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AngelaBelcher_2011X-_用自然来培育电池_
I thought I would talk a little bit about how nature makes materials. 我想我应该谈一谈自然是如何制造材料的。
I brought along with me an abalone shell . 我带来了一个鲍鱼壳。
abalone:n.[无脊椎]鲍鱼; shell:n.壳;炮弹;壳层;骨架;v.脱壳;剥壳;采集贝壳;用壳体包被;short.shewill;
This abalone shell is a biocomposite material that's 98 percent by mass calcium carbonate and two percent by mass protein . 这个鲍鱼壳是种生物复合材料, 其中百分之98是碳酸钙 百分之二是蛋白质。
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; calcium carbonate:n.[化]碳酸钙; protein:n.蛋白质;
Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher than its geological counterpart . 然而,它比地质学中相对应的 物质要坚硬三千倍。
geological:adj.地质的,地质学的; counterpart:n.副本;配对物;极相似的人或物;
And a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells , like chalk. 许多人或许用过类似鲍鱼壳这样的结构, 如粉笔。
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); shells:n.壳;壳状物;炮弹;v.炮击;给…去壳(shell的第三人称单数和复数)
I've been fascinated by how nature makes materials, and there's a lot of sequence to how they do such an exquisite job. 如今我为自然创造材料的方法所深深着迷, 做到这样的精细活 要经过一系列的过程。
sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; exquisite:adj.精致的;细腻的;优美的,高雅的;异常的;剧烈的;n.服饰过于讲究的男子;
Part of it is that these materials are macroscopic in structure, but they're formed at the nanoscale . 这些材料在结构上 肉眼可见, 但是它们是由纳米级材料组成的。
macroscopic:adj.宏观的;肉眼可见的; nanoscale:n.纳米级;
They're formed at the nanoscale, and they use proteins that are coded by the genetic level that allow them to build these really exquisite structures. 它们是由纳米级材料组成的, 它们使用由基因层次控制的蛋白质, 这使得它们能构建非常精致的结构。
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); coded:adj.[计]编码的;电码的;译成电码的;v.译成密码(code的过去式和过去分词); genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
So something I think is very fascinating is what if you could give life to non-living structures, like batteries and like solar cells? 因此,我觉得非常让人着迷的是 如果能赋予非生物结构 以生命会发生什么, 比如电池,比如太阳能电池？
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) what if:如果…怎么办? non-living:adj.非生命的; batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数)
What if they had some of the same capabilities that an abalone shell did, in terms of being able to build really exquisite structures at room temperature and room pressure, using non-toxic chemicals and adding no toxic materials back into the environment? 如果它们能有一些鲍鱼壳所拥有的 同样的能力会怎样, 能够 在常温常压下 用无毒的化学物质, 不添加对环境有害的材料 构建精致的结构。
room temperature:室温; non-toxic:adj.无毒的;n.无毒性; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
So that's the vision that I've been thinking about. 这就是我曾想到过的愿景。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
And so what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish ? 那么,如果你能在皮氏培养皿中培养出电池将会怎样？
battery:n.[电]电池,蓄电池;n.[法]殴打;n.[军]炮台,炮位; Petri dish:n.培养皿(作细菌培养等用的有盖玻璃碟);
Or, what if you could give genetic information to a battery so that it could actually become better as a function of time, and do so in an environmentally friendly way? 或者说,如果你能把基因信息赋予一个电池, 以便确实能在一定时间内 变得更好, 并以一种环境友好的方式进行时会怎样？
environmentally friendly:adj.对环境无害的;保护生态环境的;
And so, going back to this abalone shell, besides being nano-structured, one thing that's fascinating, is when a male and a female abalone get together , they pass on the genetic information that says, "This is how to build an exquisite material. 回到这个鲍鱼壳, 除了存在纳米结构之外, 令人着迷的一件事是, 当一只雄性鲍鱼和磁性鲍鱼相遇, 他们相互传递基因信息 信息中表明,“这是如何构建一个精巧的材料。
besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; get together:聚会
Here's how to do it at room temperature and pressure, using non-toxic materials." 这就是如何在常温常压下,用无毒材料 做到这些的。”
Same with diatoms , which are shown right here, which are glasseous structures. 与硅藻相同,有着光泽,有着玻璃状结构。
diatoms:n.矽藻(diatom的复数);硅藻类;
Every time the diatoms replicate , they give the genetic information that says, "Here's how to build glass in the ocean that's perfectly nano-structured. 每次硅藻复制时, 它们给出基因信息,其中表明, “这就是如何在海洋中 有完美纳米结构的玻璃。
replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品;
