide about a hundred years ago, and ever since that, migration has somewhat been a theme in my family. [00:31]
Asia Minor:n.小亚细亚(亚洲西部半岛,现构成土耳其大部分国土); fled:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的过去分词和过去式) genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀; migration:n.迁移;迁徙;转移;移居; somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微;
My father moved to Germany, studied there, and married, and as a result , I now have this half-German brain with all the analytical thinking and that slight dorky demeanor that comes with that. [00:42]
as a result:结果; analytical:adj.分析的;解析的;善于分析的; slight:adj.轻微的;略微的;细小的;纤细的;n.侮慢;冷落;轻视;v.侮慢;冷落;轻视; dorky:愚蠢的;笨拙的;过时的; demeanor:n.风度;举止;行为;
And of course it meant that I was a foreigner in both countries, and that of course made it pretty easy for me to migrate as well, in good family tradition, if you like. [00:57]
migrate:vi.移动;随季节而移居;移往;vt.使移居;使移植;
But of course, most journeys that we undertake from day to day are within a city, and especially if you know the city, getting from A to B may seem pretty obvious , right? [01:07]
undertake:v.承担;从事;负责;承诺; from day to day:一天天地; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
But the question is, why is it obvious? [01:20]
How do we know where we're going? [01:24]
So I washed up on a Dublin ferry port about 12 years ago, a professional foreigner, if you like, and I'm sure you've all had this experience before, yeah? [01:26]
Dublin:n.都柏林(爱尔兰共和国的首都);
You arrive in a new city, and your brain is trying to make sense of this new place. [01:35]
make sense of:搞清…的意思;
Once you find your base, your home, you start to built this cognitive map of your environment. [01:41]
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的;
It's essentially this virtual map that only exists in your brain. All animal species do it, even though we all use slightly different tools. [01:49]
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); species:n.[生物]物种;种类; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
Us humans, of course, we don't move around marking our territory by scent , like dogs. [01:58]
move around:v.走来走去;绕着…来回转; territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; scent:n.香味;香水;气息;察觉;v.嗅出;闻到;觉察出;预感到;
We don't run around emitting ultrasonic squeaks , like bats. [02:04]
run around:n.遁词;借口; emitting:v.发出,射出,散发(光、热、声音、气等);(emit的现在分词) ultrasonic:adj.[声]超声的;超音速的;n.超声波; squeaks:vi.告密;吱吱叫;侥幸成功;n.吱吱声;机会;vt.以短促尖声发出;
We just don't do that, although a night in the Temple Bar district can get pretty wild. (Laughter) [02:09]
No, we do two important things to make a place our own. [02:16]
First, we move along linear routes . [02:20]
linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数)
Typically we find a main street , and this main street becomes a linear strip map in our minds. [02:23]
Typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; main street:n.大街(城镇的主要商业街道);典型的美国中产阶级;
But our mind keeps it pretty simple, yeah? [02:29]
Every street is generally perceived as a straight line, and we kind of ignore the little twists and turns that the streets make. [02:32]
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; perceived:v.注意到;意识到;将…视为;认为;(perceive的过去式和过去分词) ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬; twists:n.[力]扭曲,一扭(twist的复数形式);v.[力]扭曲,拧(twist的三单形式);
When we do, however, make a turn into a side street , our mind tends to adjust that turn to a 90-degree angle. [02:39]
side street:n.小路;小街; adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯;
This of course makes for some funny moments when you're in some old city layout that follows some sort of circular city logic , yeah? [02:46]
layout:n.布局;规划;设计;版面设计; circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告); logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的;
Maybe you've had that experience as well, right? [02:57]
Let's say you're on some spot on a side street that projects from a main cathedral square, and you want to get to another point on a side street just like that. [02:58]
cathedral:n.大教堂;
The cognitive map in your mind may tell you, "Aris, go back to the main cathedral square, take a 90-degree turn, and walk down that other side street." [03:09]
But somehow you feel adventurous that day, and you suddenly discover that the two spots were actually only a single building apart. [03:20]
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; adventurous:adj.爱冒险的;大胆的;充满危险的;
Now, I don't know about you, but I always feel like I find this wormhole or this inter-dimensional portal . [03:30]
wormhole:n.虫孔;蛀洞; portal:n.大门,入口;
So we move along linear routes and our mind straightens streets and perceives turns as 90-degree angles. [03:37]
straightens:vt.整顿;使…改正;使…挺直;使…好转;vi.变直;好转; perceives:vt.察觉,感觉;理解;认知;vi.感到,感知;认识到;
The second thing that we do to make a place our own is we attach meaning and emotions to the things that we see along those lines. [03:47]
attach:v.贴上;重视;把…固定,把…附(在…上);参加;与…有联系; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
If you go to the Irish countryside, and you ask an old lady for directions, brace yourself for some elaborate [03:57]
