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AndreasEkstrom_2015X-_网络搜索结果背后的道德偏见_
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| So whenever I visit a school and talk to students, |
每当我参观一所学校,和学生们交谈, |
| I always ask them the same thing: |
我总是问他们同样的问题: |
| Why do you Google ? |
为什么你用Google？ |
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Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
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| Why is Google the search engine of choice for you? |
为什么你首选Google作为搜索引擎呢？ |
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search engine:n.(计算机)搜索引擎;
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| Strangely enough, I always get the same three answers. |
奇怪的是,我总是得到三个相同的回答。 |
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Strangely:adv.奇怪地;奇妙地;不可思议地;
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| One, "Because it works," |
第一个回答,“因为它是个管用的搜索工具,” |
| which is a great answer; that's why I Google, too. |
这是最好的答案,也是我使用Google的原因。 |
| Two, somebody will say, "I really don't know of any alternatives ." |
第二个回答是, ”我真的不知道其他任何可代替的方法。“ |
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alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
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| It's not an equally great answer and my reply to that is usually, "Try to Google the word 'search engine,' you may find a couple of interesting alternatives." |
这不是一个很好的回答,而我的回应总是, ”尝试在Google上键入搜索引擎, 你可以发现一些有趣的,可代替的搜索方法。” |
| And last but not least , thirdly, inevitably , one student will raise her or his hand and say, "With Google, I'm certain to always get the best, unbiased search result." |
最后一个回答并非不重要, 如我所预料的,一个学生举手说, ”使用Google, 我确信总得到最好和客观公正的搜索结果。“ |
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last but not least:最后但不是最不重要的一点; inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; unbiased:adj.公正的;无偏见的;
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| Certain to always get the best, unbiased search result. |
一定得到最好和客观公正的搜索结果。 |
| Now, as a man of the "Black"> / b>f b>font>ont >> huma < / b>f b>font>ont>nities < / b>f b>font>ont>, albeit a digital humanities man, that just makes my skin curl, even if I, too, realize that that trust, that idea of the unbiased search result is a "Black"> / b>f b>font>ont>> cornerstone < / b>f b>font>ont> in our collective love for and "Black"> / b>f b>font>ont>> appreciation < / b>f b>font>ont> of Google. |
作为一个学习人文科学的人, 尽管我是研究科技和人文科学间关系的, 这个回答听起来使我心里发毛, 尽管我也知道,这种对搜索结果的信任, 是以我们共同喜爱和对Google的认识为基础的。 |
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| I will show you why that, philosophically , is almost an impossibility . |
我会证明给你看,这种想法在哲学思维分析上几乎不存在。 |
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philosophically:adv.哲学上;贤明地; impossibility:n.不可能;不可能的事;
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| But let me first elaborate , just a little bit, on a basic principle behind each search query that we sometimes seem to forget. |
但首先,我对网上查询的基本原则说明一下, 我们有时似乎忘记,每个搜索查询背后的原则。 |
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elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; query:n.疑问,质问;疑问号;[计]查询;vt.询问;对…表示疑问;vi.询问;表示怀疑;
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| So whenever you set out to Google something, start by asking yourself this: "Am I looking for an isolated fact?" |
因此,每当你用Google查询所需的东西, 首先要问自己:“我要寻找个别的事实吗？” |
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isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离;
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| What is the capital of France? |
例如,法国的首都是哪里？ |
| What are the building blocks of a water molecule ? |
水分子的构成要素是什么？ |
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building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒;
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| Great -- Google away. |
使用Google搜索都能找到这些答案。 |
| There's not a group of scientists who are this close to proving that it's actually London and H30. |
没有一个严密的科学家小组去证明 这些答案,实际上会是伦敦和H30。 |
| You don't see a big conspiracy among those things. |