And you can do it the same, over and over again ." 你能同样进行,并不断重复。”
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地;
So what if you could do the same thing with a solar cell or a battery? 那么如果你能用太阳能电池或 电池做同样的事会怎样？
solar cell:光电管;
I like to say my favorite biomaterial is my four year-old. 我想说我最喜欢的生物材料是我四岁的孩子。
biomaterial:n.[材]生物材料;
But anyone who's ever had, or knows, small children knows they're incredibly complex organisms . 但任何曾有过或了解小孩的人 都知道他们是多么复杂的生物体。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体;
And so if you wanted to convince them to do something they don't want to do, it's very difficult. 因此,说服他们去 做他们不想做的事,非常困难。
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
So when we think about future technologies , we actually think of using bacteria and virus, simple organisms. 当我们思考未来科技时, 我们会想到细菌和病毒的应用, 简单的有机体。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); bacteria:n.[微]细菌;
Can you convince them to work with a new toolbox , so that they can build a structure that will be important to me? 你能让它们使用新的工具箱吗, 以使它们能构建一种 对我来说很重要的结构么？
toolbox:n.工具箱;
Also, when we think about future technologies, we start with the beginning of Earth. 同样地,我们对未来科技进行思考。 我们从地球最初开始,
Basically , it took a billion years to have life on Earth. 基本上,用了十亿年 地球上才开始出现生命。
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
And very rapidly, they became multi-cellular, they could replicate, they could use photosynthesis as a way of getting their energy source . 接着很快地就进化成了多细胞生命, 它们能够复制自己,能用光合作用 作为获取能源的一种方式。
photosynthesis:n.光合作用; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago -- during the Cambrian geologic time period -- that organisms in the ocean started making hard materials. 但知道500万年前 -- 在寒武纪地质时代 -- 海洋中的生物开始制造坚硬的材料。
Before that, they were all soft, fluffy structures. 之前它们制造的都是柔软蓬松的结构。
fluffy:adj.蓬松的;松软的;毛茸茸的;无内容的;
And it was during this time that there was increased calcium and iron and silicon in the environment, and organisms learned how to make hard materials. 正是在这一时期内 环境中的钙、铁 硅的含量增加了。 生物学会了如何制作坚硬的材料。
silicon:n.[化学]硅;硅元素;
And so that's what I would like be able to do -- convince biology to work with the rest of the periodic table . 所以我希望能够 -- 确定生物 能与周期表中的其他元素工作。
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; periodic table:n.元素周期表;
Now if you look at biology, there's many structures like DNA and antibodies and proteins and ribosomes that you've heard about that are already nano-structured. 现在,如果查看一下生物, 有许多类似DNA、抗体、 蛋白质和核糖体这样你曾听说过的结构, 这些结构以及是纳米结构了。
antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数); ribosomes:n.[细胞][生化]核糖体(ribosome的复数形式);
So nature already gives us really exquisite structures on the nanoscale. 因此自然已经给予了我们 纳米级的非常精巧的结构。
What if we could harness them and convince them to not be an antibody that does something like HIV ? 如果我们控制它们 让他们不要变成像艾滋病病毒 这样的抗体将会怎样？
harness:vt.治理; n.马具; antibody:n.[免疫]抗体; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
But what if we could convince them to build a solar cell for us? 但如果我们能让它们为我们 建造太阳能电池将会怎样？
So here are some examples: these are some natural shells. 这儿有些例子:这是些天然的贝壳。
There are natural biological materials. 它们是天然的生物材料。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
The abalone shell here -- and if you fracture it, you can look at the fact that it's nano-structured. 这个是鲍鱼壳 -- 如果折断它, 会看到它是纳米结构。
fracture:n.(指事实)骨折;(指状态)断裂;破裂;v.(使)断裂;破裂;(使)分裂;
There's diatoms made out of SIO2, and they're magnetotactic bacteria that make small, single-domain magnets used for navigation . 硅藻是由二氧化硅组成, 他们是趋磁细菌, 它们用微小的单极磁体导航。
magnets:n.磁铁;磁石;吸铁石;有吸引力的人(或地方、事物);(magnet的复数) navigation:n.导航;航行;领航;
What all these have in common is these materials are structured at the nanoscale, and they have a DNA sequence that codes for a protein sequence that gives them the blueprint to be able to build these really wonderful structures. 这些事物的共同之处是 这些材料的结构都是纳米级的, 它们拥有一个DNA序列 这是一个蛋白质序列编码, 这给了它们一个蓝图 使它们能够构建这些奇妙的结构。
