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AmiKlin_2011X-_诊断自闭症的新方法_
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| I always wanted to become a walking laboratory of social engagement , to resonate other people's feelings, thoughts, intentions , motivations , in the act of being with them. |
我一直都想成为 社会交往中的一个能活动的实验室 在于他人相处时,理解他们的感受与思想, 意图和动机,从而产生共鸣. |
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laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; resonate:vt.共鸣;共振;vi.共鸣;共振; intentions:n.目的,意向,意图;打算;(intention的复数) motivations:n.动机(motivation的复数);表明动机;
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| As a scientist, I always wanted to measure that resonance , that sense of the other that happens so quickly, in the blink of an eye . |
作为一个科学家,我总想度量这种共鸣的感受 这种感受瞬间产生, 仿佛在眨眼之间. |
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resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响; in the blink of an eye:熄灭;在一瞬间;眨眼之间;眨眼间;一眨眼间;
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| We intuit other people's feelings. |
我们凭直觉理解别人的感受 |
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intuit:vt.由直觉知道;vi.凭直觉知道;
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| We know the meaning of their actions even before they happen. |
了解其行为所代表的意义 甚至在某个行为产生之前 |
| We're always in this stance of being the object of somebody else's subjectivity . |
我们总是 别人主观意识里的客体 |
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stance:n.立场;姿态;位置;准备击球姿势; subjectivity:n.主观性,主观;
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| We do that all the time. We just can't shake it off . |
一直都是这样. 我们就是没法摆脱. |
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shake it off:摇一摇;摆脱;
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| It's so important that the very tools that we use to understand ourselves, to understand the world around them, is shaped by that stance. |
而这一点又十分的重要, 以至于我们用来了解自我与世界的每一种工具 都深受这一状况的影响 |
| We are social to the core . |
人类本质上都是社会性的(群居的) |
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to the core:到心;彻底;彻底地;透顶的;
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| So my journey in autism really started when I lived in a residential unit for adults with autism. |
因此,我真正的自闭症之旅始于 我住进一个为成人自闭症患者设立的寓所 |
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journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义; residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的;
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| Most of those individuals had spent most of their lives in long-stay hospitals. This is a long time ago. |
他们中的大多数人生活的大部分时间 都在医院里度过. 这是很久以前的事了. |
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individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); long-stay:久留的;
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| And for them, autism was devastating . |
对他们来说,自闭症是及其可怕的. |
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devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词)
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| They had profound intellectual disabilities . |
他们有严重的智力障碍 |
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profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; disabilities:n.残疾(disability的复数);身心障碍者;
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| They didn't talk. But most of all, they were extraordinarily isolated from the world around them, from their environment and from the people. |
他们不说话. 但最糟糕的是, 他们极度封闭,生活在自己的世界里 与周围的环境隔绝 与人隔绝 |
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extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离;
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| In fact, at the time, if you walked into a school for individuals with autism, you'd hear a lot of noise, plenty of commotion , actions, people doing things, but they're always doing things by themselves. |
实际上,如果你走进一个为自闭症患者开办的学校 你会听到很多嘈杂的声音 各种喧闹,各种动作,都在做着些什么 但他们总是各自做各自的事 |
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commotion:n.骚动;暴乱;
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| So they may be looking at a light in the ceiling, or they may be isolated in the corner, or they might be engaged in these repetitive movements, in self-stimulatory movements that led them nowhere . |
有的人可能在看天花板上的一盏灯 有的人可能缩在一个角落里 他们可能不断地重复这些动作 这些自我刺激的动作毫无意义 |
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engaged in:从事于;忙于; repetitive:adj.重复的; nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
