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AnilGupta_2009I-_看不到的印度草根发明_
I bring to you a message from tens of thousands of people -- in the villages, in the slums , in the hinterland of the country -- who have solved problems through their own genius , without any outside help. 我带给你们 一个消息,它源于 成千上万的人, 这些人住在村庄和贫民窟里, 在一个国家中不为人知的偏远地方, 这些人利用他们的天才智慧 解决了很多问题, 而且没有得到任何 外界的帮助。
slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去; hinterland:n.内地;穷乡僻壤;靠港口供应的内地贸易区; genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领;
When our home minister announces a few weeks ago a war on one third of India, about 200 districts that he mentioned were ungovernable , he missed the point. 正当我们的自己国家的总理宣布, 就在几周前, 一场针对1/3 的印度的战争, 他提到的大概有200个地区, 这些地区没有得到应有的管理, 可是他漏掉了一点,
minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人; ungovernable:adj.难管制的;放肆的;难压制的;难统治的;
The point that we have been stressing for the last 21 years, the point that people may be economically poor, but they're not poor in the mind. 在过去21年中我们一直 在强调一个事情 这就是 有些人也许经济上很贫困, 但是他们并不笨。
economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地;
In other words, the minds on the margin are not the marginal minds. 换种说法, 边缘人思想 不等于多余没用的思想。
marginal:adj.边缘的;临界的;末端的;
That is the message, which we started 31 years ago. 正是在这样的理念支撑之下 我们31年前开始了这个项目
And what did it start? 我们当时开始了什么？
Let me just tell you, briefly , my personal journey , which led me to come to this point. 让我告诉你,简单,是我的个人旅程, 它塑造了现在的我。
briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
In '85, '86, I was in Bangladesh advising the government and the research council there how to help scientists work on the lands, on the fields of the poor people, and how to develop research technologies , which are based on the knowledge of the people. 1985到1986年我当时住在孟加拉国 为政府和研究院提议 如何去帮助科学家们在 在穷人中间工作 以及如果去发展研究技术, 那是基于很多人的智慧。
advising:v.劝告;忠告;建议;通知;(advise的现在分词) council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
I came back in '86. 1986年我回来了。
I had been tremendously invigorated by the knowledge and creativity that I found in that country, which had 60 percent landlessness but amazing creativity. 我当时被我在这个国家中发现 的知识和创造力所鼓舞, 这个国家有百分之六十的人口没有土地。 但是惊人的创造力。
tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; invigorated:adj.精力充沛的;生气勃勃的;v.鼓舞;增添活力(invigorate的过去式);
I started looking at my own work: 我开始回顾我的工作。
The work that I had done for the previous 10 years, almost every time, had instances of knowledge that people had shared. 那些在过去10年中 我完成的工作, 几乎每次, 都有人们分享 的知识。
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; instances:n.相依物体,例子; v.举例说明(instance的第三人称单数形式);
Now, I was paid in dollars as a consultant , and I looked at my income tax return and tried to ask myself: "Is there a line in my return, which shows how much of this income has gone to the people whose knowledge has made it possible? 现在,我挣着美元,作为一个顾问, 同时我看着我的政府退税 并试着问我自己:‘有没有这么一个联系, 可以显示出这些收入中有多少 被分配给了那些拥有 让这一切变为可能的知识的人？’
consultant:n.顾问;高级顾问医师;会诊医师; tax return:n.纳税申报单;
Was it because I'm brilliant that I'm getting this reward , or because of the revolution ? 是因为我很聪明 而得到奖励,或者【不清楚】？
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
Is it that I write very well? 是因为我善于写文章吗？
Is it that I articulate very well? 是我善于雄辩嘛？
articulate:vt.清晰地发(音); vi.发音; adj.发音清晰的;
Is it that I analyze the data very well? 是我善于分析数据吗？
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse);
Is it because I'm a professor, and, therefore, 是因为我是一个教授吗,还是,所以,
I must be entitled to this reward from society?" 还是说这是我应得的奖励？
entitled:v.使享有权利;使符合资格;给…命名;(entitle的过去分词和过去式)
I tried to convince myself that, "No, no, 我试着去说服自己,‘不,不,
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
I have worked for the policy changes. 我致力于改变政策
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
You know, the public policy will become more responsive to the needs of the poor, and, therefore I think it's okay." 你知道,公共政策会变得 更加关心与穷人的需求, 这,我认为是好事。’
responsive:adj.响应的;应答的;回答的;
But it appeared to me that all these years that I'd been working on exploitation -- exploitation by landlords , by moneylenders , by traders -- gave me an insight that probably I was also an exploiter , because there was no line in my income tax return which showed this income accrued because of the brilliance of the people -- 但是我发现 这些年我一直致力于对剥削的研究, 被房东剥削, 被债主,被商人, 我也意识到 也许我也是一个剥削者, 因为在我的收入退税中 没有一条显示出这个收入发生过是 因为这些人的才能,
exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销; landlords:[租赁]房东;地主;老板;(酒吧或招待所的)店主(landlord的复数); moneylenders:n.放债者; traders:n.交易员;贸易商(trader的复数形式); insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; exploiter:n.开拓者;剥削者; income tax:所得税; accrued:adj.[会计]应计的;增值的;权责已发生的;v.积累(accrue的过去分词);形成; brilliance:n.光辉;才华;宏伟;
