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AlysonMcGregor_2014X-_为什么女性服药会有更严重的副作用_
We all go to doctors. 生病了我们都会去看医生
And we do so with trust and blind faith that the test they are ordering and the medications they're prescribing are based upon evidence -- evidence that's designed to help us. 因为我们深信不疑 医生们所开出的檢查及用药 都是基于 为了要幫我们恢复健康
faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) prescribing:v.给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方);命令;(prescribe的现在分词) evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
However, the reality is that that hasn't always been the case for everyone. 然而,事实并非全然如此
What if I told you that the medical science discovered over the past century has been based on only half the population? 如果我告诉你 过去一百年的医学研究 都只针对半数的人口,你会怎么想?
What if:如果…怎么办?
I'm an emergency medicine doctor. 我是个急诊医生
emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的;
I was trained to be prepared in a medical emergency. 我受的是医疗急救的专業训练
It's about saving lives. How cool is that? 就是有关拯救生命的工作听起来很 “酷” 吧
OK, there's a lot of runny noses and stubbed toes , but no matter who walks through the door to the ER, we order the same tests, we prescribe the same medication, without ever thinking about the sex or gender of our patients . 好,那儿有很多流鼻水和脚趾踢伤的病人 但无论是那一个走进急诊大门的病人 我们都开同样的檢查 开同样的药 连想都不去想病人的性别
runny:adj.流鼻涕的;水分过多的; stubbed:adj.多梗株的; v.使…碰踢; toes:n.脚趾;足尖部;有…脚趾的;v.用脚尖走;(toe的第三人称单数和复数) prescribe:v.给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方);命令; gender:n.性别; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
Why would we? 为什么?
We were never taught that there were any differences between men and women. 因为从来没有人教过我们男女病患会有什么不一样
A recent Government Accountability study revealed that 80 percent of the drugs withdrawn from the market are due to side effects on women. 最近一份政府责任署的统计调查显示 在所有下架的药中有80% 是因为对女性有副作用
Accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性; revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) withdrawn:adj.偏僻的;沉默寡言的;孤独的;v.取出;撤退(withdraw的过去分词);
So let's think about that for a minute . 所以让我们想一下
for a minute:一会儿;
Why are we discovering side effects on women only after a drug has been released to the market? 为什么我们会在药品上市之后 才发现它们会对女性有副作用?
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
Do you know that it takes years for a drug to go from an idea to being tested on cells in a laboratory , to animal studies, to then clinical trials on humans, 要知道一种药从一个概念 到在实验室对细胞进行测试 到对动物进行测试 再到人体临床测试
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
finally to go through a regulatory approval process , to be available for your doctor to prescribe to you? 最终到获得上市许可 再被医生开出处方通常需要很多年的时间
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; approval:n.批准;认可;赞成; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Not to mention the millions and billions of dollars of funding it takes to go through that process. 更不用说在研究过程中 所投入数百万、数十亿的研究经费
Not to mention:更不必说;不必提及; funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词)
So why are we discovering unacceptable side effects on half the population after that has gone through? 为什么我们在经过以上所有程序后 才发现有半数人口无法容忍的副作用呢?
unacceptable:adj.不能接受(或允许、同意)的;
What's happening? 出什么问题了?
Well, it turns out that those cells used in that laboratory, they're male cells, and the animals used in the animal studies were male animals, and the clinical trials have been performed almost exclusively on men. 原来是因为那些在实验室被用来做檢测的细胞 都是男性的细胞 动物檢测用的细胞也都是雄性动物的细胞 就连临床测试也几乎都针对男性
performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) exclusively:adv.唯一地;专有地;排外地;
How is it that the male model became our framework for medical research? 男性为什么会成为我们医疗研究的主要对象?