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| Extremely , extremely isolated. |
他们极度地封闭. |
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Extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
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| Well, now we know that autism is this disruption , the disruption of this resonance that I am telling you. |
现在我们知道了,自闭症是一种功能的混乱 即共鸣功能的混乱, 就是我刚才提到的 |
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disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解;
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| These are survival skills. |
这些是生存的基本技能 |
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survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
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| These are survival skills that we inherited over many, many hundreds of thousands of years of evolution . |
这些生存技能是我们继承而来的 经由很多很多年的 进化而来的 |
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inherited:v.继承(金钱、财产等);接替(责任等);继任;(inherit的过去式和过去分词) evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
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| You see, babies are born in a state of utter fragility . |
大家都知道,婴儿生来是很脆弱的 |
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utter:v.说;出声;讲;adj.完全的;十足的;彻底的; fragility:n.脆弱;[力]易碎性;虚弱;
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| Without the caregiver , they wouldn't survive, so it stands to reason that nature would endow them with these mechanisms of survival. |
没有人照顾,他们活不下去 所以很合理地, 大自然赋予他们 一种生存机制. |
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caregiver:n.照料者,护理者; stands to reason:合乎道理;我们来论理; endow:vt.赋予;捐赠;天生具有; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
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| They orient to the caregiver. |
他们会亲近照顾者 |
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orient:vt.使适应;确定方向;使朝东;n.东方;东方诸国;adj.东方的;vi.向东;
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| From the first days and weeks of life, babies prefer to hear human sounds rather than just sounds in the environment. |
在人们出生后的几天到几周里 婴儿更偏好人的声音 相比环境的声音,他们喜欢人声. |
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prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升;
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| They prefer to look at people rather than at things, and even as they're looking at people, they look at people's eyes, because the eye is the window to the other person's experiences, |
他们喜欢盯着人看,胜过盯着东西看. 甚至当他们看着人时, 他们会看人的眼睛 因为眼睛就是人生经验的一个窗口 |
| so much so that they even prefer to look at people who are looking at them rather than people who are looking away. |
因此他们会更喜欢盯着那些正看着他们的人 而不是那些没有看他们的人 |
| Well, they orient to the caregiver. |
他们会亲近照顾他们的人 |
| The caregiver seeks the baby. |
而照顾者也会亲近婴儿 |
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seeks:v.寻求;寻找;探索;搜索;
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| And it's out of this mutually reinforcing choreography that a lot that is of importance to the emergence of mind, the social mind, the social brain, depends on. |
在这种双向互助、一来一往如同舞蹈一样的过程中 对人的思想慢慢形成至关重要的各种因素便产生了 人的社会心理,社会大脑也借此形成. |
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mutually:adv.互相地;互助; reinforcing:vt.加强(reinforce的ing形式); choreography:n.编舞;舞蹈艺术;舞艺; emergence:n.出现,浮现;发生;露头;
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| We always think about autism as something that happens later on in life. |
我们总以为自闭症 是后天形成的 |
| It doesn't. It begins with the beginning of life. |
其实并非如此.自闭症在孩子出生的时候就有了. |
| As babies engage with caregivers , they soon realize that, well, there is something in between the ears that is very important -- it's invisible , you can't see -- but is really critical , and that thing is called attention. |
当婴儿和照顾者在一起时,他们很快便意识到 在两个人的耳朵之间 存在着很重要的东西 这种东西是无形的,你看不见,但却非常重要 这种东西就是所谓的注意力 |
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caregivers:n.照顾者;看护人(caregiver的复数); invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
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| And they learn soon enough, even before they can utter one word that they can take that attention and move somewhere in order to get things they want. |
他们很快就能学会 甚至在他们会开口说话前,他们转移自己的注意力 以得到自己想要的东西 |
| They also learn to follow other people's gaze , because whatever people are looking at is what they are thinking about. |
他们也会跟随着别人的目光 因为人的目光所到之处 就是他们心中所想 |
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gaze:v.凝视;注视;盯着;n.凝视;注视;