those people who have shared their knowledge and good faith and trust with me -- and nothing ever went back to them. 那些与我分享了他们的智慧,信仰与信任的人, 并且没有任何东西去回馈给他们。
faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰;
So much so, that much of my work till that time was in the English language. 以至于,那么多我那个时候的工作 都是英文的。
The majority of the people from whom I learned didn't know English. 我曾经受益过的大部分人都不懂英文。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
So what kind of a contributor was I? 我反思:我过去都做了些什么贡献？
contributor:n.贡献者;投稿者;捐助者;
I was talking about social justice , and here I was, a professional who was pursuing the most unjust act -- of taking knowledge from the people, making them anonymous , getting rent from that knowledge 我在谈论社会公正, 并且这里我是一个 遵循最不公的行为的专家, 从人们那里得到知识,让他们默默无闻, 我因为这些知识而变得富裕
justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; pursuing:v.追求;致力于;贯彻;跟踪;追赶;(pursue的现在分词) unjust:adj.不公平的,不公正的;非正义的; anonymous:adj.匿名的,无名的;无个性特征的;
by sharing it and doing consultancy , writing papers and publishing them in the papers, getting invited to the conferences , getting consultancies and whatever have you. 我作顾问,写报告, 在报纸上发表 到各种会议做演说 提供咨询服务等
consultancy:n.咨询公司;顾问工作; conferences:n.会议(conference的复数形式);
So then, a dilemma rose in the mind that, if I'm also an exploiter, then this is not right; life cannot go on like that. 然后,在思想中发生一个矛盾面, 如果我是一个剥削者,那就是不对的, 生活不能这样下去。
dilemma:n.困境;进退两难;两刀论法;
And this was a moment of great pain and trauma because I couldn't live with it any longer. 同时这是非常痛苦的时刻 因为我不能在这样生活下去了。
trauma:n.[外科]创伤(由心理创伤造成精神上的异常);外伤;
So I did a review of ethical dilemma and value conflicts and management research, wrote, read about 100 papers. 所以如果我重新审视, 在做社会科学以及管理研究时遇到的伦理困境 写作,阅读大概100个报告。
ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
And I came to the conclusion that while dilemma is unique , dilemma is not unique; the solution had to be unique. 然后我得到一个结论, 虽然矛盾是特殊的, 矛盾不特殊,但解决方法必须是特殊的。
conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
And one day -- I don't know what happened -- while coming back from the office towards home, maybe I saw a honey bee or it occurred to my mind that if I only could be like the honey bee, life would be wonderful. 然后一天--我不知道什么发什么了-- 当从办公室回家的时候, 也许我看见了一只蜜蜂, 或者发生在我的意识中,如果我可以成为一只蜜蜂, 生命也许会很美妙。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
What the honey bee does: it pollinates , takes nectar from the flower, pollinates another flower, cross-pollinates. 蜜蜂的工作是什么:它们授粉, 从花中得到花蜜, 授粉给另一朵花,交叉授粉。
pollinates:vt.对...授粉; nectar:n.[植]花蜜;甘露;神酒;任何美味的饮料;
And when it takes the nectar, the flowers don't feel shortchanged . 同时当它得到花蜜, 花并不会感到不公。
shortchanged:vt.欺骗;(找钱时故意)少找零钱;
In fact, they invite the honey bees through their colors, and the bees don't keep all the honey for themselves. 其实,鲜花还因为有鲜艳的颜色 而招来了小蜜蜂 同时蜜蜂也不会保留所有的蜜。
These are the three guiding principles of the Honey Bee Network: that whenever we learn something from people it must be shared with them in their language. 蜜蜂的社会有3条准则-- 那就是无论什么时候我们从他人那学到一些东西 那这些东西同时也必须通过他们的语言和这些人分享。
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
They must not remain anonymous. 他们必须得到认可而不是被忽略。
And I must tell you that after 20 years, 而我必须告诉你,20年后,
I have not made one percent of change in the professional practice of this art. 我专注于自己职业上的这种行为 从没有改变过一点点
That is a great tragedy -- which I'm carrying still with me and I hope that all of you will carry this with you -- that the profession still legitimizes publication of knowledge of people without attributing them by making them anonymous. 这使我感觉我仍然背负着这样的行为是一种悲剧, 并且我希望你们所有人都秉着这样的 能力去合法的发表 他人的知识而忽略他们 的存在。
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品; legitimizes:vt.使…合法;立为嫡嗣; publication:n.出版物;发表;公布;发行; attributing:v.归因;归于(attribute的现在分词);
The research guidelines of U.S. National Academy of Sciences or Research Councils of the U.K. 美国国家科学机关的研究大纲 或者英国的研究院
guidelines:n.指导方针;参考; Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; Councils:n.委员会(council的复数);理事会;
or of Indian Councils of Science Research do not require that whatever you learn from people, you must share back with them. 或者是印度科学研究所 没有要求, 不管你从别人那学到些什么都必须要和他们分享。
We are talking about an accountable society, a society that is fair and just, and we don't even do justice in the knowledge market. 我们讨论的是一个负责的社会, 一个公平的的社会。 然而我们甚至在知识市场上做不到公正。
accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
And India wants to be a knowledge society. 而印度希望成为一个知识社会。
How will it be a knowledge society? 要怎么做才能成为一个知识社会？
So, obviously, you cannot have two principles of justice, one for yourself and one for others. 显然,我们不能有两个不同的公证制度, 一个给自己,一个给别人。
It must be the same. 这个制度必须是相同。
You cannot discriminate . 不能有歧视。
discriminate:vt.歧视;区别;辨别;vi.区别;辨别;
You cannot be in favor of your own values, which are at a distance from the values that you espouse . 不能只对自己的价值观有利, 而和周围人的价值观 形成一定的距离。
