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AmySmith_2006-_简单的设计，以拯救生命_
In terms of invention, 说到发明
I'd like to tell you the tale of one of my favorite projects. 我想跟你们说说我最得意的一个项目
I think it's one of the most exciting that I'm working on, but I think it's also the simplest. 我觉得它是我现在做的最令我兴奋的项目 同时也是最简单的一个
It's a project that has the potential to make a huge impact around the world. 这个项目很可能极大地影响世界
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
It addresses one of the biggest health issues on the planet, the number one cause of death in children under five, which is ... ? Water-borne diseases . Diarrhea . Malnutrition . 它能解决目前世界上最严重的健康问题之一 这个问题是5岁以下儿童死亡的头号杀手 是什么呢？ 水媒传染疾病？痢疾？营养不良？
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) Water-borne:adj.水传播的;由水浮起的;水运的;饮水传染的(等于waterborne); diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; Diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾; Malnutrition:n.营养失调,营养不良;
No, it's breathing the smoke from indoor cooking fires -- acute respiratory infections caused by this. Can you believe that? 都不对,是吸入厨房油烟 导致急性呼吸道感染,你相信吗？
indoor:adj.(在)室内的;在户内进行的;在室内用的; acute:adj.严重的,[医]急性的;敏锐的;激烈的;尖声的; respiratory:adj.呼吸的; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
I find this shocking and somewhat appalling . 我感到很震惊也很可怕
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; appalling:adj.可怕的;令人震惊的;v.使惊愕;惊吓;(appal的现在分词)
Can't we make cleaner-burning cooking fuels? 我们能否发明更清洁的炊事燃料？
Can't we make better stoves? 更好的炉灶？
How is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year? 这个问题为何每年能杀死200多万人呢？
I know Bill Joy was talking to you about the wonders of carbon nanotubes . 我知道Bill Joy和大家讲过 碳纳管的奇妙之处
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; nanotubes:n.纳米管;米碳管;
So I'm going to talk to you about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes, which is charcoal . 那今天我就和大家讲讲 大碳管也就是木炭的妙用
charcoal:n.木炭; vt.用木炭画(过去式charcoaled,过去分词charcoaled,现在分词charcoaling,第三人称单数charcoals);
So this is a picture of rural Haiti . Haiti is now 98 percent deforested . 这是一张海地乡村的照片,海地国土面积的98%如今都没有森林覆盖了
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; Haiti:n.海地; deforested:vt.采伐森林(deforest过去式);
You'll see scenes like this all over the island. 整个海地岛屿都是这幅景象
It leads to all sorts of environmental problems and problems that affect people throughout the nation. 这造成了各种环境问题 以及一些影响海地人民的其他问题
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
A couple of years ago there was severe flooding that led to thousands of deaths, that's directly attributable to the fact that there are no trees on the hills to stabilize the soil. 几年前一场洪水肆虐 夺走了几千人的生命 这都是因为 山上没有树来巩固土壤
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; attributable:adj.可归于…的;可归属的; stabilize:vt.使稳固,使安定;vi.稳定,安定;
So the rains come, they go down the rivers, and the flooding happens. 所以一旦下雨,雨水混杂泥土直接冲入河流,造成洪灾
Now one of the reasons why there are so few trees is this: people need to cook, and they harvest wood and they make charcoal in order to do it. 这里没树主要是因为 人们烧饭需要燃料 于是人们把木材做成木炭
It's not that people are ignorant to the environmental damage. 并不是海地人不重视环境保护
ignorant:adj.无知的;愚昧的;
They know perfectly well, but they have no other choice. 他们明白环境重要,但是他们无可奈何
Fossil fuels are not available, and solar energy doesn't cook the way that they like their food prepared. 这里没有化石燃料 太阳能也不是很好用
Fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的;
And so this is what they do. 所以这也算是无奈之举
You'll find families like this who go out into the forest to find a tree, cut it down and make charcoal out of it. 你常能看到这样一家人一起去森林里 砍了树,再做成木炭
So not surprisingly , there's a lot of effort that's been done to look at alternative cooking fuels. 毫无疑问,人们已经很努力 找寻这种燃料的替代品了
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择;
About four years ago I took a team of students down to Haiti, and we worked with Peace Corps volunteers there. 4年前,我和一群学生去海地 和当地的和平队志愿者一起工作