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| And soon enough, they start to learn about the meaning of things, because when somebody is looking at something or somebody is pointing at something, they're not just getting a directional cue , they are getting the other person's meaning of that thing, the attitude , and soon enough they start building this body of meanings, but meanings that were acquired within the realm of social interaction . |
很快地,他们开始了解事物的意义 因为当某个人看着一个东西 或指着一个东西时 交流的对方并不仅仅获得一个方向的信息 也获得了他人 对事物意义的理解以及态度 很快地他们开始建立这个意义的系统 但这一系统中意义 要求他们与人进行互动而获得 |
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directional:adj.方向的;定向型的; cue:n.暗示;提示;信号;(戏剧的)提示;v.给(某人)暗示(或提示); attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势; acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) realm:n.领域,范围;王国; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
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| Those are meanings that are acquired as part of their shared experiences with others. |
这些意义 是通过他们与人分享自己的经验而得到的 |
| Well, this is a little 15-month-old little girl, and she has autism. |
有个15个月大的小女孩 她有自闭症 |
| And I am coming so close to her that I am maybe two inches from her face, and she's quite oblivious to me. |
我靠她非常地近 大概离她的脸只有2英寸,她却完全不理睬我 |
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oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的;
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| Imagine if I did that to you, and I came two inches from your face. |
想象一下我对你这么做, 离你的脸2英寸那么近 |
| You'd do probably two things, wouldn't you? |
你很有可能会有种反应,对吧? |
| You would recoil . You would call the police. (Laughter) |
你可能会往后退,或者叫警察. (笑声) |
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recoil:vi.畏缩;弹回;报应;n.畏缩;弹回;反作用;
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| You would do something, because it's literally impossible to penetrate somebody's physical space and not get a reaction . |
你一定会做点什么. 因为你进去了别人的空间 而不引起反应是不可能的. |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: penetrate:v.渗透;进入;穿过;看透; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
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| We do so, remember, intuitively , effortlessly . |
对我们而言,这是自然而然,毫不费劲的. |
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intuitively:adv.直观地;直觉地; effortlessly:adv.轻松地;毫不费劲地;
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| This is our body wisdom . It's not something that is mediated by our language. Our body just knows that, and we've known that for a long time. |
这是我们身体的智慧. 并不是语言教会我们的. 我们的身体就是知道如何反应, 这是我们早就知道的事实. |
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wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问; mediated:vt.仲裁,调停;调解(mediate的过去式及过去分词形式);
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| And this is not something that happens to humans only. |
不光是人类会有如此反应. |
| It happens to some of our phylatic cousins, because if you're a monkey, and you look at another monkey, and that monkey has a higher hierarchy position than you, and that is considered to be a signal or threat, well, you are not going to be alive for long. |
对于我们进化上的远亲,也是如此 如果你是一只猴子 你正在看着另一只猴子 另一只猴子比你的等级更高 如果这被看成是一种信号或威胁, 你是不会活很久的 |
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hierarchy:n.层级;等级制度;
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| So something that in other species are survival mechanisms, without them they wouldn't basically live, we bring into the context of human beings, and this is what we need to simply act, act socially. |
这对其他动物来说是不可缺少的生存技能 离开这些技能他们活不下去 而对于人类社会来说 我们就需要这样反应,互动性的反应 |
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species:n.[生物]物种;种类; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
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| Now, she is oblivious to me, and I am so close to her, and you think, maybe she can see you, maybe she can hear you. |
她那样地对我不理不睬,可我离她那么近 可能你觉得,她看得见你 也许她听得到你 |
| Well, a few minutes later, she goes to the corner of the room, and she finds a tiny little piece of candy, an M&M. |
可是,几分钟以后,她会走到屋子里的某个角落 发现地上的小糖果,MM糖。 |
| So I could not attract her attention, but something, a thing, did. |
我根本吸引不了她的注意力 但有的东西,某个小物件,却可以！ |
| Now, most of us make a big dichotomy between the world of things and the world of people. |
如今,大多数人都会将物的世界与人的世界 分得一清二楚 |
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dichotomy:n.二分法;两分;分裂;双歧分枝;
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| Now, for this girl, that division line is not so clear, and the world of people is not attracting her as much as we would like. |