at a distance:在远处;有相当距离; espouse:vt.支持;嫁娶;赞成;信奉;
So, fairness to one and to the other is not divisible . 所以,人人平等 是不能被分割的。
divisible:adj.可分的;可分割的;
Look at this picture. 看看这张照片。
Can you tell me where has it been taken from, and what is it meant for? Anybody? 你能告诉我它是在哪儿拍摄的吗, 并且谁能告诉我它是意在什么？
I'm a professor; I must quiz you. (Laughter) 我是个教授,我必须考考你们。
quiz:n.小测验;知识竞赛;v.盘问;查问;询问;
Anybody? Any guess at all? 谁？哪怕是猜一猜？
Pardon? (Audience Member: Rajasthan.) 对不起？（听众:Rajastha。）
Anil Gupta: But what has it been used for? What has it been used for? Anil Gupta:可是这张照片是被用作什么的？它曾经被用做什么？
Anil:n.靛蓝;木蓝属植物;[有化]缩苯胺;
(Murmuring) （窃窃私语）
Pardon? 对不起？
You know, you're so right. We must give him a hand, because this man knows how insensitive our government is. 你知道吗,你是对的。我们必须给予他鼓励。 因为这个人知道我们的政府有多迟钝。
insensitive:adj.感觉迟钝的,对…没有感觉的;
Look at this. This is the site of the government of India. 看看这个。这个是印度政府的所在地。
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
It invites tourists to see the shame of our country. 它吸引了 很多游客去观看我们的国家的耻辱。
I'm so sorry to say that. 我对我所说的感到非常抱歉。
Is this a beautiful picture or is it a terrible picture? 这是一张很美的照片-- 或者是很糟的？
It depends upon how you look at the life of the people. 这完全取决你怎么看到人们的生活。
If this woman has to carry water on her head for miles and miles and miles, you cannot be celebrating that. 如有这个女人要用头顶着 水行走几十甚至上百英里, 你不能为这事感到庆幸。
We should be doing something about it. 我们必须做些什么。
And let me tell you, with all the science and technology at our command, millions of women still carry water on their heads. 那么让我告诉你,我们现在所拥有的所有科学技术, 成百上千万的妇女仍然需要用他们的头搬运水。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And we do not ask this question. 而我们却没有问问自己。
You must have taken tea in the morning. 你每天早上都喝茶。
Think for a minute . 用一点时间想一想。
for a minute:一会儿;
The leaves of the tea, plucked from the bushes; you know what the action is? The action is: 茶叶,摘自茶树。 你知道这是一系列什么动作吗？这一系列的动作是:
plucked:v.摘;拔;拔掉(死禽的毛);弹拨(乐器的弦);(pluck的过去分词和过去式)
The lady picks up a few leaves, puts them in the basket on the backside . 采茶女采下几片叶子,把它们放在背后的篮子里。
backside:n.背部;后方;臀部;
Just do it 10 times; you will realize the pain in this shoulder. 只要做十几次; 你就会发现肩膀有多疼。
And she does it a few thousand times every day. 而她需要每天重复 做几千次。
The rice that you ate in the lunch, and you will eat today, is transplanted by women bending in a very awkward posture , millions of them, every season, in the paddy season, when they transplant paddy with their feet in the water. 你们午餐吃的米饭,你今天将要吃的, 是妇女们弯着腰 摆成非常奇怪的姿势移植的, 成百上千万的妇女, 每一季,在谷季, 当他们移植稻谷时 他们是光着脚的。
transplanted:移植;转移; awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的; posture:n.姿势;态度;看法;立场;处理方式;v.故作姿态;装样子 paddy:n.稻田(复数paddies);爱尔兰人;Patrick(男子名)和Patricia(女子名)的昵称;
And feet in the water will develop fungus , infections , and that infection pains because then other insects bite that point. 脚在水里会诱发真菌, 感染。 而且感染很疼 因为昆虫会咬这些感染的地方。
fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
And every year, 99.9 percent of the paddy is transplanted manually . 而且每年, 百分之99.9的稻谷是手工移植的。
manually:adv.手动地;用手;
No machines have been developed. 没有人发明这样的机器。
So the silence of scientists, of technologists , of public policy makers, of the change agent , drew our attention that this is not on, this is not on; this is not the way society will work. 所以科学家的沉寂, 科技的沉寂,公众政策决策者的沉寂, 改革中心的沉寂,这引起了我们的注意,不能继续这样下去了 这不是将来社会的工作方式。
technologists:n.技术人员(technologist的复数);[劳经]技术专家; agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的;
This is not what our parliament would do. You know, we have a program for employment : 这不是我们的国会会做的事,你知道。 我们有劳工方案。
parliament:n.议会,国会; employment:n.使用;职业;雇用;
One hundred, 250 million people have to be given jobs for 100 days by this great country. 2亿5千万人 从这个国家得到了100天的工作。
Doing what? Breaking stones, digging earth. 做什么哪？他们砸石头,挖地。
So we asked a question to the parliament: 我们问问政府国会,
Do poor have heads? 穷人有头脑吗？
Do poor have legs, mouth and hands, but no head? 穷人有腿,嘴和手,但是没有头脑？
So Honey Bee Network builds upon the resource in which poor people are rich. 蜜蜂网络建立在穷人阶级也是富有的。
resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
And what has happened? 然而发生了什么？
An anonymous, faceless, nameless person gets in contact with the network, and then gets an identity . 匿名,没有脸部,没有名字,人们 在网络里联系, 然后得到一个身份。
nameless:adj.不可名状的,难以形容的;匿名的; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
This is what Honey Bee Network is about. 这就是蜜蜂网络的工作方式。
And this network grew voluntarily , continues to be voluntary , and has tried to map the minds of millions of people of our country and other parts of the world who are creative . 这个网络自行成长, 并且继续自行成长, 同时也在尝试 去发掘我们国家以及世界其他地区的创意个体 的无限智慧
voluntarily:adv.自动地;以自由意志; voluntary:adj.自愿的;志愿的;自发的;故意的;n.志愿者;自愿行动; creative:adj.创造性的;
