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AnjaliTripathi_2015X-_为什么地球有朝一日可能会变成火星_
So when you look out at the stars at night, it's amazing what you can see. 当你望向夜空中的星星, 你会看到美得让人
It's beautiful. 窒息的画面。
But what's more amazing is what you can't see, because what we know now is that around every star or almost every star, there's a planet, or probably a few. 但更令人惊叹不已的是你看不见的部分, 因为我们现在知道, 几乎每一颗恒星周围, 都有一颗行星, 或者可能有好几颗。
So what this picture isn't showing you are all the planets that we know about out there in space. 眼前这幅画面未能展现给你的, 是我们所知的 宇宙中的所有行星。
But when we think about planets, we tend to think of faraway things that are very different from our own. 但当我们想到行星,我们倾向于想到远在天边、 与我们这颗行星大不相同的那些行星。
faraway:adj.遥远的;恍惚的;
But here we are on a planet, and there are so many things that are amazing about Earth that we're searching far and wide to find things that are like that. 但其实,我们就居住在一颗行星上。 关于地球,有太多令人惊奇的东西, 以至于我们会不远万里去寻找类似的星体。
far and wide:adv.广泛地;到处;
And when we're searching, we're finding amazing things. 而在寻找的过程中,我们确实发现了惊人的现象。
But I want to tell you about an amazing thing here on Earth. 但我想告诉大家一个关于地球的不可思议的事实,
And that is that every minute, 400 pounds of hydrogen and almost seven pounds of helium escape from Earth into space. 那就是每分钟, 有400磅的氢气 和将近七磅的氦气 从地球上逃逸到太空中。
hydrogen:n.氢;氢气; helium:n.[化学]氦(符号为He,2号元素);
And this is gas that is going off and never coming back. 而这些气体一旦逃逸,就不再返回。
So hydrogen, helium and many other things make up what's known as the Earth's atmosphere . 氢气、氦气和很多其他气体 组成了我们所知的地球大气层。
atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
The atmosphere is just these gases that form a thin blue line that's seen here from the International Space Station , a photograph that some astronauts took. 大气层就是由这些气体组成的一条细细的蓝线, 这就是宇航员从国际空间站 拍摄到的大气层。
Space Station:n.太空站;航天站;宇宙空间站;
And this tenuous veneer around our planet is what allows life to flourish . 而正是围绕我们行星的这个气体薄层 让万物得以生生不息。
tenuous:adj.纤细的;稀薄的;贫乏的; veneer:n.外表;虚饰;饰面;胶合板的一层;薄木片;vt.胶合;虚饰;给…镶以饰片; flourish:n.兴旺; vt.夸耀; vi.繁荣,兴旺;
It protects our planet from too many impacts , from meteorites and the like. 它使我们的行星 免于遭受过多来自陨石或类似物质的撞击。
impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; meteorites:n.[地质]陨石(meteorite的复数形式);[天]陨星;
And it's such an amazing phenomenon that the fact that it's disappearing should frighten you, at least a little bit. 而一个非常惊人的现象就是, 这些气体正在消失, 这应该令你多少感到有些惊恐。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); disappearing:v.消失;不复存在;灭绝;丢失(disappear的现在分词) frighten:v.使惊吓;吓唬…;害怕,惊恐;
So this process is something that I study and it's called atmospheric escape. 这就是我研究的内容, 这一过程被称为“大气逃逸”。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; atmospheric:adj.大气的,大气层的;
So atmospheric escape is not specific to planet Earth. 大气逃逸不仅仅在地球上发生,
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
It's part of what it means to be a planet, if you ask me, because planets, not just here on Earth but throughout the universe, can undergo atmospheric escape. 在我看来,它正是行星一词的部分含义, 因为不光是地球,宇宙中的所有行星 都可能发生大气逃逸。
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; undergo:vt.经历,经受;忍受;
And the way it happens actually tells us about planets themselves. 而这一现象发生的方式,揭露了行星自身的奥秘。