Peace Corps:n.和平队; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数)
This is one such volunteer, and this is a device that he'd built in the village where he worked. 有一个志愿者 在他呆的村庄里发明了这个小玩意儿
device:n.装置;策略;图案;
And the idea was that you could take waste paper , you could compress it, and make briquettes that could be used for fuel. 就是把废纸 压缩成块状用来燃烧
waste paper:n.废纸; compress:vi.受压缩小;vt.压缩,压紧;精简; briquettes:[冶]团矿;煤砖;砖坯(briquette的名词复数);
But this device was very slow. 但是它烧得很慢
So our engineering students went to work on it, and with some very simple changes, they were able to triple the throughput of this device. 我们工程系的学生就拿来改良了一下 做了一点小改动之后 它的效率提高了3倍
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) triple:adj.三部分的; n.三倍的数[量]; v.成为三倍; throughput:n.生产量,生产能力;
So you could imagine they were very excited about it. 他们当时非常激动
And they took the briquettes back to MIT so that they could test them. 后来他们还把这些纸砖块带回麻省大学做测试
And one of the things that they found was they didn't burn. 结果却发现这些东西不能燃烧
So it was a little discouraging to the students. 学生们都挺失望的
discouraging:adj.使人沮丧的;阻止的;v.使灰心;阻止;劝阻;(discourage的现在分词)
And in fact if you look closely, right here, you can see it says, "U.S. Peace Corps." 如果你仔细看,在这儿, 你就会发现“美国和平队”字样
As it turns out, there actually wasn't any waste paper in this village. 因为在那个村庄里根本没废纸
And while it was a good use of government paperwork for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village, it was 800 kilometers away. 或许这仪器用来处理政府文书倒是挺好的 让那个志愿者把政府文书带回到那个村子 不过政府机关离那个村子有足足800公里之遥
paperwork:n.文书工作;
And so we thought perhaps there might be a better way to come up with an alternative cooking fuel. 所以我们就想琢磨个更好的办法 来制造炊事燃料的替代品
come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
What we wanted to do, is we wanted to make a fuel that used something that was readily available on the local level. 我们希望这种新燃料 能就地取材
readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地;
You see these all over Haiti as well. They're small-scale sugar mills . 海地到处都有小规模的制糖厂
small-scale:adj.小规模的; mills:n.磨坊; v.碾碎,磨成粉(mill的第三人称单数和复数)
And the waste product from them after you extract the juice from the sugarcane is called bagasse . 这些厂的废料 也就是榨完甘蔗之后剩下的东西叫“甘蔗渣”
waste product:n.工业垃圾;(生产中的)无用副产品; extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; sugarcane:n.[作物]甘蔗;糖蔗; bagasse:n.甘蔗渣;
It has no other use. It has no nutritional value, so they don't feed it to the animals. 这个没啥用,也没营养价值 当饲料都不够好
nutritional:adj.营养的;滋养的;
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill until eventually they burn it. 人们就把成堆的甘蔗渣堆在制糖厂外,最后拿来烧掉
pile:n.桩;堆;摞;桩柱;v.堆放;摞起;叠放;放置; eventually:adv.最后,终于;
What we wanted to do was we wanted to find a way to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel that would be something that people could easily cook with, something like charcoal. 而我们就想 变废为宝 把那些甘蔗渣做成人人都能方便使用的燃料 就像木炭一样
harness:vt.治理; n.马具; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
So over the next couple of years, students and I worked to develop a process . 接下来的几年时间里,我和我的学生就在开发合适的生产工艺
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum . 首先我们把甘蔗渣放入一个窑炉 这种炉子很好做,拿一个废弃的55加仑容积的油桶就可以改装了
kiln:vt.烧窑;在干燥炉干燥;n.(砖,石灰等的)窑;炉;干燥炉; make out of:由…制造;用…做原料;理解; drum:n.鼓; v.打鼓;
After some time, after setting it on fire, you seal it to restrict the oxygen that goes into the kiln, and then you end up with this carbonized material here. 然后我们点燃甘蔗渣,让它烧一小会儿以后就把炉封好 不要让空气进去 最后就制成了这种炭化材料
restrict:v.限制;约束;阻碍;束缚; carbonized:v.碳化;adj.碳化的;
However, you can't burn this. It's too fine and it burns too quickly to be useful for cooking. 但是,这个不好用,因为颗粒太细了 用来烧饭的话一下就烧完了
So we had to try and find a way to form it into useful briquettes. 所以我们就设法把它压缩成块
And conveniently , one of my students was from Ghana, and he remembered a dish his mom used to make for him called kokonte, which is a very sticky porridge made out of the cassava root. 正好,我的一个学生是加纳人 记得他母亲给他做过一道菜叫“木薯糊” 就是用木薯的根烧成的很稠的粥