They could be creative in terms of education, they may be creative in terms of culture, they may be creative in terms of institutions; but a lot of our work is in the field of technological creativity, the innovations , either in terms of contemporary innovations , or in terms of traditional knowledge. 他们可能是教育上的创新; 文化上的创新; 机构上的创新, 但是我们的工作是在科技方面的 创新 有现代的创新, 也有基于传统知识的创新
in the field of:在…方面,在…领域; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革; contemporary:n.同时代的人;同时期的东西;adj.当代的;同时代的;属于同一时期的; traditional:传统的,惯例的,
And it all begins with curiosity . 而他们都开始于好奇心。
curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩;
It all begins with curiosity. 他们都始于好奇心。
This person, whom we met -- and you will see it on the website, www.sristi.org -- this tribal person, he had a wish. 这个人,我们遇见的,你们会在网站上见到, Soshidoto Arjii,他是个土著, 他有一个希望。
tribal:adj.部落的;部族的;n.(尤指南亚的)部落成员;
And he said, "If my wish gets fulfilled " -- somebody was sick and he had to monitor -- "God, please cure him. 他说,“如果我愿望成真”-- 有人生病了并且需要看护--“ 神啊,请治愈他。
fulfilled:adj.感到满足的; v.实现; (fulfill的过去式和过去分词)
And if you cure him, I will get my wall painted." 如果有你治好他,我会在墙上作画。”
And this is what he got painted. 而这是他画的。
Somebody was talking yesterday about Maslowian hierarchy . 有人昨天谈到马斯洛需求阶梯图
hierarchy:n.层级;等级制度;
There could be nothing more wrong than the Maslowian model of hierarchy of needs because the poorest people in this country can get enlightenment . 没有比马斯洛的这个模型 对人的需求的描述更错误的了 因为这个国家的穷人是可以获得灵光的。
enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
Kabir, Rahim, all the great Sufi saints , they were all poor people, and they had a great reason. (Applause) Kalwi,Rahim,所有伟大的苏非派圣人, 他们都是穷人, 并且他们有一个很大的理由。
saints:n.圣徒(saint的复数); v.把…尊为圣人;
Please do not ever think that only after meeting your physiological needs and other needs can you be thinking about your spiritual needs or your enlightenment. 请在满足你物质需要求和其他需求之后 再去考虑你的 精神需求。
physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的;
Any person anywhere is capable of rising to that highest point of attainment , only by the resolve that they have in their mind that they must achieve something. 任何人在任何地点都能 达到那种造诣的至高点, 他们必须需达到目标只有那样他们才能解决他们的心事。
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; attainment:n.达到;成就;学识; resolve:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决;
Look at this. 看看这个。
We saw it in Shodh Yatra. Every six months we walk in different parts of the country. 我们在远征的时候看到了。每6个月,我们都会走到 印度不同的地区
I've walked about 4,000 kilometers in the last 12 years. 在过去的12年中我们步行了4000公里。
So on the wayside we found these dung cakes, which are used as a fuel. 在路边, 我么发现这些晒干的排泄物, 他们可以作为燃料。
wayside:n.路旁;adj.路旁的; dung:vt.施粪肥于;n.粪;
Now, this lady, on the wall of the dung cake heap, has made a painting. 你们看见这位女士,她站在这座又排泄物堆成的墙下 画了一张画。
That's the only space she could express her creativity. 这个是她唯一可以表现自己创造力的地方。
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务;
And she's so marvelous . 而且她十分优秀。
marvelous:adj.了不起的;非凡的;令人惊异的;不平常的;
Look at this lady, Ram Timari Devi, on a grain bin. In Champaran, we had a Shodh Yatra and we were walking in the land where Gandhiji went to hear about the tragedy, pain of indigo growers . 看看这为女士,Ram Timari Devi, 他在一个坚巴兰的谷物篮上,我们当时在进行远征 我们走在 曾经走过的地方 我们在那里听到了 靛青种植者的痛苦故事
Ram:v.相撞;挤进;n.公羊; grain:n.粮食; v.把…作成细粒; indigo:n.靛蓝,靛蓝染料;靛蓝色;槐蓝属植物;adj.靛蓝色的; growers:雏;
Bhabi Mahato in Purulia and Bankura. 办库拉普鲁利亚的Bhabi Mahato。
Look at what she has done. 看看她都干了什么。
The whole wall is her canvas . She's sitting there with a broom . 整个墙都是画板。她戴着一个扫把坐在那儿。
canvas:n.帆布;(帆布)画布;油画;vt.用帆布覆盖; broom:n.扫帚;扫把;金雀花(野生,开小黄花);v.扫除;
Is she an artisan or an artist? 她是一位工匠还是一个艺术家？
artisan:n.工匠,技工;
Obviously she's an artist; she's a creative person. 很显然他是一位艺术家;她是一个富有创造力的人。
If we can create markets for these artists, we will not have to employ them for digging earth and breaking stones. 如果我们能为这些艺术家创造一个市场, 我们就不会只是雇用他们挖地或者碎石了。
They will be paid for what they are good at, not what they're bad at. 他们会因为自己所擅长的得到酬劳,而不是那些他们不擅长的。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Look at what Rojadeen has done. 看看Rojadeen都做了些什么。
In Motihari in Champaran, there are a lot of people who sell tea on the shack and, obviously, there's a limited market for tea. 在坚巴兰的莫提哈里, 有很多人在棚子中出售茶叶 显然,茶的市场是有限的,
shack:n.棚屋;小室;vi.居住; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
Every morning you have tea, as well as coffee. 每天早上你可以喝茶也可以喝咖啡。
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
So he thought, why don't I convert a pressure cooker into a coffee machine ? 所以他想,我们为什么不能把 压力锅改造成咖啡机。
convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人; pressure cooker:n.加压蒸煮器;压力锅;高压锅; coffee machine:n.投币咖啡机;
So this is a coffee machine. Just takes a few hundred rupees . 这种咖啡机只花费几百卢比。