brace:n.箍子;夹子;支架;牙箍;背带;大括弧;一对;v.使作准备;使防备;顶住,抵住 elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂;
Irish storytelling about all the landmarks . Yeah? [04:05]
storytelling:n.讲故事;说谎话;adj.讲故事的;说谎的; landmarks:n.地标,[航]陆标;标志(landmark复数形式);
She'll tell you the pub where her sister used to work, and go past the church where I got married, that kind of thing. [04:09]
So we fill our cognitive maps with these markers of meaning. [04:15]
markers:n.(表示方位的)标记,记号;标识;表示;记号笔;(marker的复数)
What's more, we abstract , repeat patterns, and recognize them. [04:19]
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
We recognize them by the experiences, and we abstract them into symbols . [04:25]
symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数);
And of course, we are all capable of understanding these symbols. (Laughter) [04:31]
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
What's more, we're all capable of understanding the cognitive maps, and you are all capable of creating these cognitive maps yourselves. [04:37]
So next time, when you want to tell your friend how to get to your place, you grab a beermat, grab a napkin , and you just observe yourself create this awesome piece of communication design. It's got straight lines. [04:48]
grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物; napkin:n.餐巾;餐巾纸;尿布; observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视; awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的;
It's got 90 degree corners. [05:02]
You might add little symbols along the way. [05:05]
And when you look at what you've just drawn, you realize it does not resemble a street map. [05:07]
resemble:v.看起来像;显得像;像;
If you were to put an actual street map on top of what you've just drawn, you'd realize your streets and the distances, they'd be way off. [05:16]
No, what you've just drawn is more like a diagram or a schematic . [05:25]
schematic:adj.图解的;概要的;n.原理图;图解视图;
It's a visual construct of lines, dots, letters, designed in the language of our brains. [05:31]
visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的; construct:v.建造;创建;建筑;修建;n.概念;构筑物;结构体;建造物;
So it's no big surprise that the big information design icon of the last century, the pinnacle of showing everybody how to get from A to B, the London Underground map, was not designed by a cartographer or a city planner . [05:38]
pinnacle:n.高峰;小尖塔;尖峰;极点;vt.造小尖塔;置于尖顶上;置于高处; cartographer:n.制图师;地图制作者; planner:n.计划者,规划师;
It was designed by an engineering draftsman . [05:56]
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) draftsman:n.[测]绘图员;起草者;立案者;
In the 1930s, Harry Beck applied the principles of schematic diagram design, and changed the way public transport maps are designed forever. [06:01]
Beck:n.招手;点头;(英)小河; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) public transport:n.公共交通;公交车辆;
Now the very key to the success of this map is in the omission of less important information and in the extreme simplification . [06:13]
omission:n.疏忽,遗漏;省略;冗长; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; simplification:n.简化;简化的事物;
So straightened streets, corners of 90 and 45 degrees, but also the extreme geographic distortion in that map. [06:23]
straightened:v.(使)变直,变正;挺直,端正(身体);(straighten的过去式和过去分词) geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的; distortion:n.变形;[物]失真;扭曲;曲解;
If you were to look at the actual locations of these stations, you'd see they're very different. Yeah? [06:34]
locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
But this is all for the clarity of the public tube map. [06:40]
clarity:n.清楚,明晰;透明;
Yeah? If you, say, wanted to get from Regent's Park Station to Great Portland Street, the tube map would tell you, take the tube, go to Baker Street, change over, take another tube. [06:45]
Baker:n.面包(糕饼)师傅;面包店老板;
Of course, what you don't know is that the two stations are only about a hundred meters apart. [06:56]
Now we've reached the subject of public transport, and public transport here in Dublin is a somewhat touchy subject. (Laughter) [07:03]
touchy:adj.过敏的;易生气的;难以取悦的;
For everybody who does not know the public transport here in Dublin, essentially we have this system of local buses that grew with the city. For every outskirt that was added, there was another bus route added running from the outskirt all the way to the city center, and as these local buses approach the city center, [07:13]
outskirt:n.郊区,市郊; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
they all run side by side , and converge in pretty much one main street. [07:34]
side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的; converge:vt.使汇聚;vi.聚集;靠拢;收敛;
So when I stepped off the boat 12 years ago, [07:40]
I tried to make sense of that, because exploring a city on foot only gets you so far. [07:43]
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
But when you explore a foreign and new public transport system, you will build a cognitive map in your mind in pretty much the same way. [07:52]
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