conveniently:adv.便利地;合宜地; sticky:adj.粘的;粘性的; porridge:n.麦片粥;面糊 cassava:n.木薯(等于cassawa);
And so what we did was we looked, and we found that cassava is indeed grown in Haiti, under the name of manioc . 于是我们就四下寻找 发现海地也种植木薯,只不过叫法不同
under the name of:以…的名义;名叫…; manioc:n.树薯粉;树薯;
And in fact, it's grown all over the world -- yucca , tapioca , manioc, cassava, it's all the same thing -- a very starchy root vegetable. 其实世界上很多地方都有木薯 虽然名称各异,东西都是一样的 就是含淀粉的食用其块状根的植物
yucca:n.丝兰; tapioca:n.树薯粉,[食品]木薯淀粉; all the same:仍然:依然:照样: starchy:adj.含淀粉的;浆糊状的;刻板的;
And you can make a very thick, sticky porridge out of it, which you can use to bind together the charcoal briquettes. 你可以把它做成糊 再用这个糊把木炭块粘在一起
bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓;
So we did this. We went down to Haiti. 我们就这么做了。 后来我们又去海地
These are the graduates of the first Ecole de Chabon, or Charcoal Institute . And these -- 这些研究生就是第一所 木炭学院的学生
Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
(Laughter) （笑）
- that's right. So I'm actually an instructor at MIT as well as CIT. 没错,所以我既是麻省理工的导师也是木碳学院的导师
instructor:n.指导书;教员;指导者; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
And these are the briquettes that we made. 这些就是我们做的炭砖
Now I'm going to take you to a different continent . This is India, and this is the most commonly used cooking fuel in India: its cow dung . 现在我们到亚洲再来看看印度 这是印度最常见的炊事燃料——牛粪
continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的; dung:vt.施粪肥于;n.粪;
And more than in Haiti, this produces really smoky fires, and this is where you see the health impacts of cooking with cow dung and biomass as a fuel. 这产生的油烟比海地的还厉害 你看,健康问题 就是因为燃烧牛粪或其他生物燃料造成的
smoky:adj.冒烟的;烟熏味的;熏着的;呛人的;烟状的; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)[生态]生物量;
Kids and women are especially affected by it, because they're the ones who are around the cooking fires. 儿童和妇女尤受影响 因为他们经常在厨房里转悠
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
So we wanted to see if we could introduce this charcoal-making technology there. 我们想看看是否能引进 之前的制炭技术
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
Well unfortunately , they didn't have sugarcane and they didn't have cassava, but that didn't stop us. 可惜,印度没甘蔗 也没木薯,但这些都难不倒我们
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
What we did was, we found what were the locally-available sources of biomass. 我们还是就地取材
sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
And there was wheat straw , and there was rice straw in this area. 用这里的麦秆和稻秆加工成燃料
straw:n.稻草; adj.稻草的;
And what we could use as a binder was actually small amounts of cow manure , which they used ordinarily for their fuel. 至于粘合剂 就用少量的牛粪 而原本这些牛粪都是直接做燃料的
binder:n.[胶粘]粘合剂;活页夹;装订工;捆缚者;用以绑缚之物; manure:vt.施肥于;耕种;n.肥料;粪肥; ordinarily:adv.通常地;一般地;
And we did side-by-side tests, and here you can see the charcoal briquettes, and here the cow dung. 我们做了些对比试验,大家可以看到 炭砖和牛粪做对比
side-by-side:adj.并肩的;并行的;
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner burning of a cooking fuel. 很明显炭砖清洁得多
And in fact, it heats the water a lot more quickly. 而且烧水速度也快很多
And so we were very happy, thus far. 所以我们都很开心
But one of the things that we found was when we did side-by-side comparisons with wood charcoal, it didn't burn as long. And the briquettes crumbled a little bit, and we lost energy as they fell apart as they were cooking. 但是我们发现 和一般木炭比 炭砖不持久,一下就碎了 于是热量就分散开来,导致烧饭的时候很费力
comparisons:n.比较;类似(comparison的复数形式);处于对比状态; crumbled:破碎;
So we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti. 我们就想办法把炭砖做得更紧实 这样就能和海地市场上的木炭竞争了
compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛);
So we went back to MIT, we took out the Instron machine, and we figured out what sort of forces did you need in order to compress a briquette to the level that you actually are getting improved performance out of it? 我们回到麻省,找出英斯特朗电子强力测试仪 分析出用多少压缩力度 压缩出的炭砖 会有一个质的飞跃
improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
And at the same time that we had students in the lab looking at this, we also had community partners in Haiti working to develop the process, to improve it and to make it more accessible to people in the villages there. 一方面我的学生们在实验室里研究 一方面海地的社区伙伴也同我们合作 努力改良炭砖,让人人都用得上
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;
And after some time, we developed a low-cost press that allows you to produce charcoal, which actually now burns longer, cleaner than wood charcoal. 一段时间之后 我们发明了低成本制木炭法,新的产品 比一般木炭燃烧更持久也更清洁
low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的;
So now we're in a situation where we have a product, which is actually better than what you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace , which is a very wonderful place to be. 所以我们现在就有一个 比海地市场上的木炭更好的产品 这是一个很好的状况
marketplace:n.市场;集市;
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees are cut down every year. 仅海地一国,每年就有3000万棵树被砍伐
There's a possibility of this being implemented and saving a good portion of those. 这个产品如果能得到应用 能救很多树
implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词) portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
In addition , the revenue generated from that charcoal is 260 million dollars. 另外,这种新木炭每年能创收2.6亿美元
addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物; revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署; generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
That's an awful lot for a country of Haiti -- with a population of eight million and an average income of less than 400 dollars. 这可是一大笔钱 海地人口800万 人均收入不足400美元
So this is where we're also moving ahead with our charcoal project. 因此我们想在海地继续这个木炭项目
And one of the things that I think is also interesting, is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley who's been doing risk analysis . 还有一件有意思的事情是 我有个朋友在伯克利大学是做风险研究的
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
And he's looked at the problem of the health impacts of burning wood versus charcoal. 他研究了对健康 木材和木炭分别会造成什么影响
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
And he's found that worldwide , you could prevent a million deaths switching from wood to charcoal as a cooking fuel. That's remarkable . 他发现只要改用木炭作燃料 在世界范围内就能有100万人可以幸免于难 这真是很棒
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
But up until now, there weren't ways to do it without cutting down trees. 本来做木炭都是需要木材的
But now we have a way that's using an agricultural waste material to create a cooking fuel. 但现在我们能 变农业废物为炊事燃料
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的;
One of the really exciting things, though, is something that came out of the trip that I took to Ghana just last month. 最让人激动的是 上个月我去加纳时了解到的一个信息
And this is, I think, the coolest thing, and it's even lower tech than what you just saw, if you can imagine such a thing. Here it is. 这个不但非常酷 而且在技术层面上也比前面的那些更简单 如果你们能想象的到的话。就是这个。
So what is this? This is corncobs turned into charcoal. 这是什么呢？这是把玉米棒做成木炭
corncobs:n.玉米穗轴;玉米棒子;
And the beauty of this is that you don't need to form briquettes. 这个的好处就是你都不需要把炭压缩成块
It comes ready made. This is my 100 dollar laptop , right here. 因为玉米棒本来就是一块块的。 这就是我的100美元手提电脑项目了（一个帮助促进不发达地区教育的事业）
laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;
And actually, like Nick, I brought samples. 和尼克一样,我也带了样品给大家
(Laughter) （笑）
So we can pass these around. 大家相互传一下
They're fully functional , field-tested , ready to roll out. 很好用,经过测试,能立刻燃烧
functional:adj.功能的; field-tested:vt.作实地试验;
And I think one of the things, which is also remarkable about this technology is that the technology transfer is so easy. 这项技术妙在 容易转让
transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal, where we actually have to teach people how to form it into briquettes and you have the extra step of cooking the binder, this comes pre-briquetted. 就甘蔗木炭而言 我们要培训当地人如何压缩木炭 还要多出一步制粘合剂 玉米棒木炭自己成型,不需经过压缩的步骤
Compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
And this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now, which is perhaps a sad commentary on my life. 而这是我一生中最让我激动的事了 也是我一个小小的遗憾的注脚
commentary:n.评论;注释;评注;说明;
(Laughter) （笑）
But once you see it, like you guys in the front row, all right, yeah, OK. So anyway -- 但是一旦你见过,就像第一排的人 恩,对,反正
(Laughter) （笑）
- here it is. And this is I think a perfect example of what Robert Wright was talking about in those non-zero sum things. 我觉得这是最能 体现罗伯特.怀特说的非零和事物
Wright:n.制作者;工人; non-zero:adj.非零;
So not only do you have health benefits, you have environmental benefits. 这不光有利健康 有利环境
But this is one of the incredibly rare situations where you also have economic benefits. 更难得的是 还有经济效益
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
People can make their own cooking fuel from waste products. 人们用废农作物就可以烧饭
They can generate income from this. 还能赚钱
They can save the money that they were going to spend on charcoal, and they can produce excess and sell it in the market to people who aren't making their own. 他们能省下原本买木炭的钱 自己生产销售 卖给别人
excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的;
It's really rare that you don't have trade-offs between health and economics, or environment and economics. 难得的是,这不会造成 健康与经济发展,或环境与经济不可兼得的窘境
trade-offs:n.权衡(trade-off的复数);交易;物物交换;
So this is a project that I just find extremely exciting, and I'm really looking forward to see where it takes us. 所以这个项目最振奋人心了 我期望看到它未来的发展前景
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
So when we talk about, now, the future we will create, one of the things that I think is necessary is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in. 讲到未来 我觉得有必要 清晰地认识我们所处的这个世界
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
And now I don't actually mean the world that we live in. 我不是指我们自己生活的这个小世界
I mean the world where women spend two to three hours every day grinding grain for their families to eat. 而是另一个世界。在那里,妇女每天花2-3个小时 碾谷才能养活家人
grinding:adj.没完没了的; v.磨碎; (grind的现在分词) grain:n.粮食; v.把…作成细粒;
I mean the world where advanced building materials means cement roofing tiles that are made by hand, and where, when you work ten hours a day, you're still only earning 60 dollars in a month. 在那里,所谓的高级建材 其实就是人工造的水泥屋顶板 在那里,就算你一天做10小时 一个月也才赚60美元
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) cement:n.水泥;(干燥后硬化的)水泥;胶合剂;胶接剂;v.加强;胶合; tiles:n.[建]瓷砖(tile的复数形式);v.铺砖(tile的第三人称单数形式);
I mean the world where women and children spend 40 billion hours a year fetching water. 在那里,妇女和儿童成天做的就是打水,一年400亿小时
That's as if the entire workforce of the State of California worked full time for a year doing nothing but fetching water. 工时相当加州所有劳动力的集合 整年全职打水
workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工; full time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的;
It's a place where, for example, if this were India, in this room, only three of us would have a car. 如果这里是印度 那么在坐的只有三分之一的人有车
If this were Afghanistan , only one person in this room would know how the use the Internet. 如果是阿富汗 在坐的只有一人知道怎么上网
Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲);
If this were Zambia, 300 of you would be farmers, 100 of you would have AIDS or HIV . 如果是赞比亚,你们中就有300个农民 100个人有艾滋病或感染艾滋病毒
HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
And more than half of you would be living on less than a dollar a day. 一半以上的人日收入不足1美元
These are the issues that we need to come up with solutions for. 这些问题都摆在我们面前
These are the issues that we need to be training our engineers, our designers, our business people, our entrepreneurs to be facing. 需要我们培训工程师 设计师,商人,企业家来解决
entrepreneurs:n.企业家;(entrepreneur的复数)
These are the solutions that we need to find. 这些才是需要尽快解决的问题
I have a few areas that I believe are especially important that we address. 有些问题我觉得特别重要