rupees:n.卢比(rupee复数);
People bring their own cooker, he attaches a valve and a steam pipe, and now he gives you espresso coffee. (Laughter) 很多人把他们的锅拿来, 加上阀门和蒸汽管, 然后就可以做特浓咖啡了。
attaches:n.连接物; v.附加; valve:n.阀;[解剖]瓣膜;真空管;活门;v.装阀于;以活门调节; espresso:n.(用汽加压煮出的)浓咖啡;
Now, this is a real, affordable coffee percolator that works on gas. 这是种真正而且便宜 的燃气式咖啡机。
affordable:adj.负担得起的; percolator:n.过滤器;渗滤器;咖啡渗滤壶;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Look at what Sheikh Jahangir has done. 看看Sheikh Jahangir所做的。
Sheikh:n.族长;阿拉伯酋长(等于sheik);
A lot of poor people do not have enough grains to get ground. 很多穷人没有 足够的谷物种植。
grains:n.谷物;颗粒;细粒;少量;一点儿;(grain的复数)
So this fellow is bringing a flour-grinding machine on a two-wheeler . 所以这个人就拿来了 装了两个轮子的磨面机。
two-wheeler:挂车;两轮挂车;
If you have 500 grams, 1000, one kilogram, he will grind it for it for you; the flourmill will not grind such a small quantity . 如果你有500克,1000克, 这个机器可以帮你磨面;而普通的磨面机通常不会只磨这么少量
grind:v.磨碎;磨快;n.磨;苦工作; quantity:n.量;数量;大量;数额;
Please understand the problem of poor people. 请理解穷人的面对的问题。
They have needs which have to be met efficiently in terms of energy, in terms of cost, in terms of quality. 这些人他们有自身的一些需求 要在能量、成本和质量方面 得到最高效的满足
efficiently:adv.有效地;效率高地(efficient的副词形式);
They don't want second-standard, second-quality outputs . 他们不想要此等的质量或产品
outputs:n.[计]输出; v.生产;
But to be able to give them high-quality output you need to adapt technology to their needs. 但是他们想要的他们出产的好东西 就得需要让他们得到合适的科技。
high-quality:adj.高质量的; adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应;
And that is what Sheikh Jahangir did. 这就是Sheihk Jahangir所做的。
But that's not enough, what he did. Look at what he did here. 但是他做的还不够。看看他在这做的。
If you have clothes, and you don't have enough time to wash them, he brought a washing machine to your doorstep , mounted on a two-wheeler. 如果你有衣服却没有时间洗, 他可以给你带来一个装有 两个轮子的洗衣机。
washing machine:洗衣机,洗涤机; doorstep:n.门阶; mounted:adj.骑马的; v.准备; (mount的过去分词和过去式)
So here's a model where a two-wheeler washing machine ... 这有一个有两个轮子的 洗衣机模型...
He is washing your clothes and drying them at your doorstep. 他会在你们的门口为你洗衣凉衣。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
You bring your water, you bring your soap, 自带水和肥皂。
I wash the clothes for you. Charge 50 paisa, one rupee for you per lot, and a new business model can emerge . 我这机器可以为你洗衣服,只需要1卢比 1卢比50PESA（重量单位） 同时建立了一个新型的商业模型。
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
Now, what we need is, we need people who will be able to scale them up. 现在我们需要 一些可以帮助他们扩大其商业规模的人。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Look at this. 看看这个。
It looks like a beautiful photograph. 看起来像一幅美丽的照片。
But you know what it is? Can anybody guess what it is? 但是你们知道这是什么？有人能猜一猜吗？
Somebody from India would know, of course. 印度来的人能知道,当然。
It's a tawa. 这是一个tawa（一种印度厨具）。
It's a hot plate made of clay . 它是一种用陶土做的盘子。
clay:n.黏土;陶土;
Now, what is the beauty in it? 那么,这东西美在什么地方？
When you have a non-stick pan, it costs about, maybe, 250 rupees, five dollars, six dollars. 一个不粘锅, 花费大概是, 250卢比, 5-6美元,
non-stick:adj.东西不粘上的,非粘的;
This is less than a dollar and this is non-stick; it is coated with one of these food-grade materials. 这个是一个小于1美元的方法。 这是一个不粘锅。 他表面包着一种 食物降解材料。
food-grade:食品级;
And the best part is that, while you use a costly non-stick pan, you eat the so-called Teflon or Teflon-like material because after some time the stuff disappears . Where has it gone? 最好的地方是, 当时用着一个很贵的不粘锅时, 你同时也吃了一种叫特氟龙的物质, 或者类似的材料。 因为过了一段时间后这些物质就消失了。去哪儿了哪？
costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; Teflon:n.[高分子]聚四氟乙烯;铁氟龙(商标名); stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: disappears:v.消失;不见;消亡;失踪;丢失;(disappear的第三人称单数)
It has gone in your stomach. It was not meant for that. (Laughter) 去了你的胃里。他不是为了食用而发明出来的。
You know? But here in this clay hot plate, it will never go into your stomach. 你知道,但是这儿, 这个陶土锅, 它不会被你吃掉,
So it is better, it is safer; it is affordable, it is energy-efficient . 所以这个更好;更安全; 更便宜;而且环保。
energy-efficient:adj.节能的,节约能源的;高能效的;
In other words, solutions by the poor people need not be cheaper, need not be, so-called, jugaad, need not be some kind of makeshift arrangement . 换种说法,穷人的方法不一定是此等的方法 也不一定是山寨或简易货
makeshift:n.权宜之计;凑合;临时措施;将就;adj.临时的;权宜之计的;凑合的; arrangement:n.安排;筹备;布置;商定;约定;改编乐曲;
They have to be better, they have to be more efficient, they have to be affordable. 而是更好,更加高效 同时必须便宜的东西
And that is what Mansukh Bhai Prajapati has done. 这就是Mansukh Bhai Prajapati所做的。
He has designed this plate with a handle . 你为这种锅设计了个手柄。
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
And now with one dollar, you can afford a better alternative than the people market is offering you. 只要1美元, 你可以得到一个比 这个市场提供个你的更好的选择。
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择;