但是对这个自闭症女孩而言,这个分割线却不是很清晰 人的世界并不吸引她 但却能吸引我们 |
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division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
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| Now remember that we learn a great deal by sharing experiences. |
我们能从分享经验当中 学到很多东西 |
| Now, what she is doing right now is that her path of learning is diverging moment by moment as she is isolating herself further and further. |
但这个自闭症女孩所做的事情 使得她的学习方式越来越偏离正常的轨道, 因为她不断地封闭自己 |
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diverging:adj.发散的; v.分叉; isolating:adj.孤立的;绝缘的;v.使隔离;使绝缘(isolate的ing形式);
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| So we feel sometimes that the brain is deterministic , the brain determines who we are going to be. |
有时候我们会觉得大脑是决定性的 它决定我们将要成为什么样的人 |
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deterministic:adj.确定性的;命运注定论的; determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数)
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| But in fact the brain also becomes who we are, and at the same time that her behaviors are taking away from the realm of social interaction, this is what's happening with her mind and this is what's happening with her brain. |
但实际上大脑也会被我们的行为影响 当她越来越孤僻 互动越来越少的时候 她的思想和大脑也受到行为的影响 |
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at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
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| Well, autism is the most strongly genetic condition of all developmental disorders , and it's a brain disorder. |
在所有成长障碍中, 自闭症与基因的关系最大, 自闭症是脑部神经错乱引起的 |
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genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; developmental:adj.发展的;启发的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式);
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| It's a disorder that begins much prior to the time that the child is born. |
这种紊乱在孩子早在出生之前 就开始形成了 |
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prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先;
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| We now know that there is a very broad spectrum of autism. |
我们现在知道自闭症有很多不同的种类 |
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spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
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| There are those individuals who are profoundly intellectually disabled, but there are those that are gifted . |
有很多自闭症患者有严重的智力障碍 但也有很多天赋异禀 |
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profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地; intellectually:adv.智力上;理智地;知性上; gifted:adj.有天赋的;有才华的;
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| There are those individuals who don't talk at all. |
有的患者完全不讲话 |
| There are those individuals who talk too much. |
又有的会一直说个不停 |
| There are those individuals that if you observe them in their school, you see them running the periphery fence of the school all day if you let them, to those individuals who cannot stop coming to you and trying to engage you repeatedly , relentlessly , but often in an awkward fashion, without that immediate resonance. |
有的患者如果你到他们学校里去观察他们 他们会一直围着学校的围墙跑个不停 如果你不阻止他们（他们会一直跑） 有的人会一直不停地跑到你面前来 不断地想引起你的注意 但他们的方式常有点奇怪 从而无法引起你的共鸣 |
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observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视; periphery:n.外围,边缘;圆周;圆柱体表面; repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地; relentlessly:adv.残酷地,无情地; awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的;
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| Well, this is much more prevalent than we thought at the time. |
自闭症如今要更普遍得多, |
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prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的;
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| When I started in this field, we thought that there were four individuals with autism per 10,000, a very rare condition. |
我刚开始进入这个领域时, 我们以为一万个人里差不多有四个自闭症患者 因而,自闭症显得比较罕见 |
| Well, now we know it's more like one in 100. |
但现在我们知道,100个人里大概就有一个自闭症患者 |
| There are millions of individuals with autism all around us. |
我们的身边有着数百万的患有自闭症的人 |
| The societal cost of this condition is huge. |
社会为此而消耗的成本极大 |
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societal:adj.社会的;
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| In the U.S. alone, maybe 35 to 80 billion dollars, and you know what? Most of those funds are associated with adolescents and particularly adults who are several disabled, |