Typically, you choose yourself a rapid transport route, and in your mind this route is perceived as a straight line, and like a pearl necklace , all the stations and stops are nicely and neatly aligned along the line, [08:03]
pearl:n.珍珠; v.使成小圆粒; adj.珍珠(制)的; necklace:n.项链; nicely:adv.细致地;有吸引力;令人满意;令人愉快;adj.强健的; neatly:adv.整洁地;熟练地;灵巧地; aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的;v.结盟(align的过去式);使成一直线;
and only then you start to discover some local bus routes that would fill in the gaps and that allow you for those wormhole, inter-dimensional portal shortcuts . [08:19]
local bus:un.本地总线; gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式); shortcuts:n.近路;捷径;快捷方式(图标);(shortcut的复数)
So I tried to make sense, and when I arrived, [08:33]
I was looking for some information leaflets that would help me crack this system and understand it, and I found those brochures . (Laughter) [08:37]
leaflets:传单; crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的; brochures:n.[印刷][图情]小册子(brochure的复数);
They were not geographically distorted . [08:49]
geographically:adv.在地理上;地理学上; distorted:adj.歪曲的;受到曲解的;v.扭曲(distort的过去式和过去分词);
They were having a lot of omission of information, but unfortunately the wrong information, say, in the city center. [08:52]
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
There were never actually any lines that showed the routes. [09:01]
There are actually not even any stations with names. [09:06]
Now the maps of Dublin transport, have gotten better, and after I finished the project, they got a good bit better, but still no station names, still no routes. [09:11]
So, being naive , and being half-German, I decided, "Aris, why don't you build your own map?" [09:26]
naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的;
So that's what I did. I researched how each and every bus route moved through the city, nice and logical , every bus route a separate line, and I plotted it into my own map of Dublin, and in the city center, [09:34]
logical:adj.合逻辑的,合理的;逻辑学的; plotted:v.密谋;暗中策划;标出;绘制(图表);(plot的过去分词和过去式)
I got a nice spaghetti plate. (Laughter) [09:50]
spaghetti:n.意大利式细面条;
Now this is a bit of a mess , so I decided, of course, you're going to apply the rules of schematic design, cleaning up the corridors , widening the streets [09:54]
mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; corridors:n.廊道,[建]走廊(corridor的复数形式); widening:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大;(widen的现在分词)
where there were loads of buses, and making the streets at straight, 90-degree corners, 45-degree corners, or fractions of that, and filled it in with the bus routes. And I built this city center bus map of the system, how it was five years ago. [10:06]
fractions:n.[数]分数;小部分,片段(fraction的复数);
I'll zoom in again so that you get the full impact of the quays and Westmoreland Street. (Laughter) [10:24]
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; quays:[水运]码头;
Now I can proudly say — (Applause) — [10:30]
proudly:傲慢地
I can proudly say, as a public transport map, this diagram is an utter failure — (Laughter) — except probably in one aspect : [10:39]
utter:v.说;出声;讲;adj.完全的;十足的;彻底的; aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位;
I now had a great visual representation of just how clogged up and overrun the city center really was. [10:51]
representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述 clogged:v.(使)阻塞,堵塞;(clog的过去分词和过去式) overrun:n.泛滥成灾;超出限度;vt.泛滥;超过;蹂躏;vi.泛滥;蔓延;
Now call me old-fashioned , right, but I think a public transport route map should have lines, because that's what they are. Yeah? [10:58]
old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的;
They're little pieces of string that wrap their way through the city center, or through the city. [11:06]
string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的; wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾;
If you will, the Greek guy inside of me feels, if I don't get a line, it's like entering the Labyrinth of the Minotaur without having Ariadne giving you the string to find your way. [11:13]
Labyrinth:n.迷宫;[解剖]迷路;难解的事物; Minotaur:n.弥诺陶洛斯(人身牛头怪物);
So the outcome of my academic research, loads of questionnaires , case studies, and looking at a lot of maps, was that a lot of the problems and shortcomings of the public transport system here in Dublin was the lack of a coherent public transport map -- a simplified , coherent public transport map -- [11:24]
outcome:n.结果,结局;成果; academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; questionnaires:n.问卷,调查表(questionnaire的复数形式); coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的; simplified:v.简化; (simplify的过去式)
because I think this is the crucial step to understanding a public transport network on a physical level, but it's also the crucial step to make a public transport network mappable on a visual level. [11:45]
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; mappable:adj.可在图上标示的;可用图表示的;
So I teamed up with a gentleman called James Leahy, a civil engineer and a recent Master's graduate of the Sustainable Development Program at DIT, and together we drafted this simplified model network which I could then go ahead and visualize . [11:58]