Because when you think about the solar system , you might think about this picture here. 因为当你想到太阳系, 你可能会想到这幅画面——
solar system:[天]太阳系;
And you would say, well, there are eight planets, maybe nine. 你会说,嗯,总共有八颗行星,也可能是九颗。
So for those of you who are stressed by this picture, 被这张图片搞晕的朋友们,
I will add somebody for you. 我再给你们添个东西。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Courtesy of New Horizons , we're including Pluto . 借助“新视野号”太空探测器,我们将冥王星加入了其中。
Courtesy:n.礼貌;好意;恩惠;adj.殷勤的;被承认的;出于礼节的; Horizons:n.地平线;范围,眼界;(horizon的复数) Pluto:n.冥王;冥王星;
And the thing here is, for the purposes of this talk and atmospheric escape, 我要强调一点, 为了方便演讲及介绍大气逃逸,
Pluto is a planet in my mind, in the same way that planets around other stars that we can't see are also planets. 我准备讨论一下冥王星, 不过那些围绕我们看不见的其他恒星旋转的, 也同样是行星。
So fundamental characteristics of planets include the fact that they are bodies that are bound together by gravity. 行星的一个基本特点 就是它们自身由于重力的 束缚而形成一个整体。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) bound:n.跳跃:v.跳跃着跑:形成…的边界(或界限)adj.一定会:很可能会:
So it's a lot of material just stuck together with this attractive force. 所以行星仅仅是一大堆物质 在吸引力的作用下聚在一起。
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
And these bodies are so big and have so much gravity. 而这些行星体积庞大,重力也很大,
That's why they're round. 因此它们是圆的。
So when you look at all of these, including Pluto, they're round. 你看所有这些行星, 包括冥王星, 都是圆的。
So you can see that gravity is really at play here. 所以你就可以看出,重力确实在发挥作用。
But another fundamental characteristic about planets is what you don't see here, and that's the star, the Sun, that all of the planets in the solar system are orbiting around. 但行星的另一个基本特点, 是我们在这里看不到的。 这是恒星——太阳, 太阳系的所有行星都围绕它旋转,
orbiting:v.[航][天]轨道运行;轨道运动;转圈(orbit的ing形式);
And that's fundamentally driving atmospheric escape. 而这从根本上导致了大气逃逸。
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
The reason that fundamentally stars drive atmospheric escape from planets is because stars offer planets particles and light and heat that can cause the atmospheres to go away. 恒星从根本上导致行星大气逃逸的原因在于, 恒星为行星提供粒子、光和热, 而这些可以导致大气从行星逃逸。
particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); atmospheres:n.[心理]气氛(atmosphere的复数形式); v.使有…的氛围(atmosphere的单三形式);
So if you think of a hot-air balloon, or you look at this picture of lanterns in Thailand at a festival, you can see that hot air can propel gasses upward . 如果你想象一个热气球, 或者看看这张图片中,某个泰国节日的灯笼, 你可以看到,热空气会将气体向上推。
hot-air:n.热气式;热空气;大话,毫无根据的谎言; Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名); propel:v.推进;驱使;激励;驱策; upward:adj.向上的;上升的;adv.向上;
And if you have enough energy and heating, which our Sun does, that gas, which is so light and only bound by gravity, it can escape into space. 如果你有足够的能量和热量, 就像我们的太阳那样, 那么这些仅仅受到重力束缚的轻盈气体 就会逃向太空。
And so this is what's actually causing atmospheric escape here on Earth and also on other planets — that interplay between heating from the star and overcoming the force of gravity on the planet. 这就是导致大气逃逸的原因, 无论在地球上,还是在其他行星上—— 即发生于恒星提供的热量 和克服行星的重力之间的相互作用。
interplay:n.相互影响,相互作用;vi.相互影响,相互作用; overcoming:v.克服;解决;战胜;(overcome的现在分词)