在这些答案中,你不会找到什么阴谋。 |
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conspiracy:n.阴谋;共谋;阴谋集团;
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| We agree, on a global scale , what the answers are to these isolated facts. |
我们同意,在全球范围内, 这些个别事实通过网上查询能找到答案。 |
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global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
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| But if you complicate your question just a little bit and ask something like, "Why is there an Israeli-Palestine conflict ?" |
但是,如果你搜索一些稍复杂的问题, 例如,“为什么出现以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的冲突？“ |
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complicate:v.使复杂化; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
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| You're not exactly looking for a singular fact anymore, you're looking for knowledge, which is something way more complicated and delicate . |
你不会只寻找单独形式的个别事实, 你要找的是知识, 这些知识会表现出很复杂和微妙的形式。 |
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singular:adj.单数的;单一的;非凡的;异常的;n.单数; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) delicate:adj.精致的,微妙的,脆弱的,熟练的,柔和的;
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| And to get to knowledge, you have to bring 10 or 20 or 100 facts to the table and acknowledge them and say, "Yes, these are all true." |
为了获得这些知识, 你必须要搜索10,20或100个相关的事实 并认可这些事实,说:”这些都是真实的。“ |
| But because of who I am, young or old, black or white, gay or straight, |
但是,取决于我是谁, 年龄、肤色、性别取向, |
| I will value them differently. |
人们以不同方式,去评估这些事实。 |
| And I will say, "Yes, this is true, but this is more important to me than that." |
我会说,“这是真实的, 但对我来说,这些事实比那些更重要。” |
| And this is where it becomes interesting, because this is where we become human. |
事情在这里变得微妙, 你可以在这里发现人性。 |
| This is when we start to argue, to form society. |
当我们开始对这些事实进行辩论,这就形成社会。 |
| And to really get somewhere, we need to filter all our facts here, through friends and neighbors and parents and children and coworkers and newspapers and magazines, to finally be grounded in real knowledge, which is something that a search engine is a poor help to achieve. |
要获得真实的信息,我们需要对所有的事实进行过滤, 通过我们的朋友,邻居,父母和小孩 还有通过同事,报纸和杂志, 最后会得到真实的知识, 这些真实的知识,很难依赖网上搜索引擎的帮助。 |
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filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行; coworkers:n.同事;合作人;(coworker的复数形式) finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
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| So, I promised you an example just to show you why it's so hard to get to the point of true, clean, objective knowledge -- as food for thought . |
让我举例证明 要得到真实,公正和客观的知识有多困难 － 提供另一个观点供你们思考。 |
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get to the point:言归正传;直奔主题; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; food for thought:引人深思的事;
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| I will conduct a couple of simple queries , search queries. |
在这里,我会进行一些简单的搜索查询。 |
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conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; queries:n.问题; v.[计]查询(query的第三人称单数形式);
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| We'll start with "Michelle Obama," |
我们查询“Michelle Obama,” |
| the First Lady of the United States. |
美国第一夫人。 |
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First Lady:n.第一夫人;元首夫人;总统夫人; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
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| And we'll click for pictures. |
我们点击她的图片。 |
| It works really well, as you can see . |
你能看到,这个查询方法很管用。 |
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as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
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| It's a perfect search result, more or less . |
或多或少这是一个完美的搜索结果。 |
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more or less:或多或少;
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| It's just her in the picture, not even the President. |
只有她在相片中,她的总统丈夫不在相片中。 |
| How does this work? |
搜索引擎是如何工作呢？ |
| Quite simple. |