One of them is creating technologies to promote micro-finance and micro-enterprise, so that people who are living below the poverty line can find a way to move out -- and that they're not doing it using the same traditional basket making, poultry rearing , et cetera . 一个就是寻找技术来推广小型金融和小型企业 那生活在贫困线以下的人就有了出路 而不是像现在这样 通过传统的编篮子、养家禽来谋生
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; micro-finance:小额信贷; poverty line:n.贫困线(政府规定维持最低生活水平所需的收入标准); traditional:传统的,惯例的, poultry:n.家禽;家禽肉; rearing:n.抚养;养育;培养;饲养;v.抚养;培养;饲养;用后腿直立;(rear的现在分词) et cetera:na.以及其他;
But there are new technologies and new products that they can make on a small scale. 现在我们已经有了 能小规模运作的新技术和新产品
The next thing I believe is that we need to create technologies for poor farmers to add value to their own crops. 另外,我们还需要为贫苦农民发明新技术 增加农作物价值
And we need to rethink our development strategies , so that we're not promoting educational campaigns to get them to stop being farmers, but rather to stop being poor farmers. 我们还需要重新思考我们的发展策略 推广教育 不是让他们都不做农民 而是不做穷苦农民
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的
And we need to think about how we can do that effectively. 我们还要思考如何提高效率
We need to work with the people in these communities , and give them the resources and the tools that they need to solve their own problems. That's the best way to do it. 我们需要和社区合作 提供他们所需的资源和工具 来解决他们的问题。这是最好的方法
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
We shouldn't be doing it from outside. 我们不能只做外在的努力
So we need to create this future, and we need to start doing it now. 我们要创造未来,就要从现在开始
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Chris Anderson: Tell us -- just while we see if someone has a question -- just tell us about one of the other things that you've worked on. 主持人安德森:我们来看看有没有观众要提问的 与此同时你能不能再说说你做过的其他事情
Amy Smith: A couple of other things that we're working on are looking at ways to do low-cost water quality testing, so that communities can maintain their own water systems, know when they're working, know when they treat them, etc. 艾米.史密斯:现在我们在研究 低成本水质测试法 帮助社区维护水系统 使他们知道他们的系统什么时候有效,什么时候需要清洁处理等等
maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
We're also looking at low-cost water treatment systems. 我们也在寻求低成本水治理系统
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
One of the really exciting things is looking at solar water disinfection , and improving the ability to be able to do that. 比如利用太阳能消毒,这很棒的 但我们还需要提高它的效率
disinfection:n.消毒,杀菌; improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
CA: What's the bottleneck to preventing this stuff getting from scale? 主持人:有什么瓶颈问题会阻碍这项技术得到推广？
bottleneck:n.瓶颈;障碍物; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Do you need to find entrepreneurs, or venture capitalists , or what do you need to take what you've got and get it to scale? 是否需要企业家,风险资本帮助 或是其他帮助推广该技术？
venture:v.敢于;冒险;投机;n.企业;风险;冒险; capitalists:n.资本家(capitalist的复数);
AS: Yes, I think its large numbers of people moving it forward. 艾米.史密斯:要的,这需要很多人合作
It's a difficult thing: it's a marketplace which is very fragmented and a consumer population with no income. 这很难,因为这个市场很零散 消费群体又没什么收入
fragmented:v.(使)碎裂,破裂,分裂;(fragment的过去分词和过去式) consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者;
So you can't use the same models that you use in the United States for making things move forward. 所以美国的商业模式 不能助其发展
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And we're a pretty small staff, which is me. 而且我们人手不足,就我一个光杆司令
(Laughter) （笑）
So, you know, I do what I can with the students. 所以我和我的学生会尽我们所能
We have 30 students a year go out into the field and try to implement this and move it forward. 我们有30个学生在这个领域研究 如何应用并推广这些技术
The other thing is you have to do things with a long time frame , as -- you know, you can't expect to get something done in a year or two years. 另外,这些事是长期工程 不可能一蹴而就
time frame:n.期间时限;
You have to be looking five or 10 years ahead. 这需要5-10年时间
But I think with the vision to do that, we can move forward. 但是我相信只要有信心我们就能成功