This lady, she developed a herbal pesticide formulation . 这位女士,她发明 了一个硬件杀虫剂配方。
herbal:adj.草药的;草本的;n.植物志;草本书; pesticide:n.杀虫剂; formulation:n.构想,规划;公式化;简洁陈述;
We filed the patent for her, the National Innovation Foundation . 我们（国家创新基金） 帮助她申请了专利
patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权; Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
And who knows? Somebody will license this technology and develop marketable products, and she would get revenue . 谁知道,有些人会申请授权使用这个技术 并且开发出满足市场需要的产品, 同时她会得到收入。
license:v.许可;批准; marketable:adj.市场的;可销售的;有销路的; revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署;
Now, let me mention one thing: 现在,让我说件事。
I think we need a polycentric model of development, where a large number of initiatives in different parts of the country, in different parts of the world, would solve the needs of locality in a very efficient and adaptive manner. 我认为我们需要一个多元发展模型, 在这个国家不同的地区和这个世界上不同的地方, 大规模的开展, 这样可能非常有效率和适当的 解决地区的需求。
polycentric:adj.多中心的; initiatives:n.积极性;主动权(initiative的复数);创始; locality:n.所在;位置;地点; adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的;
Higher the local fit, greater is the chance of scaling up. 更好的适应地区, 就可以更好的扩大效果。
scaling:n.缩放比例; v.剥落;
In the scaling up, there's an inherent inadequacy to match the needs of the local people, point by point, with the supply that you're making. 想要扩大, 可是先天不足的是 要满足当地人的实际需要, 一对一的供应是远远不够的
inherent:adj.固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的; inadequacy:n.不适当,不充分;不完全;不十分;
So why are people willing to adjust with that mismatch ? 为什么有人愿意去调整这个不匹配的事？
adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯; mismatch:vt.使配错;n.错配;不协调;
Things can scale up, and they have scaled up. 事情可以扩大,而且已经扩大了。
scaled:adj.有鳞的; v.刮去鳞片;
For example, cell phones: We have 400 million cellphones in this country. 例如,手机:这个国家有4亿部手机。
cellphones:n.手机;移动电话;(cellphone的复数)
Now, it is possible that I use only two buttons on the cellphone, only three options on the cellphone. 现在,有可能我只使用手机的两个按键, 3个功能。
options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
It has 300 options, I'm paying for 300; I'm using only three but I'm willing to live with it, therefore it is scaling up. 他有300个;我付了300;而我只用3个, 但是我愿意拥有它,所以这样的模式是可以扩展的。
But if I had to get a match to match, obviously, I would need a different design of a cellphone. 但是如果我一定要找到相对应的, 显然,我需要设计不同的手机。
So what we're saying is that scalability should not become an enemy of sustainability . 我要说的是扩展性 不应该成为可持续性的敌人。
scalability:n.[测]可量测性; sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性;
There must be a place in the world for solutions that are only relevant for a locality, and yet, one can be able to fund them. 这个世界上 必须要有一个方法是对本地最切实的方案, 甚至可以找到办法来鼓励这类方案的出现
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助;
One of the greatest studies that we've been finding is that many times investors would ask this question -- "What is a scalable model?" -- as if the need of a community , which is only located in a space and time and has those needs only located in those places, has no legitimate right to get them for free because it's not part of a larger scale. 我们已经在所有最伟大的研究的其中一个发现了 很多次投资者们会问这个问题-- “扩展模型是什么？”-- 他们只想到一个社区的需求是 固定在一个空间和时间的 而且那些需求只局限在那个地方, 没有法律权力去解放他们, 因为他们不属于更大的一个图景。
scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize);
So either you sub-optimize your needs to a larger scale or else you remain out. 结果你会减少优化你的需求以附和宏观环境 或者你被忽略排除在外。
Now, the eminent model, the long-tail model tells you that small sales of a large number of books, for example, having only a few copies sold can still be a viable model. 著名的长尾模型 告诉你小额销售 大量的书籍,比如说, 只卖出几本 仍可以是一个活跃的模型。
eminent:adj.杰出的;有名的;明显的; viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的;
And we must find a mechanism where people will pool in the portfolio , will invest in the portfolio , where different innovations will go to a small number of people in their localities , and yet, the overall platform of the model will become viable. 我们必须找到一个方式 使人们可以把各自的智慧集中起来,我们就会投资在这个组合, 让不同的发明进入到 地方性的少数人当中, 同时,这个模型的盈利也会变得清晰起来
mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; portfolio:n.公文包;文件夹;证券投资组合;部长职务; invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; localities:n.所在;聚居地(locality的复数); overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
Look at what he is doing. 看看他正在做的事。
Saidullah Sahib is an amazing man. Saidullahsahib是个了不起的人。
Sahib:n.阁下;先生;大人(等于saheb);
At the age of 70, he is linking up something very creative. 70岁的时候, 他做了一个非常有创造性的东西。
(Music) （音乐）
Saidullah Sahib: I couldn't wait for the boat. Saidullahsahib:我不能再等那艘船了。
I had to meet my love. 我必须见到我的爱人。
My desperation made me an innovator . 我的绝望使我成为了一个发明家。
innovator:n.改革者,创新者;
Even love needs help from technology. 爱情需要科技的帮助。
