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AllanAdams_2016-_引力波的发现意味着什么_
1.3 billion years ago, in a distant , distant galaxy, two black holes locked into a spir al, falling in exorably towards each other and collided , converting three Suns' worth of stuff into pure energy in a tenth of a se cond. 13亿年前, 在一个无比遥远的星系, 在地球上和太空中建立 以不可阻挡之势冲向彼此, 然后相撞, 由此将等同于三个太阳的物质 在十分之一秒内转化成了纯能量。
distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; collided:v.碰撞,冲突(collide的过去分词); converting:v.(使)转变,转换,转化;可转变为;归附;(convert的现在分词)
For that brief moment in time, the glow was brighter than all the stars in all the galaxies in all of the known Universe. 在那短暂的一瞬间, 碰撞产生的光芒 令已知宇宙中所有星系中的
glow:n.喜悦; v.发热; galaxies:n.银河; (galaxy的复数)
It was a very bang . 那是一个名副其实的 爆炸。
bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好;
But they didn't release their energy in light. 然而它们并没有以光的形式释放能量。
release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
I mean, you know, they're black holes. 因为它们是黑洞。
All that energy was pumped into the fabric of space and time itself, making the Universe explode in gravitational waves. 所有产生的能量都被注入时间和空间本身, 使宇宙以引力波的形式延展。
pumped:adj.紧张的; v.用泵输送; (pump的过去分词和过去式) fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构; explode:v.爆炸;爆裂;勃然(大怒);突然发生(危险); gravitational:adj.[力]重力的,[力]引力的;
Let me give you a sense of the timescale at work here. 让我来对所涉及的时间标度做一下说明。
timescale:时间量程;时标;
1.3 billion years ago, 13亿年前,
Earth had just managed to evolve multicellular life. 地球上刚出现了多细胞生物。
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成; multicellular:adj.[生物]多细胞的;多空隙的;
Since then, Earth has made and evolved corals , fish, plants, dinosaurs, people and even -- God save us -- the Internet. 在那之后,地球上的生物不断进化, 珊瑚、鱼类、植物、恐龙、人类相继出现,当然,还有互联网。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) corals:n.[无脊椎]珊瑚(coral的复数);
And about 25 years ago, a particularly audacious set of people -- 大约25年前, 一群极具冒险精神的人,
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的;
Rai Weiss at MIT, Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever at Caltech -- decided that it would be really neat to build a giant laser detector with which to search for the gravitational waves from things like colliding black holes. 麻省理工学院的瑞伊·维斯, 产生了一个他们认为非常了不起的想法: 他们想要制造一台庞大的激光探测器, 来搜寻由黑洞撞击等产生的引力波。
Weiss:n.外斯(原子磁矩单位);白色; Caltech:n.加利福尼亚理工学院; neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 detector:n.探测器;检测器;发现者;侦察器; colliding:adj.对撞的;v.碰撞(collide的现在分词);冲突;n.碰撞;冲撞;
Now, most people thought they were nuts. 大多数人都觉得他们疯了。
But enough people realized that they were brilliant nuts that the US National Science Foundation decided to fund their crazy idea. 但也有很多人认为他们是了不起的疯子, 所以美国国家科学基金会决定为他们这一疯狂的想法提供资金支持。
Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助;
So after decades of development, construction and imagination and a breathtaking amount of hard work, they built their detector, called LIGO: 由此,经历了这几十年的发展, 通过不断的建设和构想, 以及惊人数量的辛勤工作, 他们最终建成了这台名为LIGO的探测器:
construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; breathtaking:adj.惊险的;惊人的;激动人心的
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory . 全称叫做“激光干涉引力波观测台”。
Interferometer:n.[光]干涉仪;干涉计; Observatory:n.天文台;气象台;瞭望台;
For the last several years, 在过去的几年中,
LIGO's been undergoing a huge expansion in its accuracy , a tremendous improvement in its detection ability. LIGO的准确性得到了巨大的提升, 其探测能力也有了惊人的进步。
undergoing:v.经历,经受(变化、不快的事等);(undergo的现在分词) expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; improvement:n.改进,改善; detection:n.侦查,探测;发觉,发现;察觉;
It's now called Advanced LIGO as a result . 所以现在它可以被称为“高端LIGO”。
Advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) as a result:结果;
In early September of 2015, 2015年9月初,
LIGO turned on for a final test run while they sorted out a few lingering details. LIGO进行了最后一次试运行, 辨识出了少量滞留的细节。
test run:n.试车;试运行;试航; lingering:adj.拖延的; v.继续存留; (linger的现在分词)