So I've told you that it happens at the rate of 400 pounds a minute for hydrogen and almost seven pounds for helium. 我已经讲过,这一过程 以每分钟400磅氢气 和将近七磅氦气的速度发生。
at the rate of:按…之速度;按...比率;
But what does that look like? 但是这个过程到底是什么样呢？
Well, even in the '80s, we took pictures of the Earth in the ultraviolet using NASA's Dynamic Explorer spacecraft . 其实,早在20世纪80年代, 我们拍摄的地球照片, 就是透过紫外线, 利用美国国家航天局的“动力探索者号”太空船完成。
ultraviolet:adj.紫外的;紫外线的;n.紫外线辐射,紫外光; Dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; Explorer:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者; spacecraft:n.[宇]宇宙飞船;航天器;
So these two images of the Earth show you what that glow of escaping hydrogen looks like, shown in red. 这两张地球的照片, 向我们展示了逃逸的氢气, 即图中红色的光。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) glow:n.喜悦; v.发热;
And you can also see other features like oxygen and nitrogen in that white glimmer in the circle showing you the auroras and also some wisps around the tropics . 我们还可以看到其他气体的样貌,如氧气和氮气, 即图中白色的微光 所形成的一圈极光, 还有赤道附近的一缕缕光亮。
nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; glimmer:n.闪光;一线;一丝;微弱的迹象;v.隐约地闪烁;发出微弱的闪光; auroras:[地物]极光;曙光;朝霞;晨曦(aurora的名词复数); wisps:n.小捆; v.捆成小束(wisp的三单形式); tropics:n.热带地区;
So these are pictures that conclusively show us that our atmosphere isn't just tightly bound to us here on Earth but it's actually reaching out far into space, and at an alarming rate, I might add. 这些图片无疑向我们展示了, 我们的大气层不只是被牢牢束缚于地球表面, 它实际上还延伸到了遥远的太空中, 而且是以一种惊人的速度。
conclusively:adv.最后地;决定性地; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地;
But the Earth is not alone in undergoing atmospheric escape. 但是地球不是唯一一个正在经历大气逃逸的星球,
undergoing:v.经历,经受(变化、不快的事等);(undergo的现在分词)
Mars , our nearest neighbor, is much smaller than Earth, so it has much less gravity with which to hold on to its atmosphere. 我们最近的邻居火星,比地球小得多, 所以它借以束缚大气的重量也轻得多。
Mars:n.火星 hold on to:坚持;紧握;克制;
And so even though Mars has an atmosphere, we can see it's much thinner than the Earth's. 因此, 虽然火星有大气层, 但我们可以看到,它比地球的大气层薄得多。
Just look at the surface. 看看火星的表面,
You see craters indicating that it didn't have an atmosphere that could stop those impacts. 我们看到了火山口,这表明火星未曾有过可以阻止 这些撞击的大气层。
craters:n.[地质]火山口; v.形成坑; indicating:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;(indicate的现在分词)
Also, we see that it's the "red planet," 另外我们还看到,火星是一颗“红色行星”,
and atmospheric escape plays a role in Mars being red. 而大气逃逸扮演的一个角色 就是使火星成为红色。
That's because we think Mars used to have a wetter past, and when water had enough energy, it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen, and hydrogen being so light, it escaped into space, and the oxygen that was left oxidized or rusted the ground, making that familiar rusty red color that we see. 这是因为我们认为,火星曾经比现在湿润, 当水获得足够的能量,它就分解为氢气和氧气, 而氢气很轻,会逃逸到太空中, 而留下来的氧气 则氧化使地表生锈, 使地表变成了这种我们熟悉的锈红色。
oxidized:adj.被氧化的;生锈的;v.氧化;生锈(oxidize的过去分词); rusted:adj.锈的;v.生锈(rust的过去式和过去分词);迟钝; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
So it's fine to look at pictures of Mars and say that atmospheric escape probably happened, but NASA has a probe that's currently at Mars called the MAVEN satellite, and its actual job is to study atmospheric escape. 所以当我们观察火星的图片, 我们有理由说,大气逃逸可能曾经发生过。 不过,美国国家航天局正在利用太空探测器MAVEN探测火星, 它的实际任务就是研究大气逃逸。