Innovation is the light of my wife, Noor. 创新是我妻子的权利,不是吗。
New inventions are the passion of my life. 我的创新是我生命的激情。
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
My technology. 我的科技。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
AG: Saidulluh Sahib is in Motihari, again in Champaran. AG:Saidulluhsahib也是 在坚巴兰的莫提哈里的人。
Wonderful human being, but he stills sells, at this age, honey on a cycle to earn his livelihood , because we haven't been able to convince the water park people, the lake people, in [unclear] operations. 伟大的人, 但是他仍然需要销售,在这个年纪, 用摩托拉着蜂蜜,去赚钱生活 因为他不能够说服水上乐园的人, 湖人,企业集团里的人。
livelihood:n.生计,生活;营生;
And we have not been able to convince the fire brigade people in Mumbai -- where there was a flood a few years ago and people had to walk 20 kilometers, wading in the water -- 我们也没能说服孟买消防部门 的人,而那里几年前刚刚发生过洪水, 人们需要步行20公里,涉水,
fire brigade:n.消防队;消防队员; wading:v.跋涉,涉,蹚(水或淤泥等)(wade的现在分词)
that, look, you should have this cycle in your fire brigade office because you can then go to those lanes where your buses will not go, where your transport will not go. 看,你们消防部门应该准备这个, 因为你们能够进入那些公共汽车 不能走的路,你的交通工具不能去的地方。
lanes:n.线路,跑道(lane复数形式); transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放;
So we have not yet cracked the problem of making it available as a rescue device , as a vending device during the floods in eastern India, when you have to deliver things to people in different islands where they're marooned . 所以我们要改正这个把它做成 一种救援设备的问题, 在东印度的洪水中作为销售设备, 当你需要运输物资给 分散在不同岛上被 放逐的人。
cracked:adj.疯狂;破裂的;有裂纹的;v.破裂;裂开;断裂;(crack的过去分词和过去式) rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救; device:n.装置;策略;图案; vending:v.贩卖,出售;(vend的现在分词) eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; marooned:adj.陷于孤立无援困境的;
But the idea has a merit . The idea has a merit . 但是这个主意有个长处;主意有一个长处。
merit:n.价值;优点;功绩;美德;v.值得;应得;
What has Appachan done? Appachan, unfortunately , is no more, but he has left behind a message. Appachan做过些什么？不幸的是,Appachan已经离去。 但是她留下了一个信息,
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
A very powerful message 一个非常有力量的信息
Appachan: I watch the world wake up every day. Appachan:每天我看着世界醒来。
(Music) （音乐）
It's not that a coconut fell on my head, and I came upon this idea. 那不像是一个椰子掉到了我的头上, 我想出的这个主意。
coconut:n.椰子;椰子肉;
With no money to fund my studies, 没有钱去进行我的研究,
I scaled new heights. 我勇攀高峰。
Now, they call me the local Spiderman . 现在,他们称我为当地的蜘蛛侠。
Spiderman:n.高空作业的建筑工人;
My technology. 我的技术。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
AG: Many of you might not realize and believe that we have sold this product internationally -- what I call a G2G model, grassroots to global . AG:你们很多人 也许不会发现和相信 我们在向世界销售这个产品-- 我叫它G2G模型, 草根到全球。
internationally:adv.国际性地;在国际间; grassroots:adj.基层的;草根的;乡村的;n.草根;基础; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
And a professor in the University of Massachusetts, in the zoology department, bought this climber because she wanted to study the insect diversity of the top of the tree canopy . 一个马萨诸塞州大学的教授, 是动物学系的 买了这个梯子因为她想 研究树顶端的 昆虫种类多样化。
zoology:n.动物学;动物区系; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: canopy:n.天篷;华盖;遮篷;苍穹;vt.用天蓬遮盖;遮盖;
And this device makes it possible for her to take samples from a larger number of palms , rather than only a few, because otherwise she had to make a big platform and then climb her [unclear] would climb on that. 而这个设备让她有了从 棕榈树上得到大量样本的可能, 要不样本数会很少, 没有这样的发明,她就得用更大的机器 而她的学生要使用这样的机器
palms:n.手掌,手心;棕榈植物(palm的复数);v.把…藏于手中(palm的第三人称单数);
So, you know, we are advancing the frontiers of science. 所以,你看,我们已经站在科学的前沿了。
Remya Jose has developed ... Remya Jose发明了--
you can go to the YouTube and find India Innovates and then you will find these videos. 你可以去Youtube然后查找印度发明家, 然后你会发现这些视频。
Innovates:改革;创新;引入(innovate的第三人称单数);
Innovation by her when she was in class 10th: a washing machine-cum-exercising machine. 当她只是10年级时候的发明: 一台洗衣兼健身机。
Mr. Kharai who is a physically challenged person, one and a half foot height, only. Mr. Kharai是一个残疾人, 他只有1.5尺高。
But he has modified a two-wheeler so that he can get autonomy and freedom and flexibility . 但是它改进了轮椅以帮助他可以自由 和敏捷的行动。
modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词); autonomy:n.自治,自治权; flexibility:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性;
This innovation is from the slums of Rio. 这个发明来自于河边的平民窟。
And this person, Mr. Ubirajara. 这个人,Ubirajara先生,
We were talking about, my friends in Brazil , how we scale up this model in China and Brazil. 我们曾经谈到的,我巴西的朋友, 怎么去在中国和巴西扩展这个模型。
Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家);
And we have a very vibrant network in China, particularly , but also emerging in Brazil and other parts of the world. 而且我们特别是在中国有一个非常震撼的网络, 但是同时也是在巴西和世界的其他地方。
vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