很简单。 |
| Google uses a lot of smartness to achieve this, but quite simply, they look at two things more than anything. |
Google使用大量智能技术呈现搜索结果,但很简单, 它们更多看两样东西比任何其他东西。 |
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smartness:n.机灵;敏捷;现代风格;
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| First, what does it say in the caption under the picture on each website? |
首先,每个网站上的图片标题是什么？ |
| Does it say "Michelle Obama" under the picture? |
在图片下有显示“Michelle Obama” 吗？ |
| Pretty good indication it's actually her on there. |
有的话会是很好的指标。 |
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indication:n.显示;表明;标示;象征;
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| Second, Google looks at the picture file, the name of the file as such uploaded to the website. |
第二,Google显示图像文件, 该文件的名字会传到网站。 |
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uploaded:vt.上传;
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| Again, is it called "MichelleObama.jpeg"? |
被称为“MichellObama.jpeg”吗？ |
| Pretty good indication it's not Clint Eastwood in the picture. |
非常好的指标,它不是Clint Eastwood的图片。 |
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Clint:n.[地质]石芽;石灰岩岩脊;岩沟;
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| So, you've got those two and you get a search result like this -- almost. |
你已经获得两个搜索结果,而且你会得到其他像这样类似的结果。 |
| Now, in 2009, Michelle Obama was the victim of a racist campaign, where people set out to insult her through her search results. |
在2009年,Michelle Obama是一个种族主义运动的受害者, 有些人通过网上搜索结果,有意对她进行侮辱。 |
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victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者; racist:n.种族主义者;种族主义的; insult:v.侮辱;辱骂;损害;n.侮辱;凌辱;无礼;
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| There was a picture distributed widely over the Internet where her face was distorted to look like a monkey. |
有一张她的相片在互联网上广泛散布, 她的脸被扭曲,看起来像一只猴子。 |
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distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) distorted:adj.歪曲的;受到曲解的;v.扭曲(distort的过去式和过去分词);
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| And that picture was published all over. |
这张相片全世界被公布了。 |
| And people published it very, very purposefully , to get it up there in the search results. |
这些人很故意地发布这张相片, 登载在互联网上,在她相关图片的搜索结果中。 |
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purposefully:adv.有目的地;自觉地;
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| They made sure to write "Michelle Obama" in the caption and they made sure to upload the picture as "MichelleObama.jpeg," or the like. |
这些人确信,要用“MichelleObama”作标题, 而且,他们确信上传的图片为“MichelleObama.jpeg 。 |
| You get why -- to manipulate the search result. |
你明白这个原因---操纵搜索结果。 |
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manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改;
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| And it worked, too. |
而且,它也管用。 |
| So when you picture-Googled for "Michelle Obama" in 2009, that distorted monkey picture showed up among the first results. |
当你Google搜索图片,”MichelleObama“ 2009, 被扭曲了的猴子图片会出现在第一个搜索结果中。 |
| Now, the results are self-cleansing, and that's sort of the beauty of it, because Google measures relevance every hour, every day. |
现在,这图片在搜索结果中自我消失了, 这是Google的优点, 因为Google每小时,每天都测量信息的相关性。 |
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relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯;
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| However, Google didn't settle for that this time, they just thought, "That's racist and it's a bad search result and we're going to go back and clean that up manually . |
但是,Google在这个事件上没有妥协, Google只是想,”这是种族主义的表现,是糟糕的搜索结果, 我们用手工清除它。 |
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settle for:满足于; manually:adv.手动地;用手;
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| We are going to write some code and fix it," |
我们会编写一些代码并修复它。” |
| which they did. |
修复这个恶作剧。 |
| And I don't think anyone in this room thinks that was a bad idea. |
我不认为,这里会有人觉得这个主意不好, |
| Me neither. |
我也不觉得。 |
| But then, a couple of years go by, and the world's most-Googled Anders, |