Let's look at an example that has been popularized in the media , and it has to do with the sleep aid Ambien . 我们来看看这个在媒体上很受欢迎的例子 幫助睡眠的安眠药- Ambien
popularized:vt.普及;使通俗化;vi.通俗化; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; Ambien:n.安必恩(美国产的一种安眠药);
Ambien was released on the market over 20 years ago, and since then, hundreds of millions of prescriptions have been written, primarily to women, because women suffer more sleep disorders than men. 这药已经上市超过20年 从上市至今已开出数亿的处方签 大多都是开给女性因为女性较易有睡眠问题
on the market:上市;出售的; prescriptions:n.医药处方,[医]药方(prescription复数形式); primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式);
But just this past year, the Food and Drug Administration recommended cutting the dose in half for women only, because they just realized that women metabolize the drug at a slower rate than men, causing them to wake up in the morning with more of the active drug in their system. 但就在去年 食品药物管理局提出建议 女性病患用药量应减半 因为他们发现女性代谢安眠药的速度 比男性慢 这使得女性病患在起床后 身体中仍有药物作用
recommended:v.推荐;举荐;介绍;劝告;建议;(recommend的过去分词和过去式) dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; metabolize:vt.使新陈代谢;使变形;vi.新陈代谢;
And then they're drowsy and they're getting behind the wheel of the car, and they're at risk for motor vehicle accidents. 因此她们在开车时仍昏昏欲睡 有出车祸的风险
drowsy:adj.昏昏欲睡的;沉寂的;催眠的; wheel:车轮,转动 motor vehicle:n.机动车;
And I can't help but think, as an emergency physician , how many of my patients that I've cared for over the years were involved in a motor vehicle accident that possibly could have been prevented 身为一个急诊医生,我不禁自问 多年来我所照顾过的 车祸病患 有多少人其实是能避免意外发生的
physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
if this type of analysis was performed and acted upon 20 years ago when this drug was first released. 如果早在药物刚上市的20年前 就能做这样的分析研究的话
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
How many other things need to be analyzed by gender? 还有多少其他事需要做性别分析?
analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨;
What else are we missing? 我们还遗漏了那些环节?
World War II changed a lot of things, and one of them was this need to protect people from becoming victims of medical research without informed consent . 第二次世界大战改变了许多事情 其中之一是保护人们 免于在没有 ‘知情同意’ 的情况下成为医学研究的受害者
informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式) consent:vi.同意;赞成;答应;n.同意;(意见等的)一致;赞成;
So some much-needed guidelines or rules were set into place, and part of that was this desire to protect women of childbearing age from entering into any medical research studies. 许多迫切需要的准则或规则被设定了 而其中就有一些旨在保护生育年龄女性 避免进入任何医学研究中
guidelines:n.指导方针;参考; childbearing:n.分娩;生子;
There was fear: what if something happened to the fetus during the study? 因为害怕,如果胎儿在研究中受到伤害
fetus:n.胎儿,胎;
Who would be responsible ? 要由谁负责?
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
And so the scientists at this time actually thought this was a blessing in disguise , because let's face it -- men's bodies are pretty homogeneous . 所以当时的科学家认为 这是因祸得福 因为事实上,男性的生理非常平稳
a blessing in disguise:塞翁失马; homogeneous:adj.均匀的;[数]齐次的;同种的;
They don't have the constantly fluctuating levels of hormones that could disrupt clean data they could get if they had only men. 他们不会有贺尔蒙周期性波动的问题 如果科学家只用纯男性研究对象,就不会因而干扰到研究数据。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; fluctuating:v.波动(fluctuate的ing形式);adj.波动的;变动的; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的;
It was easier. It was cheaper. 这样比较简单,也比较便宜
Not to mention, at this time, there was a general assumption that men and women were alike in every way, apart from their reproductive organs and sex hormones. 更不用说在那时候社会普遍认为 男女之间没有太大的差别 除了生殖器官以及性贺尔蒙外
assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
So it was decided: medical research was performed on men, and the results were later applied to women. 所以达成共识 医学研究只对男性进行测试 研究结果再套用在女性身上
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
What did this do to the notion of women's health? 这对女性建康表达什么样的概念？
notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
Women's health became synonymous with reproduction : breasts, ovaries , uterus , pregnancy . 女性健康成为生殖的代名词: 乳房、卵巢、子宫、怀孕。
synonymous:adj.同义的;同义词的;同义突变的; reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品; ovaries:n.[解剖]卵巢,[植]子房(ovary复数形式); uterus:n.[解剖]子宫; pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长;
It's this term we now refer to as " bikini medicine." 我们现在通称为「比基尼医学」
refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; bikini:n.比基尼泳装;大爆炸;
And this stayed this way until about the 1980s, when this concept was challenged by the medical community and by the public health policymakers when they realized that 这样的观念一直持续到1980年代 才有医界以及 公卫决策者对此提出质疑。当他们了解
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; policymakers:n.决策人;(policymaker的复数)
by excluding women from all medical research studies we actually did them a disservice , in that apart from reproductive issues , virtually nothing was known about the unique needs of the female patient. 从所有医学研究排除女性 事实上是幫倒忙 除了生殖议题外 其实我们对女性病患的特殊需求 一无所知
excluding:prep.不包括; v.不包括; disservice:n.伤害;帮倒忙的行为;不亲切的行为;虐待; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) virtually:adv.事实上,几乎;实质上; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
Since that time, an overwhelming amount of evidence has come to light that shows us just how different men and women are in every way. 从那时起,大量的证据暴露无遗地 显示男女之间有显着的不同
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词)
You know, we have this saying in medicine: children are not just little adults. 你知道,在医学界有此一说 小孩并不是“小大人”
And we say that to remind ourselves that children actually have a different physiology than normal adults. 我们用此来提醒自己 小孩子与大人的生理不同
remind:v.提醒;使想起; physiology:n.生理学;生理机能;
And it's because of this that the medical specialty of pediatrics came to light. 也因此小儿专科才独立出来
specialty:n.专业,专长;特产;特性;招牌菜;adj.特色的;专门的;独立的; pediatrics:n.小儿科;
And we now conduct research on children in order to improve their lives. 现在,我们从事儿童医学研究以改善他们的生活
conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; improve:v.改进;改善;
And I know the same thing can be said about women. 而我知道,女性也是一样情况
Women are not just men with boobs and tubes. 女人并不只是多了胸部及「生殖腔」的男人
boobs:n.乳房;胸部;笨蛋(boob的复数形式)
But they have their own anatomy and physiology that deserves to be studied with the same intensity . 她们有自己的解剖构造和生理状况 需要有相同关注来研究
anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数) intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张;
Let's take the cardiovascular system, for example. 我用心血管系统来说明
cardiovascular:adj.[解剖]心血管的;
This area in medicine has done the most to try to figure out why it seems men and women have completely different heart attacks. 医学界在这方面作很多努力,试图找出 为什么男性与女性心脏病的发作完全不同
Heart disease is the number one killer for both men and women, but more women die within the first year of having a heart attack than men. 心脏病是导致男性及女性死亡的第一号杀手 但是在心脏病发作的第一年内女性死亡多于男性
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; heart attack:n.[医]心肌梗塞
Men will complain of crushing chest pain -- an elephant is sitting on their chest. 发病时,男性会抱怨压迫性的胸口剧痛 像是有只大象坐在胸口一般
complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说; crushing:adj.惨重的,毁坏性的;v.压碎;压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的现在分词)
And we call this typical . 我们称之为典型心脏病
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
Women have chest pain, too. 女性也会感到胸痛
But more women than men will complain of "just not feeling right," 但大多数女性只会说感觉「不对劲」
'"can't seem to get enough air in," 「吸不到空气」
'"just so tired lately." 「最近总是非常累」
And for some reason we call this atypical , even though, as I mentioned, women do make up half the population. 而不知道为什么,即使女性占了半数人口 我们仍称之为非典型心脏病
atypical:adj.非典型的;不合规则的;
And so what is some of the evidence to help explain some of these differences? 所以有什么证据能解释这些差异呢?
