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AndrewMcDonald_KingdomofMan_2020E-_人类王国的兴衰_-
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| On a small island in the middle of the Irish Sea, fortresses preside over the rugged shores. |
在爱尔兰海中间的一个小岛上, 崎岖的海岸上矗立着堡垒。 |
| This unlikely location was the birthplace of a medieval empire that lasted 200 years, ruled by a dynasty of sea kings. |
在这个意想不到的地方 有个中世纪帝国的发源地, 持续了 200 年,由海王王朝统治。 |
| The first of these kings was Godred Crovan, a notorious warlord descended from Irish and Viking rulers. |
第一个国王是戈德雷·克罗万, 他是爱尔兰和维京统治者的后裔, 臭名昭着的军阀。 |
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fortresses:n.堡垒(fortress的复数); v.在…设置堡垒(fortress的第三人称单数形式); preside:vi.主持,担任会议主席;vt.管理; rugged:adj.崎岖的;坚固的;高低不平的;粗糙的; unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 birthplace:n.出生地;发源地; medieval:adj.中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的; dynasty:n.代;王朝;朝代; notorious:adj.声名狼藉的,臭名昭著的; warlord:n.军阀; descended:adj.出身于...的;从一个祖先传下来的; Viking:n.维金人,北欧海盗;
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| Starting in 1079, Godred consolidated power over the Isle of Man and the Hebrides, a collection of islands off the west coast of Scotland. |
从 1079 年开始,戈德雷德巩固了对 马恩岛和赫布里底群岛的权力, 赫布里底群岛 是苏格兰西海岸的一系列岛屿。 |
| He seized control of important sea routes between the British Isles , |
他控制了不列颠群岛、 斯堪的纳维亚半岛 |
| Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic . |
和北大西洋之间的重要海上航线。 |
| A turbulent period followed Godred’s death, characterised by invasions from Norway and Ireland, and intense feuding between princes. |
戈德雷德死后一段动荡时期, 其特点是来自挪威和爱尔兰的入侵 以及王子之间的激烈争斗。 |
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consolidated:adj.加固的; v.使加强,使巩固; (consolidate的过去分词和过去式) Isle:n.岛;小岛; west coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州); routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数) Isles:群岛; Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋; turbulent:adj.骚乱的,混乱的;狂暴的;吵闹的;激流的,湍流的; characterised:vt.刻划…的性格;表示…的特性(characterise的变形); invasions:n.武装入侵;侵略;侵犯;涌入;干预;(invasion的复数) intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的; feuding:n.不和;争执;封地;vi.长期不和;长期争斗;
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| But his descendants held on to power, building coastal fortresses, roving the seaways , throwing themselves into epic battles, and consolidating control over an impressive maritime kingdom. |
但他的后代继续掌权, 建造沿海堡垒,在海上航行, 投身于史诗般的战斗, 并巩固了一个令人印象深刻的 海上王国的控制。 |
| The inhabitants of this kingdom had both Gaelic and Norse roots, and many probably spoke both languages. |
这个王国的居民有盖尔和挪威两种血统, 许多人可能会说两种语言。 |
| Those on the Isle of Man were known as the Manx people, while those in the Hebrides were known as Islanders or People of the Isles. |
马恩岛的人被称为曼克斯人, 而赫布里底群岛的人被称为岛民或群岛人。 |
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descendants:n.后裔;后代;子孙;派生物;(descendant的复数) coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的; roving:n.粗纱;adj.流动的;徘徊的; seaways:n.[水运]海上航道(seaway的复数); epic:adj.史诗的,叙事诗的;n.史诗;叙事诗;史诗般的作品; consolidating:v.使加强;使巩固;(使)结成一体,合并;(consolidate的现在分词) impressive:adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的; maritime:adj.海的;海事的;沿海的;海员的; inhabitants:n.居民(inhabitant的复数); Gaelic:n.盖尔语;adj.盖尔人的; Norse:adj.挪威的;挪威人的;斯堪的纳维亚语的;n.挪威人;挪威语; Islanders:n.岛上居民,岛民(尤指小岛上的);(islander的复数)
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| Though we still don’t know for sure how many there were, we do know this relatively small group had an outsize impact on the region . |
虽然我们仍然不确定有多少人, 但我们确实知道这个相对较小的群体 对该地区产生了巨大的影响。 |
| Perched on cliffs with sweeping views and safe harbors , seaside fortresses helped the kings control shipping, commerce , and resources . |
海滨堡垒栖息在视野开阔的悬崖上, 拥有安全的港口, 帮助国王控制航运、商业和资源。 |