但是,几年过去后, 世界上最多用Google搜索的是Anders, |
| Anders Behring Breivik, did what he did. |
他为所欲为做他想做的事。 |
| This is July 22 in 2011, and a terrible day in Norwegian history. |
在2011年7月22日, 在挪威史上是很可怕的一天。 |
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Norwegian:adj.挪威的;挪威人的;挪威语的;n.挪威人;挪威语;
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| This man, a terrorist, blew up a couple of government buildings walking distance from where we are right now in Oslo, Norway and then he traveled to the island of Ut?ya and shot and killed a group of kids. |
Anders是恐怖分子,他炸毁了几栋政府大楼, 在挪威首都奥斯陆,离我们现在所在地仅几步之遥, 然后,他前往Utoya岛 并开枪打死一群孩子。 |
| Almost 80 people died that day. |
近80人在那天丧生。 |
| And a lot of people would describe this act of terror as two steps, that he did two things: he blew up the buildings and he shot those kids. |
很多人描述他的恐怖行为有两个步骤, 他做了两件事:炸毁建筑物和枪杀那些孩子。 |
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describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
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| It's not true. |
这不是真的。 |
| It was three steps. |
该包括三个步骤。 |
| He blew up those buildings, he shot those kids, and he sat down and waited for the world to Google him. |
他炸毁那些建筑物,他枪杀孩子, 还有,他坐下来并等待全世界的人用Google搜索他。 |
| And he prepared all three steps equally well. |
他同样出色地准备了这三个步骤。 |
| And if there was somebody who immediately understood this, it was a Swedish web developer, a search engine optimization expert in Stockholm , named Nikke Lindqvist. |
如果有人立刻明白他的目的, 这个人就是瑞典互联网的开发员, 名叫Nikke Lindqvist,是斯德哥尔摩的搜索引擎优化专家。 |
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Swedish:adj.瑞典的;瑞典语的;瑞典人的;n.瑞典语;瑞典人; optimization:n.最佳化,最优化; Stockholm:n.斯德哥尔摩(瑞典首都);
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| He's also a very political guy and he was right out there in social media , on his blog and Facebook. |
他也是一个非常政治化的家伙, 他出现在社会媒体,博客和Facebook上。 |
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media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; blog:n.博客;部落格;网络日志;
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| And he told everybody, "If there's something that this guy wants right now, it's to control the image of himself. |
他告诉每一个人, “如果他现在想做一件事情, 就是去控制他自己的图像。 |
| Let's see if we can distort that. |
让我们看看是否能扭曲图像。 |
| Let's see if we, in the civilized world, can protest against what he did through insulting him in his search results." |
在文明世界里,让我们看看能否反对他所做的事 在他的搜索结果中侮辱他。“ |
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civilized:adj.文明的; v.教化; (civilize的过去式和过去分词) protest against:反对,对…提出抗议; insulting:adj.侮辱的,无礼的;污蔑的;损害人体的;v.侮辱;损害;(insult的现在分词);
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| And how? |
该怎样做呢？ |
| He told all of his readers the following, "Go out there on the Internet, find pictures of dog poop on sidewalks -- find pictures of dog poop on sidewalks -- publish them in your feeds, on your websites, on your blogs . |
他告诉所有的读者, “在互联网上, 找人行道上狗屎的照片 -- 找人行道上狗屎的照片 -- 把这些照片公布在食物上,你的网站和博客上。 |
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poop:n.船尾;傻子;内幕消息;v.使精疲力尽;使船尾受击; sidewalks:n.人行道; publish:v.出版;发表;公布; blogs:n.网志;博客;v.写网志;写博客;(blog的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Make sure to write the terrorist's name in the caption, make sure to name the picture file "Breivik.jpeg." |
务必写恐怖分子的名字作为题目, 务必给图像文件取名为“Breivik.jpeg . |
| Let's teach Google that that's the face of the terrorist." |
让我们教导Google,恐怖分子的脸是怎样的。” |
| And it worked. |
这个方法管用。 |
| Two years after that campaign against Michelle Obama, this manipulation campaign against Anders Behring Breivik worked. |
在那场用来反对Michelle Obama的战役两年后, 反对Anders Behring Breivik的操纵战役有效。 |
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manipulation:n.操作;管理措施;处理;操纵证券市场;变换;
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| If you picture-Googled for him weeks after the July 22 events from Sweden, you'd see that picture of dog poop high up in the search results, as a little protest. |
在瑞典7月22日的事件发生几周后,如果你Google搜索Anders的图片, 你会看到有狗屎的相片排在他的搜索结果前面, 这作为对他的小抗议。 |
| Strangely enough, Google didn't intervene this time. |
奇怪的是,这次Google没有干预这件事。 |