仅美国这一花费大概就达到了350亿到800亿美元, 大家知道么,这些经费的很大一部分 都被用在青少年, 尤其是那些患有严重障碍的成年人 |
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funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) adolescents:n.[人类]青少年(adolescent复数); particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
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| individuals who need wrap-around services, services that are very, very intensive , and those services can cost in excess of 60 to 80,000 dollars a year. |
以及那些需要全方位密集照顾的患者身上 需要极为高强度的照顾 这样的服务大概每年需要花费6万到8万美元 |
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wrap-around:n.环绕式处理; intensive:adj.加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的;n.加强器; excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的;
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| Those are individuals who did not benefit from early treatment , because now we know that autism creates itself as they diverge in that pathway of learning that I mentioned to you. |
有的人没有获得早期的治疗 而我们知道,自闭症随着学习方式的不断偏离 而逐渐恶化 就像我刚才提过的那样 |
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treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; diverge:vi.分歧;偏离;分叉;离题;vt.使偏离;使分叉; pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
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| Were we to be able to identify this condition at an earlier point, and intervene and treat, |
我们能否及早发现自闭症的症状 进行干预与治疗呢? |
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identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入;
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| I can tell you, and this has been probably something that has changed my life in the past 10 years, this notion that we can absolutely attenuate this condition. |
我可以跟大家说,这个想法 在过去十年大大的改变了我的生活 我们完全可以 减轻自闭症的症状 |
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notion:n.观念;信念;理解; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; attenuate:adj.减弱的;稀薄的;细小的;v.使减弱;使纤细;变弱;
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| Also, we have a window of opportunity, because the brain is malleable for just so long, and that window of opportunity happens in the first three years of life. |
但是,我们的机会并不多 因为大脑的可塑性只有那么一阵 而这为数不多的机会时间 是人生命的前三年 |
|
malleable:adj.可锻的;可塑的;有延展性的;易适应的;
|
| It's not that that window closes. It doesn't. |
这并不是说之后就没有机会了,不是这样的 |
| But it diminishes considerably . |
但机会确实是越来越小 |
|
diminishes:(使)减少,缩小;减损(diminish的第三人称单数); considerably:adv.相当地;非常地;
|
| And yet, the median age of diagnosis in this country is still about five years, and in disadvantaged populations, the populations that don't have access to clinical services, rural populations, minorities , the age of diagnosis is later still, |
在美国,被诊断出自闭症的年龄 仍然在五岁左右 但在一些贫困地区 或一些医疗条件不好的地区 农村人口以及少数族裔自闭症患者 被确诊的年龄还要滞后 |
|
median:n.n.中值,中位数;三角形中线;梯形中位线;adj.中值的;中央的; diagnosis:n.诊断; disadvantaged:adj.贫困的; n.弱势团体; v.使处于不利地位(disadvantage的过去式和过去分词); clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; minorities:n.少数(minority的复数形式);少数民族;少数族裔;
|
| which is almost as if I were to tell you that we are condemning those communities to have individuals with autism whose condition is going to be more severe . |
这就好像我们要和他们说 那些社区的自闭症患情况 会越来越严重 |
|
condemning:n.谴责;处刑;v.谴责;(condemn的现在分词) communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的;
|
| So I feel that we have a bio-ethical imperative . |
所以我觉得我们在生物伦理上负有责任。 |
|
imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事;
|
| The science is there, but no science is of relevance if it doesn't have an impact on the community , and we just can't afford that missed opportunity, because children with autism become adults with autism, and we feel that those things that we can do for these children, for those families, early on, will have lifetime consequences , for the child, for the family, and for the community at large. |
技术已经有了 但技术如果无法对社区产生影响 那么技术也就不存在,我们若不抓住机会, 后果将不是我们所能负担的。 因为自闭症孩子会变成患有自闭症的成人, 我们能为孩子们、为他们的家庭做的事情 如果早一点做到, 将会产生影响终身的作用, 不管是对孩子,还是对其家庭以及社区而言都是如此 |
|
relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
|
| So this is our view of autism. |
这就是我们对于自闭症的看法 |
| There are over a hundred genes that are associated with autism. In fact, we believe that there are going to be something between 300 and 600 genes associated with autism, and genetic anomalies , much more than just genes. |
和自闭症有关的基因多达一百个 实际上,我们相信,很有可能 将会有300到600个基因是与自闭症有关的 不仅仅是基因,而是基因异常 |
|
