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AnneScherer_2020X-_我们为什么对机器更坦诚_-
Now, a few years back, I was having a barbecue with friends and family. 几年前有一次我和亲友们一起烤肉
As usual, we talked about the weather, the good food or TV shows to watch. 和往常一样,我们聊天气、聊美食 或讨论好看的电视节目
So nothing out of the ordinary until one attendee casually mentioned that he and his wife hadn't had sex in a long time. 一切都很正常 直到某人无意中说起 他和妻子已经很久没有做爱了
barbecue:n.烧烤;(户外烧烤用的)烤架;v.(在烤架上)烧烤; nothing out of the ordinary:很普通;家常便饭; attendee:n.出席者;在场者; casually:adv.偶然;临时;
As you can imagine, what followed was an awkward silence. 正如你能想像的 随后是一阵尴尬的沉默
Until a six-year-old boy attending the barbecue with his parents blurted out that his parents had lots of sex and he could hear them all the time. 直到一位与父母同来烤肉的六岁小男孩 脱口而出说自己的父母经常做爱 而且他总能听到声音
And then the barbecue continued as if nothing had happened. 接着这场烤肉就继续下去 彷佛什么也没发生过
awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的; blurted:v.脱口而出;(blurt的过去分词和过去式)
Now, when I'm not having barbecues , 在烤肉之余
I am researching how people interact with each other and how that transfers to their interactions with technologies , so not all too surprisingly , after this very unique social interaction at the barbecue, 我研究人与人如何互动 以及这如何转化到与科技互动 因此,毫不奇怪地 在那次烤肉的特殊社交互动后
barbecues:n.烤肉;烤肉架;v.烧烤;在户外烤肉;(barbecue的第三人称单数和复数) transfers:n.[电子][计]传输(tansfer的复数); v.[计]转移; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
I was left wondering why we, the audience, were so greatly ignoring what the adult so openly shared with us that evening. 我对那个傍晚 大家如此忽视那位成年人 公开分享的内容感到困惑
So why the silence and then the laughter at the boy's comment? 为什么大家会陷入沈默 然后又因为小男孩的话而发笑？
Well, both of them were breaking a social rule: never talk about sex, money or politics at a dinner table . 嗯,这两人都打破了一项社交规则: 不在餐桌上讨论性、金钱以及政治
greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; ignoring:v.忽略,忽视;(ignore的现在分词); politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) dinner table:n.餐桌;同一桌进餐;
We assume that an adult knows this rule and sticks to it. 我们都假设成年人 会知道这项规则并会遵守它
So when such expectations are broken, we sanction the offender accordingly -- in our case, with ignorance . 所以当这样的期待被打破时 我们对破坏规则的人会有相应的反制
When a child, however, breaks such a rule, we attribute this to their naive understanding of our social manners and up to a certain age at least, do not openly sanction them for it. 而当小孩破坏了这项规则 我们会归因于孩子对于社交礼节 缺乏成熟的认知 因此至少在某个年龄之前 不会公开约束他们
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数) sanction:n.制裁,处罚;认可;支持;vt.制裁,处罚;批准;鼓励; offender:n.罪犯;冒犯者;违法者; accordingly:adv.因此,于是;相应地;照著; ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂; attribute:n.属性;象征;v.把…归因于;认为…属于;认为某人(某物)具有某种特性; naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的;
Clearly, there is no official rule book for socially appropriate behaviors or even socially accepted dinner topics. 显然地,社交行为是否合宜 并没有正式的守则 也没有适合餐桌的话题全集
In fact, our social norms are usually unwritten codes of conduct , and they change over time as we as a society change and learn. 事实上,我们的社会规范 通常是不成文的行为准则 而且随着社会的变迁而改变
Less than a year ago, for instance , it was considered impolite not to shake hands when introducing yourself to someone. 比如说,不到一年之前 向他人自我介绍时不握手 会被认为不礼貌
official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员; rule book:n.规则(或规章)手册; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式); unwritten:adj.不成文的;口头的;没有记录的; conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例;
A few months and the worldwide spread of the coronavirus later and shaking hands may be something to be frowned upon and maybe even a thing of the past. 几个月后,新冠肺炎肆虐全球 握手可能不再被认可 甚至成了过去式
