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AndrasForgacs_2013G-_不杀害动物的皮革与肉_
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| When my father and I started a company to 3D print human tissues and organs , some people initially thought we were a little crazy. |
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tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); initially:adv.最初,首先;开头;
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| But since then, much progress has been made, both in our lab and other labs around the world. |
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labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数)
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| And given this, we started getting questions like, "If you can grow human body parts, can you also grow animal products like meat and leather ?" |
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leather:n.皮革;皮革制品;v.用皮革包盖;抽打;adj.皮的;皮革制的;
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| When someone first suggested this to me, quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy, but what I soon came to realize was that this is not so crazy after all. |
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| What's crazy is what we do today. |
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| I'm convinced that in 30 years, when we look back on today and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals to make our hamburgers and our handbags, we'll see this as being wasteful and indeed crazy. |
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convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式) slaughter:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭; wasteful:adj.浪费的,不经济的;奢侈的;
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| Did you know that today we maintain a global herd of 60 billion animals to provide our meat, dairy , eggs and leather goods? |
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maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; herd:n.兽群,畜群;放牧人;vi.成群,聚在一起;vt.放牧;使成群; dairy:n.奶制品; adj.乳品的;
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| And over the next few decades, as the world's population expands to 10 billion, this will need to nearly double to 100 billion animals. |
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expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数)
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| But maintaining this herd takes a major toll on our planet. |
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maintaining:n.维护;保养;v.维持;保养;(maintain的现在分词) toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟);
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| Animals are not just raw materials. |
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| They're living beings, and already our livestock is one of the largest users of land, fresh water, and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases which drive climate change. |
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livestock:n.家畜;牲畜; greenhouse:n.温室;暖房;
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| On top of this, when you get so many animals so close together, it creates a breeding ground for disease and opportunities for harm and abuse . |
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breeding ground:n.(野生动物的)繁殖地;(尤指坏事物的)滋生地; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
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| Clearly, we cannot continue on this path which puts the environment, public health, and food security at risk. |
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| There is another way, because essentially , animal products are just collections of tissues, and right now we breed and raise highly complex animals only to create products that are made of relatively simple tissues. |
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essentially:adv.本质上;本来; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
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| What if , instead of starting with a complex and sentient animal, we started with what the tissues are made of, the basic unit of life, the cell? |
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What if:如果…怎么办? sentient:adj.有感情的;有感觉力的;意识到的;n.有知觉的人;
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| This is biofabrication, where cells themselves can be used to grow biological products like tissues and organs. |
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biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
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| Already in medicine, biofabrication techniques have been used to grow sophisticated body parts, like ears, windpipes , skin, blood vessels and bone, that have been successfully implanted into patients . |
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techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; windpipes:n.气管;嗓门; vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; implanted:植入的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
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| And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be a humane , sustainable and scalable new industry. |
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humane:adj.仁慈的,人道的;高尚的; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的;
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| And we should begin by reimagining leather. |
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reimagining:重新想象;再回味(reimagine的现在分词)
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| I emphasize leather because it is so widely used. |
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emphasize:v.强调;重视;着重;使突出;
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| It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history. |
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| Growing leather is also technically simpler than growing other animal products like meat. |
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| It mainly uses one cell type, and it is largely two-dimensional . |
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mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; two-dimensional:adj.二维的;缺乏深度的;
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| It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators . |
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polarizing:v.(使)两极化,截然对立; (polarize的现在分词) consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) regulators:n.调整者;调节阀(regulator的复数形式);
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| Until biofabrication is better understood, it is clear that, initially at least, more people would be willing to wear novel materials than would be willing to eat novel foods, no matter how delicious. |
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novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说;
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| In this sense, leather is a gateway material, a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry. |
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mainstream:n.主流;
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| If we can succeed here, it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat closer on the horizon . |
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horizon:n.地平线;(欲望、知识或兴趣的)范围;
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| Now how do we do it? |
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| To grow leather, we begin by taking cells from an animal, through a simple biopsy . |
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biopsy:n.活组织检查;切片检查法;v.活组织检查;切片检查法;
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| The animal could be a cow, lamb , or even something more exotic . |
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lamb:n.羔羊;小羊;羊羔肉;v.产羊羔 exotic:adj.异国的;外来的;异国情调的;
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| This process does no harm, and Daisy the cow can live a happy life. |
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process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
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| We then isolate the skin cells and multiply them in a cell culture medium . |
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isolate:v.孤立; n.[微]分离菌; multiply:vt.乘; vi.乘; v.多样地; adj.多层的; medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的;
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| This takes millions of cells and expands them into billions. |
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| And we then coax these cells to produce collagen , as they would naturally . |