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intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入;
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| They did not step in and manually clean those search results up. |
Google没有介入,并手工清除那些搜索结果。 |
| So the million-dollar question, is there anything different between these two happenings here? |
所以,重要的问题是, 这两个发生的事件在Google上有什么不同？ |
| Is there anything different between what happened to Michelle Obama and what happened to Anders Behring Breivik? |
这两者之间有不同吗？发生在Michelle Obama的事, 和发生在Anders Behring Breivik的事？ |
| Of course not. |
当然这是折然不同的事。 |
| It's the exact same thing, yet Google intervened in one case and not in the other. |
其实,这是同样的事情, 但Google介入一个案件,另一个不介入。 |
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intervened:干涉;介入(intervene的过去式和过去分词);
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| Why? |
为什么？ |
| Because Michelle Obama is an honorable person, that's why, and Anders Behring Breivik is a despicable person. |
因为Michelle Obama是一个体面和正直的人,这就是原因, 而Anders Behring Breivik是一个卑鄙的人。 |
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honorable:adj.光荣的;可敬的;高贵的; despicable:adj.卑劣的;可鄙的;
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| See what happens there? |
你都看到这里发生的事吗？ |
| An evaluation of a person takes place and there's only one power-player in the world with the authority to say who's who. |
对一个人的评价。 在世界上,只有唯一一个权力重要参与者, 有权威决定谁是谁, |
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evaluation:n.评价;[审计]评估;估价;求值; authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
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| '"We like you, we dislike you. |
“我们喜欢你,我们不喜欢你。 |
| We believe in you, we don't believe in you. |
我们相信你,我们不相信你。 |
| You're right, you're wrong. You're true, you're false. |
你是对的,你是错的;你是真的,你是假的。 |
| You're Obama, and you're Breivik." |
你是Obama,而你是Breivik。” |
| That's power if I ever saw it. |
我在任何时候都看到,这就是权力。 |
| So I'm asking you to remember that behind every algorithm is always a person, a person with a set of personal beliefs that no code can ever completely eradicate . |
所以,我要求你记住,每个计算机操作的背后 总有一个人, 这个人有一套个人的信念 从来没有破译密码能彻底根除这种信念。 |
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personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; eradicate:vt.根除,根绝;消灭;
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| And my message goes out not only to Google, but to all believers in the faith of code around the world. |
我发布这些信息表明,不仅Google是这样, 而且世界上所有相信计算机操作的人都这样。 |
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believers:n.信徒;相信的人;(believer的复数) faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰;
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| You need to identify your own personal bias. |
你需要确定自己个人的偏见。 |
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identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
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| You need to understand that you are human and take responsibility accordingly . |
你需要明白,你是人 并承担相应的责任。 |
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accordingly:adv.因此,于是;相应地;照著;
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| And I say this because I believe we've reached a point in time when it's absolutely imperative that we tie those bonds together again, tighter: the humanities and the technology . |
我说这些,因为我相信我们已经及时达成共识, 这是绝对必要的, 我们又把这个纽带更加拉紧在一起: 人文科学和科技, |
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absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
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| Tighter than ever. |
比以往任何时候更紧密。 |
| And, if nothing else, to remind us that that wonderfully seductive idea of the unbiased, clean search result is, and is likely to remain, a myth . |
而且,如果没有其他东西,提醒我们这个极其吸引人的 公正,干净的搜索结果的想法 是一个神话。 |
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remind:v.提醒;使想起; wonderfully:adv.精彩地;惊人地;极好地; seductive:adj.有魅力的;性感的;引人注意的; myth:n.神话;虚构的人,虚构的事;
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| Thank you for your time. |
谢谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（鼓掌） |