| The empire commanded vast fleets of Viking-style long ships, which they used for trading, raiding , and plundering the seas. |
帝国指挥着庞大的维京式长船舰队, 用于贸易、掠夺和掠夺领海。 |
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relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; outsize:adj.特大的;n.特大号; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; region:n.地区;范围;部位; Perched:adj.栖息的;置于高处的;v.栖息(perch的过去式); cliffs:n.(常指海洋边的)悬崖,峭壁;(cliff的复数) sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) harbors:n.海港(harbor的名词复数);海湾;避难所;躲藏处; commerce:n.商业;(尤指国际间的)贸易;商务; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); fleets:n.[军]舰队(fleet的复数);v.掠过(fleet的第三人称单数形式); raiding:v.突然搜查;突袭;偷袭;打劫;(raid的现在分词) plundering:n.抢夺;战利品;掠夺品;vt.掠夺;抢劫;侵吞;vi.掠夺;盗窃;
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| Observing this prowess , many neighboring rulers sought their aid. |
看到这种威力,许多邻近的统治者 寻求他们的帮助。 |
| The brothers Rognvald and Olaf each solved neighbors’ maritime woes : |
罗格瓦尔德和奥拉夫兄弟 各自解决了邻国的海上困境: |
| King Rognvald supplied military assistance to the Scottish king, and King Olaf’s forces served as a Coast Guard at the English King Henry III’s request— for a hefty fee. |
罗格瓦尔德国王向苏格兰国王 提供军事援助, 奥拉夫国王的部队担任了海岸警卫队 应英国国王亨利三世的要求, 收取高额费用。 |
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Observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); prowess:n.英勇;超凡技术;勇猛; neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词) sought:v.seek(寻求、寻找)的过去式和过去分词形式; woes:n.麻烦;问题;困难;痛苦;苦恼;悲伤;(woe的复数) military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; hefty:adj.重的;肌肉发达的;异常大的;adv.强有力地;非常;n.体格健壮的人;
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| The sea kings also sparred with their powerful neighbors, but they had a particularly bitter rivalry with another dynasty in their own isles: a line of rulers in the Hebrides. |
海王们也与他们强大的邻居争吵, 但他们与自己岛屿上的另一个王朝 有着特别激烈的竞争: 赫布里底群岛的统治者。 |
| In the 1150s, a chieftain of this line, Somerled, defeated the Manx King, his brother-in-law , in a naval battle and formed a rival Kingdom of the Isles, fracturing the old kingdom. |
在 1150 年代, 这一血统的酋长萨默雷德, 在海战中击败了他的姐夫曼克斯国王, 组建了一个敌对的群岛王国, 瓦解了旧王国。 |
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sparred:v.练习拳击;虚晃一拳;辩论,争论;(spar的过去分词和过去式) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; bitter:adj.苦的; n.苦味; v.激烈地; v.使变苦; rivalry:n.竞争;对抗;竞赛; chieftain:n.酋长;首领; brother-in-law:n.姐夫;妹夫;内弟;内兄;小叔;大伯; naval:adj.海军的;军舰的; fracturing:n.水力压裂;破碎;龟裂;v.使破裂;粉碎(fracture的ing形式);
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| This began a century-long rivalry between Somerled’s line, who ruled the southern and central Hebrides, and the Manx Kings, who ruled the Isle of Man and northern Hebrides, to control the seaways. |
这开始了长达一个世纪的争夺 在统治赫布里底群岛南部 和中部的萨默雷德家族, 与统治马恩岛和赫布里底群岛北部的 曼克斯国王之间, 以控制海道。 |
| Family feuds often blossomed into bitter civil wars. |
家庭不和经常演变成激烈的内战。 |
| In 1223, King Rognvald sent a letter to his son commanding him to murder his uncle Olaf. |
1223年,罗格瓦尔德国王 给他的儿子写了一封信, 命令他谋杀他的叔叔奥拉夫。 |
| When Olaf discovered the plot , he launched a vicious attack on his nephew, blinding and mutilating him. |
奥拉夫发现这个阴谋后, 对他的侄子发动了恶毒的攻击, 使他失明并致残。 |
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feuds:n.不和;争执;封地;vi.长期不和;长期争斗; blossomed:v.开花;变得更加健康(或自信、成功);(blossom的过去分词和过去式) civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; plot:n.情节;阴谋;布局;小块土地;v.密谋;暗中策划;(在地图上)标出;绘制(图表); launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) vicious:adj.恶毒的;恶意的;堕落的;有错误的;品性不端的;剧烈的; mutilating:v.残害;篡改(mutilate的ing形式);
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| After Rognvald’s death several years later, people realized the letter ordering the attack might have been forged . |