The way we learn these social rules then is mostly by social rewards and social punishments. 我们学习社交规范的方式 主要是透过社交酬赏和社交惩罚
Now, as social animals, we aim for social approval and want to avoid other's disapproval . 身为社交动物 我们期望被社会认可
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; frowned:v.皱眉;蹙额;(frown的过去分词和过去式) rewards:n.[劳经]奖励; v.[劳经]奖赏; disapproval:n.不赞成;不喜欢;
So we act in a way that is socially accepted and present ourselves in a socially desirable way to others. 所以我们会遵循社会规篼 依照社会的喜好来呈现自己
So we want to be seen as an individual that is smart, successful, sporty and active, creative , empathic and possibly all that at once. 我们都想被视为聪明且成功的人 擅长运动、活跃、富创造力与同理心
Now, through social media , our strive for social approval, and with it, our need for self-presentation and perfection has skyrocketed . 社交媒体使得我们对社会认同的企求 和对自我表现和完美的追求 日益飞涨
desirable:adj.令人满意的;值得要的;n.合意的人或事物; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; sporty:adj.运动比赛的;像运动家一样的;轻便的,花哨的; creative:adj.创造性的; empathic:adj.移情作用的;神入的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; strive for:争取,奋斗; perfection:n.完善;完美; skyrocketed:n.流星烟火;冲天火箭;vi.飞涨,突然高升;vt.使…猛然上涨;
Clearly, there is a flip side to all of this. 显然这一切的背后有不好的一面
In any social interaction, we do not only look for others' approval, but we also constantly fear other's disapproval when we cannot live up to their expectations. 在所有社交互动中 我们不仅寻求他人的认可 更经常忧虑我们会因无法满足 他人的期待而遭到否定
Just consider an adult with incontinence problems or a drug addiction . 想像一个人患有尿失禁 或染有毒瘾
flip side:反面; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; live up to:不辜负;做到;实践; incontinence:n.[医]失禁;无节制;不能自制; addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷;
If he or she had to talk to a health care professional , what would you expect to find? 当他去谘询医疗专家时 你觉得他会照实说吗？
Or if a soldier returned from combat and had to talk about their fears or problems, do you think they would open up easily? 或是当一名从战场回来的士兵 需要谈到他们的恐惧和问题时 你认为开诚布公对他们而言很容易吗？
A team of USC researchers examined just that. 一个南加州大学的研究团队 曾调查过这个现象
health care:n.卫生保健; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗;
So they looked at the data from the US Army. 他们檢视了美军的相关资料
Traditionally , soldiers had to be interviewed by a human health care professional when returning from combat to check if everything is OK. 传统上,当士兵从战场回来时 需要接受医疗专業人员访谈 来确认他们的状况好不好
Now, interestingly , the researchers found that soldiers hardly reported any problems after their returns. 然而,有意思的是 研究人员发现士兵们从战场归来后 很少反应任何问题
Surely many of them were truly fine, but the researchers also suspected that many soldiers did not dare to share their problems openly. 当然这些士兵之中 很多人是真的没事的 但研究人员也怀疑 有很多士兵不敢公开分享自己的问题
Traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式) interestingly:adv.有趣地; suspected:v.怀疑;不信任;(suspect的过去分词和过去式)
After all, soldiers are trained to be strong and brave individuals that learn not to show any weaknesses. 毕竟,士兵被训练得要强壮、勇敢 要学会不展现任何弱点
So openly admitting to have health problems, to have trouble sleeping or to have nightmares is not something easy to do for soldiers. 因此坦承自己有健康问题 有睡眠问题,或者会作恶梦 对士兵来说并不是一件容易的事情
The question then ultimately becomes how can we help individuals open up more easily and worry less about the judgment of others? 所以这个问题最终变成 我们如何幫助人们更愿意敞开心扉 而不要太在意他人的评价？
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); nightmares:n.噩梦;梦魇;极其糟糕的情况;(nightmare的复数) ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力;
Well, remember what I said earlier. 前面我谈到
We expect social evaluation in any social interaction. 我们预期在所有社交互动中 都会得到社交评价
So how about we remove the social from the interaction? 那么,如果把社交的成分 从互动中移除呢？
This is exactly what the team in the US did. 美国的这个团队正是做了这样的研究
In fact, they developed a virtual interviewer called SimSensei. 他们研发了一个 叫做 SimSensei 的虚拟面试员