structured:adj.有结构的;有组织的;v.组织;构成(structure的过去分词);建造; blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划;
Now, going back to the abalone shell, the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins. 现在,回到鲍鱼壳, 鲍鱼用这些蛋白质做成壳。
These proteins are very negatively charged. 这些蛋白质带有负电荷。
negatively:adv.消极地;否定地;
And they can pull calcium out of the environment, put down a layer of calcium and then carbonate, calcium and carbonate. 它们能吸收环境中的钙, 放上一层钙,然后是一层碳酸盐,再一层钙一层碳酸盐。
layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次;
It has the chemical sequences of amino acids, which says, "This is how to build the structure. 这是氨基酸的化学序列 其中表明,“这就是如何构建这种结构。
sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式); amino:adj.氨基的;n.[化学]氨基;
Here's the DNA sequence, here's the protein sequence in order to do it." 这是要做到这点的DNA序列, 蛋白质序列。”
And so an interesting idea is, what if you could take any material that you wanted, or any element on the periodic table, and find its corresponding DNA sequence, then code it for a corresponding protein sequence 一个有意思的想法是,如果你能选择任何材料或是 周期表中的任何元素, 依照DNA序列, 然后依照蛋白质序列
element:n.元素;要素;原理;成分;自然环境; corresponding:adj.符合的; v.相一致; (correspond的现在分词)
to build a structure, but not build an abalone shell -- build something that, through nature, it has never had the opportunity to work with yet. 建立结构,但不是构建一个鲍鱼壳,将会怎样 -- 通过自然构建某种事物, 这是从未有机会进行的尝试。
And so here's the periodic table. 这是周期表。
And I absolutely love the periodic table. 我非常喜欢周期表。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
Every year for the incoming freshman class at MIT, 在MIT,大一新生来的第一课,
incoming:n.进来;收入;adj.新当选的;新任的;
I have a periodic table made that says, "Welcome to MIT. Now you're in your element." 我都会提供一个周期表, “欢迎来到MIT。现在你进入你的元素了。”
And you flip it over, and it's the amino acids with the PH at which they have different charges. 把它翻过来,是带有PH值的氨基酸 不同的PH值下带有不同的电荷。
flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
And so I give this out to thousands of people. 我把这个发给了数以千计的人。
And I know it says MIT, and this is Caltech , but I have a couple extra if people want it. 我知道这上面写了MIT,写了加州理工, 但如果有人要的话我还有些额外的。
Caltech:n.加利福尼亚理工学院; extra:adj.额外的:n.额外的事物:adv.额外:另外:
And I was really fortunate to have President Obama visit my lab this year on his visit to MIT, and I really wanted to give him a periodic table. 我非常荣幸的是, 奥巴马总统今年访问MIT时 造访了我的实验室, 我很想给他一张周期表。
fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的;
So I stayed up at night, and I talked to my husband, "How do I give President Obama a periodic table? 我熬夜思索,对我的丈夫说 “我怎么才能给奥巴马总统一张周期表呢？
What if he says, 'Oh, I already have one,' or, 'I've already memorized it'?" (Laughter) 如果他说,‘哦,我已经有一张了’ 或是‘我已经背下来了’该怎么办？”
memorized:v.记忆;记住(memorize的过去分词和过去式)
And so he came to visit my lab and looked around -- it was a great visit. 因此他到访我的实验室 四处浏览 -- 这是个很棒的访问。
And then afterward , I said, "Sir, I want to give you the periodic table in case you're ever in a bind and need to calculate molecular weight." 后来,我说, “先生,我想给你张周期表 以备你陷入困境,需要计算分子量时使用。”
afterward:adv.以后,后来; bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的;
And I thought molecular weight sounded much less nerdy than molar mass. 我觉得分子量听起来不像摩尔质量 那么呆板。
nerdy:adj.书呆子式的;n.令人厌烦的人; molar:adj.臼齿的;摩尔的;磨碎的;n.臼齿,[解剖]磨牙;
And so he looked at it, and he said, "Thank you. I'll look at it periodically ." 他看了看它, 说到, “谢谢。我会定期看看它的。”
periodically:adv.定期地;周期性地;偶尔;间歇;
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
And later in a lecture that he gave on clean energy, he pulled it out and said, "And people at MIT, they give out periodic tables." 之后在一次关于清洁能源的演讲中, 他把它拿出来,说道, “在MIT时有人给了我周期表。”
lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫
So basically what I didn't tell you is that about 500 million years ago, organisms starter making materials, but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it. 所以基本上我没有告诉各位的是 大约五亿年前,生物就开始制造材料, 大概花了五千万年变得擅长于此。
starter:n.起动机;发令员;第一道菜;发射装置;发起者;参加比赛者,上场队员;
It took them about 50 million years to learn how to perfect how to make that abalone shell. 花了五千万年时间 学会了完美地制造出鲍鱼壳。