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) anomalies:n.异常现象,反常现象(anomaly复数形式);
|
| And we actually have a bit of a question here, because if there are so many different causes of autism, how do you go from those liabilities to the actual syndrome ? Because people like myself, when we walk into a playroom , we recognize a child as having autism. |
这时候我们遇到一个问题 既然有那么多引起自闭症的原因 那我们可不可以根据这些异常基因 来追查具体的症状呢？像我这样的人 当我们进入一个游戏室时, 我们就能判断一个孩子是否有自闭症 |
|
liabilities:n.[会计]负债;债务(liability复数形式);碍事的人或物; syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位; playroom:n.游戏室;娱乐室; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
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| So how do you go from multiple causes to a syndrome that has some homogeneity ? |
那要怎样从很多的形成原因中 追查一系列相似的症状呢？ |
|
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; homogeneity:n.同质;同种;同次性(等于homogeneousness);
|
| And the answer is, what lies in between, which is development. |
答案就在成因与症状之间, 即孩子的成长 |
| And in fact, we are very interested in those first two years of life, because those liabilities don't necessarily convert into autism. |
事实上,我们对孩子两岁前的生活非常感兴趣 因为那些不利因素 未必一定会演变成自闭症 |
|
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; convert into:使转变;把…转化成;折合;
|
| Autism creates itself. |
自闭症会自行形成 |
| Were we to be able to intervene during those years of life, we might attenuate for some, and God knows, maybe even prevent for others. |
我们能否在那些年里进行干预？ 我们也许能减轻一些症状,谁知道呢！ 也许还能阻止一些人得上自闭症 |
| So how do we do that? |
那我们该怎么做呢？ |
| How do we enter that feeling of resonance, how do we enter another person's being? |
我们怎么样能引起共鸣？ 怎么样进入到别人的存在当中？ |
| I remember when I interacted with that 15-month-older, that the thing that came to mind was, "How do you come into her world? |
我记得当我和那个15个月大的孩子在一起互动时, 我脑子里只有一件事 “怎么样才能进入到她的世界呢？“ |
|
interacted:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的过去分词和过去式)
|
| Is she thinking about me? Is she thinking about others?" |
”她是在想着我么？还是她正在想着别人？” |
| Well, it's hard to do that, so we had to create the technologies . We had to basically step inside a body. |
这很难做到,我们必须倚靠技术 我们必须到她身体内部的世界中去 |
|
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
|
| We had to see the world through her eyes. |
我们要从她的眼睛看世界。 |
| And so in the past many years we've been building these new technologies that are based on eye tracking . |
所以过去的很多年我们都在做一项技术 以眼球追踪为基础, |
|
tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词)
|
| We can see moment by moment what children are engaging with. |
我们可以看到在每个不同的时刻, 孩子们都是被什么吸引了 |
|
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
|
| Well, this is my colleague Warren Jones, with whom we've been building these methods, these studies, for the past 12 years, and you see there a happy five-month-older, |
这是我的同事,Warren Jones, 我们一起研究创造这些方法, 整整研究了12年, 你看这是一个五个月大的婴儿 |
|
colleague:n.同事,同僚; Warren:n.养兔场;大杂院;拥挤的地区;
|
| it's a five-month little boy who is going to watch things that are brought from his world, his mom, the caregiver, but also experiences that he would have were he to be in his daycare . |
这个五月大的男孩将要去观看别的事物, 就是他世界里存在的事物, 他的妈妈,照顾他的人,还有一些 他日间被照顾时的各种经历 |
|
daycare:n.日托;日间照管儿童;
|
| What we want is to embrace that world and bring it into our laboratory, but in order for us to do that, we had to create these very sophisticated measures, measures of how people, how little babies, how newborns , engage with the world, moment by moment, what is important, and what is not. |
我们所要做的,就是拥抱他的世界, 并把那世界带到实验室来, 但为了达到这个目的, 我们要创建很精密的测量方法, 测量人们以及婴儿 如何与世界互动的方法 每个时刻都要测量 从而知道什么是重要的,什么是不重要的 |
|
embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; newborns:新生儿;
|
| Well, we created those measures, and here, what you see is what we call a funnel of attention. |
我们创建了这些测量方法, 现在大家所看到的这个东西叫 “注意力漏斗” |
|
funnel:n.漏斗;烟囱;v.通过漏斗或烟囱等;使成漏斗形;
|
| You're watching a video. |
你们看到的这个视频 |
| Those frames are separated by about a second through the eyes of 35 typically developing two-year-olds, and we freeze one frame, and this is what the typical children are doing. |
每幅影像的间距大约是一秒 这是35个正常孩子所看到的世界 他们都是两岁大的孩子 当我们停在其中一幅影像上时 这是正常的孩子在做的事情 |
|
frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数); typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
|
| In this scan pass, in green here, are two-year-olds with autism. |
而绿色的地方,是自闭症的孩子在做的事情 |
| So on that frame, the children who are typical are watching this, the emotion of expression of that little boy as he's fighting a little bit with the little girl. |
视频停留在那个画面上时, 正常孩子在看这些, 再看那个小男孩情绪的反应 那个小男孩和那个小女孩正在闹矛盾 |