teamed up with:与…合作,与…协作; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; Sustainable Development:可持续发展; drafted:v.起草;草拟;选派;抽调;(draft的过去分词和过去式) visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
So here's what we did. [12:16]
We distributed these rapid transport corridors throughout the city center, and extended them into the outskirts . [12:18]
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词) outskirts:n.郊区;市郊;(市镇的)边缘地带;(outskirt的复数)
Rapid, because we wanted them to be served by rapid transport vehicles , yeah? [12:28]
vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数)
They would get exclusive road use, where possible, and it would be high-quantity, high-quality transport. [12:34]
exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者; high-quality:adj.高质量的;
James wanted to use bus rapid transport for that, rather than light rail. For me, it was important that the vehicles that would run on those rapid transport corridors would be visibly distinguishable from local buses on the street. [12:40]
visibly:adv.明显地;显然;看得见地; distinguishable:adj.可区别的;辨认得出的;可辨识的;
Now we could take out all the local buses that ran alongside those rapid transport means. [12:57]
Any gaps that appeared in the outskirts were filled again. [13:03]
So, in other words, if there was a street in an outskirt where there had been a bus, we put a bus back in, only now these buses wouldn't run all the way to the city center but connect to the nearest rapid transport mode, one of these thick lines over there. [13:06]
So the rest was merely a couple of months of work, and a couple of fights with my girlfriend of our place constantly being clogged up with maps, and the outcome, one of the outcomes , was this map of the Greater Dublin Area. I'll zoom in a little bit. [13:23]
merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
This map only shows the rapid transport connections, no local bus, very much in the Metro map style that was so successful in London, and that since has been exported to so many other major cities, and therefore is the language that we should use for public transport maps. [13:40]
Metro:地铁 exported:v.[贸易]出口;输出(export的过去分词);adj.出口的;
What's also important is, with a simplified network like this, it now would become possible for me to tackle the ultimate challenge, and make a public transport map for the city center, [14:00]
tackle:v.处理; n.用具; ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
one where it wouldn't just show rapid transport connections but also all the local bus routes, streets and the likes, and this is what a map like this could like. [14:14]
I'll zoom in a little bit. [14:23]
In this map, I'm including each transport mode, so rapid transport, bus, DART , tram and the likes. [14:27]
DART:vt.投掷,投射; vi.向前冲,飞奔; n.飞镖,标枪; tram:n.电车轨道;煤车;vt.用煤车运载;vi.乘电车;
Each individual route is represented by a separate line. [14:38]
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词)
The map shows each and every station, each and every station name, and I'm also displaying side streets, in fact, most of the side streets even with their name, and for good measure , also a couple of landmarks, some of them signified by little symbols, others by these isometric three-dimensional bird's-eye-view drawings. [14:44]
displaying:v.陈列;展出;展示;显露(display的现在分词) for good measure:作为额外增添;另外; signified:n.所指;意指;受指;v.表明;预示(signify的过去分词); isometric:adj.[数]等距的;等角的;等轴的;等体积的;n.等容线; three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的;
The map is relatively small in overall size, so something that you could still hold as a fold-out map, or display in a reasonably-sized display box on a bus shelter . [15:13]
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; fold-out:n.[印刷]折叠式插页; bus shelter:n.公共汽车候车亭;
I think it tries to be the best balance between actual representation and simplification, the language of way-finding in our brain. [15:23]
So straightened lines, cleaned-up corners, and, of course, that very, very important geographic distortion that makes public transport maps possible. [15:36]
If you, for example, have a look at the two main corridors that run through the city, the yellow and orange one over here, this is how they look in an actual, accurate street map, and this is how they would look in my distorted, simplified public transport map. [15:47]
have a look at:看一看,看一眼; run through:n.贯通;从头到尾读一遍;排练; accurate:adj.精确的;
So for a successful public transport map, we should not stick to accurate representation, but design them in the way our brains work. [16:03]
in the way:妨碍;挡道;
The reactions I got were tremendous . It was really good to see. [16:11]
reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数) tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
And of course, for my own self, I was very happy to see that my folks in Germany and Greece finally have an idea what I do for a living. (Laughter) Thank you. (Applause) [16:15]
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;