evaluation:n.评价;[审计]评估;估价;求值; virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); interviewer:采访者
So SimSensei is a digital avatar that has a humanlike appearance and can interact with clients through natural conversations. SimSensei 是一个 有人类外貌的数位化身 他可以用自然的交谈与顾客互动
Now, when returning from combat, soldiers were now interviewed by the digital avatar instead of that human health care professional. 当士兵从战场回来时 改由这个数位化身进行访谈 而不是原本的医疗人员
And what happened? Well, once SimSensei was introduced, soldiers reported more health problems, like having nightmares or trouble sleeping. 结果呢？在面对 SimSensei 时 士兵们反应了更多的健康问题 比如经常做恶梦,或者有睡眠障碍
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》; appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表; clients:n.委托人;当事人;客户机;(client的复数)
So machines can help remove the social from the equation and help people open up more easily. 所以机器有助于移除社交元素 幫助人们畅所欲言
But careful, not all machines are created equal. 但是要注意的是 并不是所有的机器都相同
Considering the tremendous advancements in technologies like computer graphics or natural language processing , machines have become increasingly humanlike. 基于电脑成像或自然语言处理 等方面的科技突飞猛进 机器越来越像真人了
equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; advancements:n.进步;进展(advancement的复数形式);升任; graphics:n.[测]制图学;制图法;图表算法; natural language processing:n.(计算机)自然语言处理; increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地;
The question then ultimately becomes, which rules do we apply in these interactions? 于是我们的问题最终变成 在这样的互动中 我们会运用什么规则？
Do we still apply social rules when we interact with humanlike machines? 我们在与拟人机器互动时 仍然会使用社交规范吗？
So do we start to worry about social judgment again? 我们会顾虑社交评价吗？
This is exactly what I examine in my research. 这正是我的研究中所要探讨的
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
Together with colleagues , we have developed a series of chatbots. 我和同事们研发了一系列的聊天机器人
These chatbots were programmed to simulate text-based conversations and they were designed to be either very social and humanlike or very functional and machine-like. 这些机器人可以模拟文字聊天 他们有的是拟人的社交型 有的是很机械化的功能型
So, for instance, our humanlike bots use so-called speed disfluencies and social language cues, like these "ohos", "ahas", "hmms" we humans love to use in our conversations to signal our presence to conversation partners. 举例来说 我们的拟人机器人 可以使用所谓的交谈缓冲词 和社交语言信号 例如人类在交谈中喜欢用的 「喔］、「啊哈］、「嗯］ 来暗示交谈对象我们在听着
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; simulate:vt.模仿;假装;冒充;adj.模仿的;假装的; text-based:基于文本的; functional:adj.功能的; bots:n.蝇蛆病; v.只想借不想还(bot的第三人称单数形式); so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态;
In contrast , our machine-like bots lacked such social cues and simply kept to the talking points. 相反地,我们的功能型机器人 不会使用这些社交线索 只能就事论事
Since we were interested in how much people would open up in these different conversations, we ask participants a number of questions, which gradually grew more and more personal , up to the point where we would ask participants to share possibly very delicate information about themselves. 因为我们感兴趣的是人们 在不同对话中坦诚的程度 我们对参与者提出了一系列问题 这些问题越来越有关隐私 直到最后我们要求参与者 分享一些可能很私密的训息
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式); gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; delicate:adj.精致的,微妙的,脆弱的,熟练的,柔和的;
Now, considering the findings from prior research, such as the one from the US Army before, we expected that people would apply more social rules in their interactions with these humanlike bots and act accordingly. 考虑到先前谈到的研究结果 比如美军的调查报告 我们预期参与者与这拟人机器互动时 会运用到更多社交规范 并且遵守这些规范
So what did we find? 那么我们得到什么结果？
Well, exactly that. 嗯,与预期完全相同