|
emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感; expression:n.表现,表示,表达;
|
| What are the children with autism doing? |
而自闭症的孩子在做什么呢？ |
| They are focusing on the revolving door , opening and shutting. |
他们会注意那个不断转动的门, 看着门开了又关,关了又开 |
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revolving door:n.旋转门;中转站(指人们进入后很快又离开的地方或机构);
|
| Well, I can tell you that this divergence that you're seeing here doesn't happen only in our five-minute experiment. |
我可以告诉大家, 这里就有了差异, 这不仅仅发生在我们5分钟的实验里 |
|
divergence:n.分歧;
|
| It happens moment by moment in their real lives, and their minds are being formed, and their brains are being specialized in something other than what is happening with their typical peers . |
而在他们生活里的每一分钟都发生着, 他们的心智就此而形成, 它们的脑子在其他的方面不断发展, 而这些方面与他们同龄的伙伴有所不同 |
|
specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) peers:n.平辈,同事(peer的复数);v.凝视;比得上(peer的三单形式);
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| Well, we took a construct from our pediatrician friends, the concept of growth charts. |
这里有一个结构图, 这是从我们的儿科医生朋友那里拿过来的, 这是一幅关于生长曲线概念的图, |
|
construct:v.建造;创建;建筑;修建;n.概念;构筑物;结构体;建造物; pediatrician:n.儿科医师(等于pediatrist);
|
| You know, when you take a child to the pediatrician, and so you have physical height, and weight. |
你知道,你带一个孩子去看儿科医生时, 你会得到他的身高,体重 |
| Well we decided that we're going to create growth charts of social engagement, and we sought children from the time that they are born, and what you see here on the x-axis is two, three, four, |
所以我们决定我们要作出一个 社交发展的成长图 我们找了很多孩子参与实验,从他们出生开始 大家可以看到X轴上写着2,3,4, |
|
sought:v.seek(寻求、寻找)的过去式和过去分词形式; x-axis:n.X轴;横坐标轴;
|
| five, six months and nine, until about the age of 24 months, and this is the percent of their viewing time that they are focusing on people's eyes, and this is their growth chart. |
5,6,到9,一直到大概24个月 这些是他们盯着人的眼睛 看的时间百分比, 这就是他们的成长表 |
| They start over here, they love people's eyes, and it remains quite stable . |
他们爱看人的眼睛,从这里开始, 基本上很平稳, |
|
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
|
| It sort of goes up a little bit in those initial months. |
在最初的几个月里它还上升了一些. |
|
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于;
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| Now, let's see what's happening with babies who became autistic . |
我们再来看看 这些有自闭症的孩子的曲线. |
|
autistic:adj.[心理][内科]孤独症的;孤僻的;n.孤独症患者(常指儿童);
|
| It's something very different. |
非常的不同 |
| It starts way up here, but then it's a free fall . |
刚开始很高,然后就一直下降。 |
|
free fall:n.自由落体;自由投放;自由下降;
|
| It's very much like they brought into this world the reflex that orients them to people, but it has no traction . |
这表明,他们本来具有追寻人眼神的能力 但后来却不再被吸引了 |
|
reflex:n.反射;反映;映像;回复;习惯性思维;adj.反射的;反省的;反作用的;优角的; orients:vt.使适应;确定方向;使朝东;n.东方;东方诸国;adj.东方的;vi.向东; traction:n.牵引;[机][车辆]牵引力;
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| It's almost as if that stimulus , you, you're not exerting influence on what happens as they navigate their daily lives. |
这就是说,你,作为一个外界的刺激 你对他们产生不了影响了 在他们探索日常生活的过程中你不无关紧要 |
|
stimulus:n.刺激;激励;刺激物; exerting:v.运用;行使;施加;努力;竭力;(exert的现在分词) influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空;
|
| Now, we thought that those data were so powerful in a way, that we wanted to see what happened in the first six months of life, because if you interact with a two- and a three-month-older, you'd be surprised by how social those babies are. |
这些数据如此重要, 以致于我们非常想知道在出生后的六个月里, 到底发生了什么, 因为当你开始与一个两三个月大的孩子互动时, 你会对这些孩子的社会性感到惊讶 |
| And what we see in the first six months of life is that those two groups can be segregated very easily. |
我们在那六个月看到了一个情况, 这两组孩子很容易被区分开来 |
|
segregated:adj.被隔离的;v.隔离(segregate的过去式);分离;
|
| And using these kinds of measures, and many others, what we found out is that our science could, in fact, identify this condition early on. |
通过这些方法或者其它的方法, 我们发现,实际上我们的科学, 是可以及早地诊断出自闭症的 |
| We didn't have to wait for the behaviors of autism to emerge in the second year of life. |
我们不需要等到第二年 自闭症的症状开始出现时才确诊 |
| If we measured things that are, evolutionarily , highly conserved , and developmentally very early emerging , things that are online from the first weeks of life, we could push the detection of autism all the way to those first months, and that's what we are doing now. |
如果我们测量的东西是进化而来, 并保存下来的,且出现的时间非常早的话, 尤其是出生后几周就出现的症状, 我们就可以将对其诊断提前到, 提早到出生后的两个月内, 这就使我们如今在研究的内容, |
|
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) evolutionarily:进化上; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; conserved:adj.保守的;v.保存;保全(conserve的过去式); developmentally:adv.发育地; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) detection:n.侦查,探测;发觉,发现;察觉;