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coax:vt.哄;哄诱;慢慢将…弄好;vi.哄骗;劝诱; collagen:n.[生化]胶原,胶原质; naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
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| This collagen is the stuff between cells. |
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stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
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| It's natural connective tissue. |
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connective:adj.连合的,连接的;n.连接词;连接物;
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| It's the extracellular matrix , but in leather, it's the main building block . |
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extracellular:adj.(位于或发生于)[生物]细胞外的(副词extracellularly); matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石;
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| And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen and we spread them out to form "Black "> s heets , and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another, like phyllo pastry, to form thicker "Black "> s heets , which we then let mature. |
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"Black:黑色,黑色的
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| And finally , we take this multilayered skin and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process, we create leather. |
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finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; multilayered:adj.多层的; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; tanning:v.晒成棕褐色;(使)晒成褐色;鞣(革);硝(皮);(tan的现在分词)
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| And so I'm very excited to show you, for the first time, the first batch of our cultured leather, fresh from the lab. |
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batch:n.一批;一炉;一次所制之量;v.分批处理;
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| This is real, genuine leather, without the animal sacrifice . |
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genuine:adj.真实的,真正的;诚恳的; sacrifice:n.牺牲;舍弃;祭献;祭祀;祭品;v.牺牲;献出;作祭献
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| It can have all the characteristics of leather because it is made of the same cells, and better yet, there is no hair to remove, no scars or insect's bites, and no waste. |
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characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
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| This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet, a handbag or a car seat. |
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| It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow or an alligator . |
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limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) irregular:n.不规则物;不合规格的产品;adj.不规则的;无规律的;非正规的;不合法的; alligator:n.短吻鳄;钝吻鳄
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| And because we make this material, we grow this leather from the ground up , we can control its properties in very interesting ways. |
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from the ground up:从头开始;彻底;
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| This piece of leather is a mere seven tissue layers thick, and as you can see , it is nearly transparent . |
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mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的;
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| And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque . |
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opaque:adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的;n.不透明物;vt.使不透明;使不反光;
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| You don't have that kind of fine control with conventional leather. |
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conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的;
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| And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities, like softness, breathability, durability , elasticity and even things like pattern. |
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tune:n.曲调;和谐;心情;v.调整;使一致;为…调音;调谐; desirable:adj.令人满意的;值得要的;n.合意的人或事物; durability:n.耐久性;坚固;耐用年限; elasticity:n.弹性;弹力;灵活性;
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| We can mimic nature, but in some ways also improve upon it. |
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mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; improve:v.改进;改善;
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| This type of leather can do what today's leather does, but with imagination , probably much more. |
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imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
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| What could the future of animal products look like? |
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| It need not look like this, which is actually the state of the art today. |
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state of the art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的;
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| Rather, it could be much more like this. |
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| Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures for thousands of years, beginning with products like wine, beer and yogurt. |
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manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
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| And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved , and today we prepare cultured food in beautiful, sterile facilities like this. |
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evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) sterile:adj.不育的;无菌的;贫瘠的;不毛的;枯燥乏味的; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数)
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| A brewery is essentially a bioreactor . |
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brewery:n.啤酒厂; bioreactor:n.[细胞]生物反应器;
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| It is where cell culture takes place. |
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| Imagine that in this facility , instead of brewing beer, we were brewing leather or meat. |
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facility:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;天资; brewing:n.酿造(啤酒); v.酿制(啤酒); (brew的现在分词)
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| Imagine touring this facility, learning about how the leather or meat is cultured, seeing the process from beginning to end , and even trying some. |
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from beginning to end:自始至终;
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| It's clean, open and educational , and this is in contrast to the hidden, guarded and remote factories where leather and meat is produced today. |
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educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的 contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的;
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| Perhaps biofabrication is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind . |
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evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; mankind:n.人类;男性;
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| It's environmentally responsible , efficient and humane. |
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environmentally:adv.有关环境方面; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
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| It allows us to be creative . |
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creative:adj.创造性的;
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| We can design new materials, new products, and new facilities. |
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| We need to move past just killing animals as a resource to something more civilized and evolved. |
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resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); civilized:adj.文明的; v.教化; (civilize的过去式和过去分词)
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| Perhaps we are ready for something literally and figuratively more cultured. |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: figuratively:adv.比喻地;象征性地;
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| Thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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