So participants interacting with our humanlike bots were more concerned about social evaluation and as a result of this social apprehension , they also gave more socially desirable responses . 那些和拟人机器人互动的参与者 更在意社交评价 而因为这样的社交顾虑 他们做出了更多符合社会喜好的回应
findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) as a result:结果; apprehension:n.理解;恐惧;逮捕;忧惧; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
Let me give you an example. 我来举个例子
One of the most delicate questions that we asked participants was the number of prior sex partners they had had. 我们询问参与者的一个很私密的问题 是他们曾经有过多少性伴侣
When interacting with our humanlike bot, men reported to have significantly more prior sex partners and women reported to have significantly less than those men and women interacting with our mechanistic bot. 相较于与功能型机器人的交流 当他们跟拟人机器人交流时 男性回答的数目明显增高 而女性回答的数目明显减少
So what does this all tell us? 那么这样的结果告诉我们什么？
Well, first, men want to look good by having more prior sex partners and women by having less. 首先,男性想要藉由性伴侣众多 来显得很优秀 而女性正好相反
Clearly, this already says a lot about what the different sexes consider socially desirable and how our expectations in society still differ across genders . 显然,这已经说明 不同的性别如何看待社会偏好 以及我们的社会对男女 仍有不同的要求
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; mechanistic:adj.机械论的;机械学的; genders:n.性别;性;
But this opens up a whole new topic that I will better leave for other experts to discuss. 而这个结果开启了一个全新的议题 但这就要让其它专家继续去探究
Second, and maybe more importantly, from a consumer psychology perspective . 第二点,可能也是比较重要的一点 是要从消费心理学观点来说
People open up more easily when they interact with machines that are apparently just that -- machines. 就是人们在与机器互动时更容易放鬆 就是那些像机器的机器
Today, a lot of sweat, money and tears is put into making machines basically indistinguishable from us. 如今有大量的金钱、汗水、和泪水 被投入到开发与真人难以分辨的机器上
consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; indistinguishable:adj.不能区别的,不能辨别的;不易察觉的;
Now, this research can show that sometimes letting a machine be a machine is actually a good thing. 从我们的研究结果可以看到 有时候让机器像个机器 其实是件好事
Which brings me to my third point. 这就引出我要说的第三点
These machine interactions have been highly criticized at times. 一些机器与人的互动 有时会受到严厉的批评
So you may have heard that Siri , Alexa or others make your kids rude or impolite. 你可能听说过 Siri、Alexa 或其他人工智能 让小孩变得粗鲁或无礼
Hopefully, this research can show you a great upside of these machine interactions. 但愿这个研究结果能让你看到 这样的人机互动也有非常正面的意义
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; criticized:v.批评;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的过去式和过去分词) Siri:n.iPhone4S上的语音控制功能;
In times of social media and our constant hunt for the next “like,” machines can give us grownups -- help us find that inner child again and give our constant need for self-presentation and perfection a time-out . 处于社交媒体的年代 我们不断追求下一个「点赞」 机器可以幫助我们成年人 寻回内心中的纯真 为我们不断追求自我表达和追求完美 按下暂停键
For once, we do not need to worry if the number of prior sex partners is too high or too low, and instead it is OK to simply be who we are. 就这么一次,我们无需担忧 我们有过的性伴侣太多或太少 我们可以单纯地做自己就好
Ultimately, then, I think that these machines can remind us of a central element of what makes a good conversation partner: being nonjudgmental . 最终,这些机器可以提醒我们 一个好的交谈对象具备的核心要素: 不要批评
grownups:n.成年人们;(grownup的复数) inner child:n.内在小孩;内心自我; time-out:n.休息时间,暂停; remind:v.提醒;使想起; element:n.元素;要素;原理;成分;自然环境; nonjudgmental:adj.非主观的;无偏见的;
so the next time you might encounter a unique social situation like mine at the barbecue, try to be less judgmental when another person openly shares their thoughts, feelings and problems with you. 所以下回当你碰到特殊的社交状况 当别人分享他的想法、 感受或问题时 尽量不要做出评价
Many machines do this already, and maybe so should we. 很多机器都已经这么做了 或许我们也该如此
Thank you very much. 谢谢大家
encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见;