几年后罗格瓦尔德去世后, 人们意识到下令发动袭击的信件 可能是伪造的。 |
| The Manx kings attempted to resolve disagreements at Tynwald, an open-air parliament centered on a mound , where assemblies ruled on matters of justice and other issues . |
曼克斯国王试图解决 在廷瓦尔德的分歧, 廷瓦尔德是一个 以土丘为中心的露天集会, 议会就司法问题和其他问题进行裁决。 |
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forged:v.艰苦干成;努力加强;假冒;制作;(forge的过去分词和过去式) attempted:adj.未遂的;v.努力;尝试;试图;(attempt的过去分词和过去式) resolve:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决; open-air:adj.露天的;户外的,野外的; parliament:n.议会,国会; mound:n.小丘;小山岗;一堆;许多;大量; assemblies:n.装配;程序集;集会;衣片(assembly的复数形式); justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Such sites were commonly used in the Viking world for resolving anything from local disputes to matters involving kings. |
这些站点在维京世界中通常用于 从解决从地方争端 |
| These meetings didn’t always go smoothly— sometimes violence erupted , and in 1237, two rival factions squabbled to the point of breaking up the assembly at Tynwald. |
这些会议并不总是一帆风顺, 有时会爆发暴力事件, 1237 年,两个敌对派系争吵到 瓦解廷瓦尔德集会的地步。 |
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sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); resolving:n.分解;解析;v.分辨(resolve的ing形式);分解;决定;解决矛盾; disputes:n.争论(dispute的复数);v.争论(dispute的单数第三人称); involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词) violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; erupted:v.爆发;长出(erupt的过去分词); factions:n.派系(faction的复数);内讧; squabbled:vi.发生口角;大声争吵;vt.弄乱(排好的铅字);n.争吵;口角; assembly:n.装配;集会,集合;
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| The four-tiered mound at Tynwald survives to this day , and the modern Manx parliament still holds an annual meeting there. |
Tynwald 的四层土丘一直保存至今, 现代的 Manx 议会 仍然在那里举行年会。 |
| In 1248, King Harald of Man died in a shipwreck and was succeeded by his brother. |
1248年,人类国王哈拉尔死于海难, 其弟继位。 |
| Weeks into the new king’s reign , a rebel knight assassinated him. |
新国王在位数周后, 一名叛乱骑士暗杀了他。 |
| His brother Magnus died in 1265 at Castle Rushen— without an heir . |
他的兄弟马格努斯于 1265 年 在鲁申城堡去世,没有继承人。 |
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to this day:至今; annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; shipwreck:n.海难;遇难船;vt.使失事;使毁灭;使失败; reign:vi.统治;支配;盛行;君临;n.统治;统治时期;支配; rebel:n.反政府的人;叛乱者;造反者;反抗权威者;v.造反;反抗;背叛;adj.造反的; knight:n.(中世纪的)骑士;(英国)爵士(其名前冠以Sir);v.封(某人)为爵士; assassinated:v.(尤为政治目的)暗杀,行刺(assassinate的过去分词和过去式) heir:n.[法]继承人;后嗣;嗣子;
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| According to one scribe , his death marked the day that |
据一位文士说,他的死的那一天标志着 |
| Scotland annexed Man and the Isles the next year, in 1266. |
苏格兰于次年,1266 年, 吞并了马恩和群岛。 |
| We know about the exploits of the sea kings primarily from a chronicle written by Christian scribes living on the Isle of Man, and from the praise poems composed to celebrate the kings’ victories. |
我们主要从编年史 居住在马恩岛的基督教文士所写的, 以及为庆祝国王的胜利而创作的 赞美诗中了解海王的功绩。 |
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According to:根据,据说; scribe:n.抄写员;作家;划线器;vt.写下,记下;用划线器划;vi.写下,记下;担任抄写员; annexed:adj.附加的,附属的;v.附加(annex的过去分词); exploits:n.功绩,业绩;壮举(exploit的复数);v.利用;开发(exploit的第三人称单数); primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; chronicle:n.编年史,年代记;记录;vt.记录;把…载入编年史; scribes:n.抄写员;书记(scribe的复数);作者;v.写下;刻出(scribe的第三人称单数); composed:adj.由…组成的; v.组成; (compose的过去分词和过去式)
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| Today, although the sea kings are long gone, their presence remains etched onto the landscape . |
今天,虽然海王早已不复存在, 但他们的存在仍然铭刻在风景上。 |
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presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; etched:v.蚀刻,凿出;(脸上)流露出;铭刻;画出…的轮廓(etch的过去分词和过去式) landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境;
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