probe:n.探针;调查;vi.调查;探测;vt.探查;用探针探测; currently:adv.当前;一般地; MAVEN:n.内行,专家;
It's the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. MAVEN即“火星大气与挥发物演化”太空船。
Volatile:adj.[化学]挥发性的;不稳定的;爆炸性的;反覆无常的;n.挥发物;有翅的动物; Evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
And results from it have already shown pictures very similar to what you've seen here on Earth. 探测传回的图片非常类似于 我们在地球上看到的景象。
We've long known that Mars was losing its atmosphere, but we have some stunning pictures. 我们早已知道,火星一直在失去大气, 但我们这里有一些令人震惊的图片。
stunning:adj.惊人的; v.使昏迷; (stun的现在分词)
Here, for example, you can see in the red circle is the size of Mars, and in blue you can see the hydrogen escaping away from the planet. 比如在这张图中,我们可以看到,红色圆圈 就是火星的轮廓; 而蓝色的部分,就是从火星上逃逸的氢气,
So it's reaching out more than 10 times the size of the planet, far enough away that it's no longer bound to that planet. 它延伸到了火星自身尺寸十多倍的距离之外, 这一距离,足以使氢气不再受到火星引力的束缚,
It's escaping off into space. 于是它逃逸到了太空中。
And this helps us confirm ideas, like why Mars is red, from that lost hydrogen. 这帮助我们验证了我们的观点, 即通过氢气的逃逸来解释为什么火星是红色的。
But hydrogen isn't the only gas that's lost. 但是氢气不是火星丧失的唯一气体。
I mentioned helium on Earth and some oxygen and nitrogen, and from MAVEN we can also look at the oxygen being lost from Mars. 我提到了地球上的氦气,以及一些氧气和氮气, 而通过MAVEN我们也可以观察从火星逃逸的氧气。
And you can see that because oxygen is heavier, it can't get as far as the hydrogen, but it's still escaping away from the planet. 我们可以看到,由于氧气更重, 它不会逃逸到像氢气那么远的距离, 但它仍然向火星之外逃逸。
as far as:至于…;
You don't see it all confined into that red circle. 可以看到氧气并不是全部集中在红色圆圈里。
confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词);
So the fact that we not only see atmospheric escape on our own planet but we can study it elsewhere and send spacecraft allows us to learn about the past of planets but also about planets in general and Earth's future. 我们不仅在自己的行星上能看到大气逃逸, 还可以发射太空船,在其他地方研究这一现象, 这让我们得以了解行星的过去, 乃至行星的概况, 以及地球的未来。
elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处; in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
So one way we actually can learn about the future is by planets so far away that we can't see. 因此,我们了解未来的一个途径 就是去研究不可见的遥远行星。
And I should just note though, before I go on to that, 在我继续讲下去之前,我应该强调一点,
I'm not going to show you photos like this of Pluto, which might be disappointing , but that's because we don't have them yet. 我不打算给你们展示像这样的冥王星图片, 这可能让你们有点失望, 不过这是因为我们还没有图片。
disappointing:adj.令人失望的;v.使失望;使破灭;使落空(disappoint的现在分词)
But the New Horizons mission is currently studying atmospheric escape being lost from the planet. 但是“新地平线”任务正在研究大气逃逸, 也就是冥王星失去的大气。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
So stay tuned and look out for that. 所以继续关注,等待结果吧。
tuned:v.(为乐器)调音,校音;调整,调节(发动机);调频道(tune的过去分词和过去式) look out for:当心,提防
But the planets that I did want to talk about are known as transiting exoplanets . 我原本想谈论的行星 被称为凌日系外行星。
transiting:n.运输;经过;vt.运送;vi.经过; exoplanets:外星行星;
So any planet orbiting a star that's not our Sun is called an exoplanet, or extrasolar planet. 任何一个围绕太阳以外的恒星旋转的行星 都被称为外部行星,或系外行星。
extrasolar:adj.[天]太阳系以外的;