And that's a hard sell to a graduate student. (Laughter) 这对研究生来说很难理解
hard sell:adj.硬行推销的;
'"I have this great project -- 50 million years." “我拥有这个伟大的项目 -- 五千万年。”
And so we had to develop a way of trying to do this more rapidly. 因此我们不得不找出一种 更快速的方式来完成这些。
And so we use a virus that's a non-toxic virus called M13 bacteriophage that's job is to infect bacteria. 因此我们使用了一种病毒, 一种名为M13噬菌体的无毒病毒, 用它去感染细菌。
bacteriophage:n.[病毒]噬菌体;抗菌素; infect:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染(计算机病毒);
Well it has a simple DNA structure that you can go in and cut and paste additional DNA sequences into it. 它有简单的DNA结构, 可以剪切、粘贴 附加的DNA序列到其中。
paste:v.粘贴; n.面团; adj.人造的; additional:adj.附加的,额外的;
And by doing that, it allows the virus to express random protein sequences. 这样做后,它允许病毒 表达随机的蛋白质序列。
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
And this is pretty easy biotechnology . 这是很简单的生物技术。
biotechnology:n.[生物]生物技术;[生物]生物工艺学;
And you could basically do this a billion times. 可以这么做个十亿次。
And so you can go in and have a billion different viruses that are all genetically identical , but they differ from each other based on their tips , on one sequence that codes for one protein. 这样就能得到十亿个不同的病毒 它们具有相同的遗传基因, 但它们可以基于它们的标签相互区分, 为一个蛋白质 编码的序列。
genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; tips:n.尖端; v.(使)倾斜,翻覆; (tip的第三人称单数和复数)
Now if you take all billion viruses, and you can put them in one drop of liquid, you can force them to interact with anything you want on the periodic table. 现在,收集起所有这些病毒, 可以把它们放入一滴液体中, 可以强制它们与周期表中的任何元素交互。
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
And through a process of selection evolution , you can pull one out of a billion that does something that you'd like it to do, like grow a battery or grow a solar cell. 通过一个选择性进化的过程, 可以从十亿中选出一个符合你期望的病毒, 比如长出一个电池或是一个太阳能电池。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; selection:n.选择;选拔;挑选;被挑选的人(或物); evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
So basically, viruses can't replicate themselves; they need a host. 所以,基本上,病毒不能复制自身,它们需要宿主。
Once you find that one out of a billion, you infect it into a bacteria, and you make millions and billions of copies of that particular sequence. 一旦有亿万中的一个 感染了一个细菌, 就会产生不计其数的那种 特定序列的复制体。
And so the other thing that's beautiful about biology is that biology gives you really exquisite structures with nice link scales . 生物学的另一个美妙之处是 生物学可以以一种良好的比例 呈现精致的结构。
scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数)
And these viruses are long and skinny , and we can get them to express the ability to grow something like semiconductors or materials for batteries. 这些病毒长且瘦, 我们能让它们表达生长出一些事物的能力 比如半导体 或是制作电池的材料。
skinny:adj.极瘦的;干瘦的;皮包骨的;紧身的;n.(不公开的)信息;内幕消息; semiconductors:n.[电子][物]半导体;半导体组件(semiconductor的复数);
Now this is a high-powered battery that we grew in my lab. 这是我们在实验室培育的高能电池。
high-powered:adj.高性能的;精力充沛的,强有力的;马力大的;
We engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes . 我们让病毒收集碳纳米管。
nanotubes:n.纳米管;米碳管;
So one part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube. 病毒的一部分抓住一个碳纳米管。
grabs:n.链钩(grab的复数);v.抓取;捕获(grab的第三人称单数);
The other part of the virus has a sequence that can grow an electrode material for a battery. 另一部分拥有一个 能长出电池的电极材料的序列。
electrode:n.[电]电极;电焊条;
And then it wires itself to the current collector. 然后它把自己缠绕成集电器。
And so through a process of selection evolution, we went from being able to have a virus that made a crummy battery to a virus that made a good battery 然后通过一个选择性进化的过程, 我们就从一个制造低劣电池的病毒 得到了一个制造良好电池的病毒
crummy:adj.微不足道的;寒酸的;肮脏的;
to a virus that made a record-breaking , high-powered battery that's all made at room temperature, basically at the bench top. 一个制造破纪录的高能电池的病毒 这些都是在常温下,实验台上进行的。
record-breaking:adj.破纪录的;n.破纪录;
And that battery went to the White House for a press conference . 那个电池去白宫参加过一次记者招待会。
White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); press conference:记者招待会,新闻发布会;
I brought it here. 我把它带到这里来了。