This stand on the front wheel , you will not find on any cycle. 这个前轮的支架,你在其他地方找不到一个一样的。
front wheel:前轮;
India and China have the largest number of cycles. 印度和中国有着最多数量的摩托车。
But this innovation emerged in Brazil. 但是这个发明发生在巴西。
emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式)
The point is, none of us should be parochial , none of us should be so nationalistic to believe that all good ideas will come only from our country. 重点是,我们不应狭隘, 我们不应该那么民族主义的相信 只有我们的国家才能有好的主意。
parochial:adj.教区的;狭小的;地方范围的; nationalistic:adj.民族主义的;国家的;
No, we have to have the humility to learn from knowledge of economically poor people, wherever they are. 不,我们须得用同理心去从 穷人那里学习经济性的知识,不管他们在哪。
humility:n.谦卑,谦逊;
And look at this whole range of cycle-based innovations: cycle that's a sprayer , cycle that generates energy from the shocks on the road. 看看这些给予摩托车的发明: 喷洒器摩托车, 摩托可以由路上的的震动发电。
sprayer:n.喷雾器;喷出水沫的人;洒水车; generates:[计]生成;发生;
I can't change the condition of the road, but I can make the cycle run faster. 我不能改变路况; 但我可以让摩托跑得快点。
That is what Kanak Das has done. 那就是【不清楚】已经做过的。
And in South Africa, we had taken our innovators , and may of us had gone there share with the colleagues in South Africa as to how innovation can become a means of liberation from the drudgery that people have. 在南非, 我们帮助发明者, 我们可以和南非的同事分享 这些发明是如何 从做苦工的人变 成自由的象征。
innovators:n.创新者;发明家签证;革新消费者(innovator的复数形式); colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); liberation:n.释放,解放; drudgery:n.苦工,苦差事;
And this is a donkey cart which they modified. 他们改造了这个驴车。
donkey:n.毛驴;傻瓜;[动]驴;(非正式)笨蛋; cart:n.运货马车;手推车;手拉车;v.用车装运;用手提;强行带走;抓走;.
There's an axle here, of 30, 40 kg, serving no purpose. 它有一个30,40千克重的 轴,这是有目的的。
axle:n.车轴;[车辆]轮轴;
Remove it, the cart needs one donkey less. 把它取下来,这个车就少用一头驴。
This is in China. This girl needed a breathing apparatus . 这在中国。这个女孩需要呼吸仪器。
apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官;
These three people in the village sat down and decided to think, "How do we elongate the life of this girl of our village?" 这3个村民 坐下来决定说, “我们怎么延长这个女孩在村中的寿命？”
elongate:v.(使)变长,伸长;拉长;adj.延长的;细长的;
They were not related to her, but they tried to find out, "How can we use ... " 他们和她没有关系,但是他们试着找出答案, 我们如何利用洗衣机的水管,
They used a cycle, they put together a breathing apparatus. 他们用一个摩托,他们组装了一个呼吸器。
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
And this breathing apparatus now saved the life, and she's very welcome. 而且这个呼吸器救了她的命, 这个发明受到很多人欢迎
There's a whole range of innovations that we have. 我们有各种各样的发明。
A car, which runs on compressed air with six paisa per kilometer. 一辆使用压缩空气的车 花费6派萨每公里。
compressed:adj.(空气或气体)压缩的; v.(被)压紧; (compress的过去式和过去分词)
Assam , Kanak Gogoi. Assam,Kanak Gogoi。
Assam:n.阿萨姆邦(印度东北部的邦);
And you would not find this car in U.S. or Europe, but this is available in India. 你在美国或者欧洲都找不到这种车, 但是却在印度。
Now, this lady, she used to do the winding of the yarn for Pochampally Saree. 现在这位女士,她以前卷线圈 来做纱丽
yarn:纱线
In one day, 18,000 times, she had to do this winding to generate two sarees. 一天,18000次, 她必须卷线直到 生产出两纱丽。
This is what her son has done after seven years of struggle. 7年的挣扎,这是她的儿子所做的。
She said, "Change your profession." 她说,“改变你的职业。”
He said, "I can't. This is the only thing I know, but I'll invent a machine, which will solve your problem." 他说,“我不能。这是我唯一知道做的,但是我要发明一个机器, 它可以解决你的问题。’
And this is what he did, a sewing machine in Uttar Pradesh. 这是他在北方邦所完成的缝纫机。
sewing machine:n.缝纫机;
So, this is what SRISTI is saying: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." 这正是我们在可持续技术研究协会（Sristi）经常说的: “给我一个立足点,我可以移动地球。”
I will just tell you that we are also doing a competition among children for creativity, a whole range of things. 我要告诉你们我也现在也在孩子中进行 创造力的竞争,包括各种各样的事。
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
We have sold things all over the world, from Ethiopia to Turkey to U.S. to wherever. 我们把东西卖到了全世界, 从埃塞俄比亚土耳其到美国到任何地方。
Ethiopia:n.埃塞俄比亚;
Products have gone to the market, a few. 产品进入了几个市场。
These are the people whose knowledge made this Herbavate cream for eczema possible. 这些人的知识使 治疗湿疹的Herbavate霜成为可能。
eczema:n.[皮肤]湿疹;
And here, a company which licensed this herbal pesticide put a photograph of the innovator on the packing so that every time a user uses it, it asks the user, "You can also be an innovator. 这里,一家申请了使用这一草药杀虫剂技术的公司 把发明者的照片放在包装上 这样使用者每次使用的时候都能看见它, 它告诉客户,“你也可以成为一个发明家。
licensed:adj.得到许可的;获准拥有的;v.批准;许可(license的过去分词和过去式)
If you have an idea, send it back to us." 如果你有一个主意,发给我们。”
So, creativity counts, knowledge matters, innovations transform , incentives inspire . 总之,想象力重要,知识重要, 创新带来变革,动力带来启发
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感;
And incentives: not just material, but also non-material incentives. 而且不仅仅是物质上的动力,还有精神上的动力
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）