And these planets that we call transiting have the special feature that if you look at that star in the middle, you'll see that actually it's blinking . 而我们称之为“凌日”的这些行星 有一个特点, 那就是如果你观察这颗恒星的中央, 你会看到它其实在闪烁。
blinking:adv.讨厌,可恶;v.眨眼睛;闪烁;(blink的现在分词)
And the reason that it's blinking is because there are planets that are going past it all the time, and it's at special orientation where the planets are blocking the light from the star that allows us to see that light blinking. 而它闪烁的原因, 就是一直都有行星从那里经过, 而且遵从特定的轨道, 这样行星就挡住了来自恒星的光, 于是我们就看到了闪烁的光。
orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方;
And by surveying the stars in the night sky for this blinking motion , we are able to find planets. 通过在夜空中观测这些恒星的 闪烁运动, 我们就可以找到行星。
surveying:n.(土地)测量;考察; motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
This is how we've now been able to detect over 5,000 planets in our own Milky Way , and we know there are many more out there, like I mentioned. 我们就是用这种方法,在银河系中探测到了 5000多颗行星。 而且就像我讲过的,在银河系外还有很多行星。
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; Milky Way:na.[天]银河;
So when we look at the light from these stars, what we see, like I said, is not the planet itself, but you actually see a dimming of the light that we can record in time. 所以当我们观察这些行星发出的光, 就像我说的,我们看到的不是行星本身, 而是光亮的明暗, 我们可以记录它随时间的变化。
dimming:n.调光;变暗;v.变暗(dim的现在分词);
So the light drops as the planet decreases in front of the star, and that's that blinking that you saw before. 当行星绕到恒星前方,光亮就会变暗, 这就是你们之前看到的闪烁。
decreases:减少(decrease的复数);
So not only do we detect the planets but we can look at this light in different wavelengths . 所以我们不仅探测行星, 还透过不同的波长来观察星光。
wavelengths:n.[物]波长(wavelength的复数);
So I mentioned looking at the Earth and Mars in ultraviolet light. 我已经讲过,可以透过紫外线来观察地球和火星。
If we look at transiting exoplanets with the Hubble Space Telescope , we find that in the ultraviolet, you see much bigger blinking, much less light from the star, when the planet is passing in front. 如果利用哈勃太空望远镜观察凌日系外行星, 我们会发现,透过紫外线, 当行星经过恒星前方时,闪烁变得更明显, 星光也更暗。
Telescope:n.望远镜;v.(使)叠套缩短;精简;
And we think this is because you have an extended atmosphere of hydrogen all around the planet that's making it look puffier and thus blocking more of the light that you see. 我们认为,因为有一层厚厚的氧气 围绕着整个行星, 所以行星看上去更膨胀, 于是挡住了更多光。
extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词) puffier:气喘吁吁的;膨胀的;肿胀的(puffy的比较级);
So using this technique , we've actually been able to discover a few transiting exoplanets that are undergoing atmospheric escape. 运用这一技术,我们已经发现了 好几颗正在发生大气逃逸的凌日系外行星。
technique:n.技巧,技术;手法;
And these planets can be called hot Jupiters, for some of the ones we've found. 在我们已发现的行星中, 有一些可称为热木星。
And that's because they're gas planets like Jupiter , but they're so close to their star, about a hundred times closer than Jupiter. 这是因为这些行星和木星一样,是气体行星, 但它们和自己的恒星距离相当近, 大约是木星的百分之一。
Jupiter:n.[天]木星;朱庇特(罗马神话中的宙斯神);
And because there's all this lightweight gas that's ready to escape, and all this heating from the star, you have completely catastrophic rates of atmospheric escape. 而且由于有这些会逃逸的轻质气体, 以及来自恒星的热量, 大气逃逸的发生是毫无疑问的。
lightweight:n.轻量级选手;无足轻重的人;adj.重量轻的;平均重量以下的; catastrophic:adj.灾难的;悲惨的;灾难性的,毁灭性的;
So unlike our 400 pounds per minute of hydrogen being lost on Earth, for these planets, you're losing 1.3 billion pounds of hydrogen every minute. 与地球每分钟失去400磅氢气不同, 这些行星 每分钟失去13亿磅氢气。