You can see it in this case -- that's lighting this LED. 各位能在这个盒子里看到它 -- 亮着的是个LED等。
Now if we could scale this, you could actually use it to run your Prius , which is my dream -- to be able to drive a virus-powered car. 如果我们能放大这个, 就能用它来 驱动普瑞斯车, 这是我的梦想 -- 能驾驶一辆病毒驱动的汽车。
Prius:adj.在前的(处方用语);
But it's basically -- you can pull one out of a billion. 但基本上 -- 能从十亿中选出一个。
You can make lots of amplifications to it. 能把它放大许多倍。
Basically, you make an amplification in the lab, and then you get it to self-assemble into a structure like a battery. 基本上,能在实验室进行放大。 然后让它自组装 成一个如电池这样的结构。
amplification:n.[电子]放大(率);扩大;详述; self-assemble:vi.自组装;
We're able to do this also with catalysis . 我们也能通过催化作用做到这些。
catalysis:n.催化作用;刺激作用;
This is the example of photocatalytic splitting of water. 这是光触媒 分离水的例子。
photocatalytic:光催化(作用)的;
And what we've been able to do is engineer a virus to basically take dye-absorbing molecules and line them up on the surface of the virus so it acts as an antenna , and you get an energy transfer across the virus. 我们已经能做到的是 设计一个病毒,能吸收染色分子 并把染色分子在病毒的表面排成一列, 就像个触须, 然后就能让能量转移穿过这些病毒了。
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); antenna:n.[电讯]天线;[动]触角,[昆]触须; transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
And then we give it a second gene to grow an inorganic material that can be used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen that can be used for clean fuels. 接着我们给它第二段基因 以生长出无机材料 这能用于把水分离成 氢气和氧气, 氢气和氧气能用作清洁燃料。
inorganic:adj.[无化]无机的;无生物的; split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; hydrogen:n.氢;氢气;
And I brought an example with me of that today. 今天我带来了一个样本。
My students promised me it would work. 我的学生对我保证说它能运作。
These are virus-assembled nanowires . 这些是由病毒组装的纳米线。
nanowires:纳米线(nanowire的复数);
When you shine light on them, you can see them bubbling . 当用光照向它们时,能看到他们在冒着泡泡。
bubbling:v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情);(bubble的现在分词)
In this case, you're seeing oxygen bubbles come out. 这样的情况表明,所看到的是氧气正在冒出。
bubbles:n.泡; v.起泡; (bubble的第三人称单数和复数)
And basically, by controlling the genes , you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance . 基本上通过控制基因 就能够控制多种材料来改进设备性能。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; improve:v.改进;改善; device:n.装置;策略;图案; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
The last example are solar cells. 最后一个例子是太阳能电池。
You can also do this with solar cells. 也可以这样制造太阳能电池。
We've been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes and then grow titanium dioxide around them -- and use as a way of getting electrons through the device. 我们已经能够设计病毒 来收集碳纳米管 然后再外面附着上二氧化钛 -- 并作为通过设备收集电子的一种方式。
titanium:n.[化学]钛(金属元素); dioxide:n.二氧化物; electrons:n.[物]电子(electron的复数形式);
And what we've found is through genetic engineering , we can actually increase the efficiencies of these solar cells to record numbers for these types of dye-sensitized systems. 我们的发现是,通过基因工程 我们能真正的增加 这些太阳能电池的效率 为各种类型的 染色敏化系统记录数字。
genetic engineering:n.基因工程;遗传工程(学); efficiencies:n.效率(efficiency的复数); dye-sensitized:un.染色敏化的;有机染料;
And I brought one of those as well that you can play around with outside afterward. 我也带了一个到这儿来 稍后各位可以在外面摆弄一下。
play around:玩耍;胡搞;轻率对待;
So this is a virus-based solar cell. 这是个基于病毒的太阳能电池。
Through evolution and selection, we took it from an eight percent efficiency solar cell to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell. 通过进化和选择, 我们把这个太阳能电池由效能百分之八 变为了百分之十一。
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
So I hope that I've convinced you that there's a lot of great, interesting things to be learned about how nature makes materials -- and taking it the next step to see if you can force, 我希望我已经让各位相信 关于如何让自然制作材料 有许多美好的、有趣的事情要学习-- 更进一步 看看能否你能够推行,
convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式)
or whether you can take advantage of how nature makes materials, to make things that nature hasn't yet dreamed of making. 或是利用自然制作材料的方式 来制作一些自然还未被要求制作的东西。
take advantage of:利用;
Thank you. 谢谢。