If we look at the anatomy, the blood vessels that surround the heart are smaller in women compared to men, and the way that those blood vessels develop disease is different in women compared to men. 让我们看看解剖学 环绕在心脏周围的血管,女性比男性来得小 血管病变发展的方式 男女相比,也不一样
vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
And the test that we use to determine if someone is at risk for a heart attack, well, they were initially designed and tested and perfected in men, and so aren't as good at determining that in women. 我们现在用来诊断潜在心脏病的方法 当然,它当初也是针对男性完美设计及测试的 所以在诊断女性病患就不甚理想
determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; determining:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;支配;裁决;(determine的现在分词)
And then if we think about the medications -- common medications that we use, like aspirin . 然后我们讨论到药品 一般常用的成药,像是阿斯匹林
aspirin:n.阿司匹林(解热镇痛药);
We give aspirin to healthy men to help prevent them from having a heart attack, but do you know that if you give aspirin to a healthy woman, it's actually harmful? 我们给健康男性阿斯匹林来预防心脏病 但是你知道吗?给健康女性阿斯匹林 其实是有害的
What this is doing is merely telling us that we are scratching the surface. 这些都是在告诉我们 我们了解的实在很浅
merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; scratching:v.划伤;擦伤;刮痕;(scratch的现在分词)
Emergency medicine is a fast-paced business. 急诊医学是一种快节奏的医疗事务!
fast-paced:adj.快节奏的;快速的;快步调的;
In how many life-saving areas of medicine, like cancer and stroke , are there important differences between men and women that we could be utilizing ? 在挽救生命的医疗领域里 像是癌症或中风 有那些男女间重要差异我们可用以改进医学呢？
life-saving:n.救生;adj.救生的; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触; utilizing:v.利用(utilize的ing形式);
Or even, why is it that some people get those runny noses more than others, or why the pain medication that we give to those stubbed toes work in some and not in others? 或甚至为什么有些人 比别人更容易流鼻水 或为什么用在踢伤脚趾的止痛药 在一些人身上有较好的效果?
The Institute of Medicine has said every cell has a sex. 医学研究所已经发现每个细胞都有生理性别
Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
What does this mean? 这代表什么?
Sex is DNA. 生理性别取决于DNA
Gender is how someone presents themselves in society. 社会性别则是人们在社会上如何表现自己
And these two may not always match up, as we can see with our transgendered population. 这两者并没有绝对的等号 所以社会上有跨性别的族群
transgendered:adj.变换性别的;
But it's important to realize that from the moment of conception , every cell in our bodies -- skin, hair, heart and lungs -- contains our own unique DNA, 但我们要了解,在受孕的那一刻 我们身体上的每一个细胞 皮肤、头发、心脏或肺脏 都有专属于你的DNA
conception:n.怀孕;概念;设想;开始;
and that DNA contains the chromosomes that determine whether we become male or female, man or woman. 而这些DNA则含有 决定你是男性或女性、男人或女人的染色体
chromosomes:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(chromosome的复数形式);
It used to be thought that those sex-determining chromosomes pictured here -- 过去曾普遍认为 照片上这个决定性别的染色体
XY if you're male, XX if you're female -- merely determined whether you would be born with ovaries or testes , and it was the sex hormones that those organs produced that were responsible for the differences we see in the opposite sex. 男性是XY,女性是XX 只决定你会有卵巢或睪丸 而这些性器官制造的性贺尔蒙 则负责表现出我们看见的性别外貌
determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) testes:n.睾丸(testis的复数);
But we now know that that theory was wrong -- or it's at least a little incomplete . 但我们现在知道这个理论是错误的－ 或者至少是不完整的
incomplete:n.未完成;adj.不完整的;不完全的;不完善的;
And thankfully , scientists like Dr. Page from the Whitehead Institute, who works on the Y chromosome , and Doctor Yang from UCLA, they have found evidence that tells us that those sex-determining chromosomes that are in every cell in our bodies continue to remain active for our entire lives 幸好有怀特黑德生物医学研究所的科学家们（如:Page博士） 一直在研究Y染色体 以及来自加州大学洛杉矶分校的楊博士 他们找到证据说明决定我们性别的染色体 存在于身体里的每一个细胞 终身活跃
thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地; Y chromosome:n.Y染色体;
and could be what's responsible for the differences we see in the dosing of drugs, or why there are differences between men and women in the susceptibility and severity of diseases . 也能说明这些染色体和 用药剂量上的差异是有关的 同时说明了为什么男性和女性 在疾病的敏感度和严重度是不同的
dosing:n.定量给料,配量;精密分注; susceptibility:n.敏感性;感情;磁化系数; severity:n.严重;严格;猛烈; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