So you might think, well, does this make the planet cease to exist? 你可能会想,呃,这会不会让行星不复存在？
cease:v.(正式)停止;结束;中断;平息;n.(正式)不停地;不间断地;连续地;
And this is a question that people wondered when they looked at our solar system, because planets closer to the Sun are rocky , and planets further away are bigger and more gaseous . 而这正是人们观测 太阳系时的疑问, 因为距离太阳较近的行星为岩态, 而距太阳远一些的行星体积更大,气态程度更高。
rocky:adj.岩石的;多岩石的;困难的;难以维持的; gaseous:adj.气态的,气体的;无实质的;
Could you have started with something like Jupiter that was actually close to the Sun, and get rid of all the gas in it? 如果一个行星一开始像木星这样, 离太阳又很近, 它的气体会不会全跑光？
We now think that if you start with something like a hot Jupiter, you actually can't end up with Mercury or the Earth. 我们目前认为,如果一个行星一开始像热木星一样, 那么它最终不会变得像水星或者地球。
Mercury:n.[化]汞,水银;[天]水星;温度表;精神,元气;
But if you started with something smaller, it's possible that enough gas would have gotten away that it would have significantly impacted it and left you with something very different than what you started with. 但是一个体积更小的行星, 是有可能因为气体逃逸太多 而受到明显影响的, 最终,这个行星将变得和一开始截然不同。
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词); different than:不同于;
So all of this sounds sort of general, and we might think about the solar system, but what does this have to do with us here on Earth? 以上的内容都是泛泛而谈, 我们想到的可能只是太阳系, 但这和地球上的我们有什么关系？
have to do with:与…有关;
Well, in the far future, the Sun is going to get brighter. 其实,在遥远的未来, 太阳会变得更亮。
And as that happens, the heating that we find from the Sun is going to become very intense . 如此一来, 太阳给我们带来的热量就会变得非常强烈。
intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
In the same way that you see gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter, gas is going to stream off from the Earth. 与我们所讲的热木星流失气体的方式一样, 地球也会流失气体。
And so what we can look forward to , or at least prepare for, is the fact that in the far future, the Earth is going to look more like Mars. 所以我们可以预料, 或者至少有所准备的, 就是在遥远的未来, 地球将会看上去更像火星。
look forward to:盼望,期待;
Our hydrogen, from water that is broken down, is going to escape into space more rapidly, and we're going to be left with this dry, reddish planet. 水分解产生的氢气 将以更快的速度逃逸到太空中, 留给我们一个干燥的红色星球。
reddish:adj.微红的;略带红色的;
So don't fear, it's not for a few billion years, so there's some time to prepare. 不过别害怕,最近几十亿年内还不会发生, 我们还有时间做准备。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But I wanted you to be aware of what's going on, not just in the future, but atmospheric escape is happening as we speak. 但是我想让大家意识到正在发生的事情: 大气逃逸不只是在未来, 而是此时此刻就在发生。
So there's a lot of amazing science that you hear about happening in space and planets that are far away, and we are studying these planets to learn about these worlds. 关于太空和那些遥远的行星,大家听说过很多 惊人的科学发现。 我们正在研究这些行星,以便对那里的世界有更多了解。
But as we learn about Mars or exoplanets like hot Jupiters, we find things like atmospheric escape that tell us a lot more about our planet here on Earth. 但在我们探索火星,或是像热木星这样的系外行星的同时, 我们发现了诸如大气逃逸这样的现象, 从而大大增进了我们对地球的了解。
So consider that the next time you think that space is far away. 如果你下次再觉得太空遥不可及,不妨想想我今天的演讲。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）