|
| Now, we can create the very best technologies and the very best methods to identify the children, but this would be for naught if we didn't have an impact on what happens in their reality in the community. |
现在,我们可以创造出最好的科学技术, 还有最好的方法来争端那些患自闭症的孩子 但如果我们不能改变他们的现实情况, 这一切都徒劳无功. |
|
naught:n.[数]零;无价值;adj.无价值的;无用的;
|
| Now we want those devices , of course, to be deployed by those who are in the trenches , our colleagues , the primary care physicians , who see every child, and we need to transform those technologies |
当然了,我们现在需要各种设备 能被送到第一线的工作人员那里 我们的同事,那些坐诊的医生, 他们能见到每个孩子, 我们需要把这些技术, |
|
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); deployed:v.部署(deploy的过去式);展开; trenches:n.战壕(trench复数); v.挖战壕于…; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
|
| into something that is going to add value to their practice, because they have to see so many children. |
转变成对他们的工作有实际用处和价值的东西, 因为他们要帮助那么多孩子, |
| And we want to do that universally so that we don't miss any child, but this would be immoral if we also did not have an infrastructure for intervention , for treatment. |
我们希望我们的成果能广泛推广, 这样我们就不会漏掉任何一个孩子, 但如果没有完善的基础设施, 和干预治疗的方法 那这也是违反这会责任与道德, |
|
universally:adv.普遍地;人人;到处; immoral:adj.不道德的;邪恶的;淫荡的; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍;
|
| We need to be able to work with the families, to support the families, to manage those first years with them. We need to be able to really go from universal screening to universal access to treatment, because those treatments are going to change these children's and those families' lives. |
我们需要能够与家庭合作, 去支持那些家庭,在最开始的几年里与他们一起, 我们需要从诊断他们是否患病, 发展到普遍有效的治疗方法, 因为这些治疗将会改变 孩子与他们家人的生活 |
|
treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
|
| Now, when we think about what we [can] do in those first years, |
现在,我们要想想我们能做些什么, 我可以告诉大家, |
| I can tell you, having been in this field for so long, one feels really rejuvenated . |
在这个领域这么多年, 最开始的几年, 人会觉得自己很年轻充满干劲, |
|
rejuvenated:adj.更生的; v.使恢复青春;
|
| There is a sense that the science that one worked on can actually have an impact on realities, preventing, in fact, those experiences that I really started in my journey in this field. |
会感觉我自己所钻研的科学 真的能给现实带来影响, 可以让其他人不再重蹈我的覆辙 不走我走过的老路, |
| I thought at the time that this was an intractable condition. |
我那时以为自闭症是个无法治愈的疾病 |
|
intractable:adj.棘手的;难治的;倔强的;不听话的;
|
| No longer. We can do a great deal of things. |
但如今再也不这么想了。我们可以做很多事情。 |
|
a great deal of:大量;
|
| And the idea is not to cure autism. |
我们的想法并不是说要完全治愈自闭症。 |
| That's not the idea. |
那不是我们要的。 |
| What we want is to make sure that those individuals with autism can be free from the devastating consequences that come with it at times, the profound intellectual disabilities, the lack of language, the profound, profound isolation. |
我们要的,是要确认, 那些患了自闭症的人 能从那些可怕的结果中释放出来,得到自由 不再是严重的智障,或者是语言能力的缺失, 也不再极度的封闭 |
| We feel that individuals with autism, in fact, have a very special perspective on the world, and we need diversity , and they can work extremely well in some areas of strength: predictable situations, situations that can be defined . |
我们觉得实际上自闭症患者, 看待世界的视角非常的特别, 我们需要这样的多样性,他们能做得特别好, 在一些他们擅长的领域, 在可预测的情况下,可掌控的情况下。 |
|
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: predictable:adj.可预言的; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
|
| Because after all, they learn about the world almost like about it, rather than learning how to function in it. |
毕竟他们专注于世界本来的面貌, 而不是学习怎样在世界上生存, |
| But this is a strength, if you're working, for example, in technology . |
这就是一个长项。例如,当你的工作在技术层面时 这就是一个长项。 |
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technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
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| And there are those individuals who have incredible artistic abilities. |
还有一些人,具有极高的天分 艺术上的天分 |
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incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; artistic:adj.艺术的;风雅的;有美感的;
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| We want them to be free of that. |
我们希望他们也能自由施展, |
| We want that the next generations of individuals with autism will be able not only to express their strengths but to fulfill their promise. |
我们希望下一代患有自闭症的人 不仅能发挥他们的长处, 更能实现他们美好的梦想。 |
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fulfill:v.执行,贯彻;完成,实现;兑现;达到;起到;
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| Well thank you for listening to me. (Applause) |
谢谢（掌声） |