This new knowledge is the game-changer, and it's up to those scientists that continue to find that evidence, but it's up to the clinicians to start translating this data at the bedside , today. 这个新知将彻底改变以往的认知 现在,科学家的责任是要继续发现证据 而临床医生的责任是要解读运用这些数据 在临床上
clinicians:临床医生(clinician的名词复数); bedside:n.床边,床旁;adj.床旁的,枕边的;
Right now. 现在
And to help do this, I'm a co-founder of a national organization called Sex and Gender Women's Health Collaborative , and we collect all of this data so that it's available for teaching and for patient care. 为了协助这项研究,我协同创立了一个全国性组织 生理性别和社会性别女性健康协会 我们收集所有相关的研究数据用于教学 及病人照护
co-founder:n.共同创立者; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; Collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的;
And we're working to bring together the medical educators to the table. 我们努力聚集医学教育家们一起研议
That's a big job. 这是一项大工程
It's changing the way medical training has been done since its inception . 从成立日起,它正改变医学训练的方式
inception:n.起初;获得学位;n.《盗梦空间》(电影名);
But I believe in them. 但我相信我们能成功
I know they're going to see the value of incorporating the gender lens into the current curriculum . 他们会看到将性别研究 纳入现有课程的意义所在
incorporating:v.将…包括在内;包含;吸收;使并入;注册成立;(incorporate的现在分词) lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影; curriculum:n.课程;总课程;
It's about training the future health care providers correctly. 这事关正确教导未来的医护人员
health care:n.卫生保健; providers:n.供应者;提供者;供养人;(provider的复数)
And regionally , 在当地
regionally:adv.地域性地,地方地;
I'm a co-creator of a division within the Department of Emergency Medicine here at Brown University, called Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine, and we conduct the research to determine the differences between men and women in emergent conditions, 我是布朗大学急诊医学科的 “生理和社会性别急救医学部门” 的联合创始人 我们致力于研究男性和女性 在紧急情况下的不同反应
division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧; emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的;
like heart disease and stroke and sepsis and substance abuse , but we also believe that education is paramount . 比如心脏病和中风、败血症和药物滥用 但我们始终相信教育才是最重要的
sepsis:n.败血症,[医]脓毒病;腐败作用; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; paramount:adj.最重要的,主要的;至高无上的;n.最高统治者;
We've created a 360-degree model of education. 我们建立了全方位的教学模式
We have programs for the doctors, for the nurses, for the students and for the patients. 我们有针对医生、护士、学生 以及病人的课程
Because this cannot just be left up to the health care leaders. 因为我们不能把问题都留给医疗保健的管理者
We all have a role in making a difference. 我们都有一份责任来改变现状
But I must warn you: this is not easy. 但要提醒的是:改变并不简单
In fact, it's hard. 实际上,非常困难
It's essentially changing the way we think about medicine and health and research. 基本上,它改变我们对医学、健康和研究 的思考方式
essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
It's changing our relationship to the health care system. 它也正在改变我们和医疗保健系统之间的关系
But there's no going back. 这已没有退路可选
We now know just enough to know that we weren't doing it right. 我们现在知道的 仅能理解我们以前做的是错误的
Martin Luther King, Jr. has said, "Change does not roll in on the wheels of inevitability , but comes through continuous struggle." 马丁路德金曾说过 改变并不会自然而然发生 而是经过持续不断的奋斗
inevitability:n.必然性;不可逃避; continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的;
And the first step towards change is awareness . 改变的第一步就是觉醒
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
This is not just about improving medical care for women. 这不仅仅指改善女性的医疗保健
improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
This is about personalized , individualized health care for everyone. 更指的是每个人的个别化医疗保健
personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式) individualized:adj.个人的; v.使…个性化;
This awareness has the power to transform medical care for men and women. 觉醒的力量能转变对男性或女生的医疗照护
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
And from now on , I want you to ask your doctors whether the treatments you are receiving are specific to your sex and gender. 从现在起我希望你询问你的医生 你所接受的治疗是否是针对你的生理和社会性别的
from now on:从今以后;从现在起; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
They may not know the answer -- yet. 他们也许并不知道答案 至少现在是
But the conversation has begun, and together we can all learn. 但至少这有了个开始,我们可以一起学习
Remember, for me and my colleagues in this field, your sex and gender matter. 记住,对于我和我的同事而言 你的性别是重要的
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （鼓掌）