And on September 14 of 2015, just days after the detector had gone live, the gravitational waves from those colliding black holes passed through the Earth. 随后,在2015年9月14日, 即探测器正式运行数天后, 由黑洞撞击所产生的引力波 经过了地球。
And they passed through you and me. 它经过了我们每一个人。
And they passed through the detector. 它也经过了那台探测器。
(Audio) Scott Hughes: There's two moments in my life more emotionally intense than that. （音频）斯科特·休斯:在我生命中只有两个时刻 给予过我比这更为强烈的情感冲击。
emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
One is the birth of my daughter. 一个是我女儿出生的时候。
The other is when I had to say goodbye to my father when he was terminally ill. 另一个是我父亲病逝前我与他告别的时候。
terminally:adv.最后;在末端;处于末期症状上;致命地;
You know, it was the payoff of my career , basically . 可以说我从事这项事业就是为了这一刻,
payoff:n.报酬;结果;发工资;结算;adj.支付的;决定性的;产生结果的; career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
Everything I'd been working on -- it's no longer science fiction ! (Laughs) 我为其付出努力的事情都不再是科幻小说了！（大笑）
science fiction:科幻小说;
Allan Adams: So that's my very good friend and collaborator , Scott Hughes, a theoretical physicist at MIT, who has been studying gravitational waves from black holes 艾伦·亚当斯:这是我的好友兼合作伙伴,斯科特·休斯, 麻省理工学院理论物理学家, 他研究产生于黑洞的引力波
collaborator:n.[劳经]合作者;勾结者;通敌者; theoretical:adj.理论的;理论上的;假设的;推理的; physicist:n.物理学家;物理学研究者;
and the signals that they could impart on observatories like LIGO, for the past 23 years. 以及其传递给像LIGO这样的观测台的信号 已经有23年之久。
impart:vt.给予(尤指抽象事物),传授;告知,透露; observatories:n.天文台;气象台;瞭望台;
So let me take a moment to tell you what I mean by a gravitational wave. 现在让我来简单介绍一下什么是引力波。
A gravitational wave is a ripple in the shape of space and time. 引力波是以时间和 空间的形式产生的波动。
ripple:n.波纹;涟漪;[物]涟波;vi.起潺潺声;vt.在…上形成波痕;
As the wave passes by, it stretches space and everything in it in one direction, and compresses it in the other. 当引力波通过时, 它将空间及其中的所有事物 向同一方向拉伸, 同时将其在另一方向上压缩。
stretches:v.拉长; n.一片; (stretch的第三人称单数和复数) compresses:n.[外科]敷布; v.压缩;
This has led to countless instructors of general relativity doing a really silly dance to demonstrate in their classes on general relativity. 这使得许多广义相对论教授 在课堂上说明广义相对论时都跳起了滑稽的舞蹈,
countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; instructors:n.教练;讲师;指导书(instructor的复数); relativity:n.相对论;相关性;相对性; demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威;
'"It stretches and expands , it stretches and expands." “拉伸再扩展,拉伸再扩展。”
expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数)
So the trouble with gravitational waves is that they're very weak; they're preposterously weak. 研究引力波的难点在于 它们太微弱了;微弱得不合常理。
preposterously:adv.荒谬地;不合理地;
For example, the waves that hit us on September 14 -- and yes, every single one of you stretched and compressed under the action of that wave -- when the waves hit, they stretched the average person by one part in 10 to the 21. 就拿9月14日穿过我们的引力波为例, 确实,在其作用下,我们每一个人都被 拉伸和压缩了—— 但这个过程中平均每个人仅被拉伸了 10的21次方分之一。
stretched:v.拉长;撑大;有弹性(或弹力);拉紧;(stretch的过去式和过去分词) compressed:adj.(空气或气体)压缩的; v.(被)压紧; (compress的过去式和过去分词)
That's a decimal place , 20 zeroes, and a one. 也就是小数点后20个零, 再加1个一。
decimal place:n.小数位;
That's why everyone thought the LIGO people were nuts. 这就是为什么人们认为LIGO的研究者们都是疯子。
Even with a laser detector five kilometers long -- and that's already crazy -- they would have to measure the length of those detectors to less than one thousandth of the radius of the nucleus of an atom . 即使使用5千米长的激光探测器,——这本身就很疯狂, 他们还是需要以比原子核半径的 千分之一还小的单位来测量那些 探测器的长度。
detectors:n.探测器;侦测设备(detector的复数); radius:n.半径,半径范围;[解剖]桡骨;辐射光线;有效航程; nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核; atom:n.原子;
And that's preposterous. 这真是超乎常人所能想象。
So towards the end of his classic text on gravity, 在其关于万有引力的经典着作的末尾,
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的;
LIGO co-founder Kip Thorne described the hunt for gravitational waves as follows: LIGO的联合发明人奇普·索恩 对引力波的探索进行了如下描述,
co-founder:n.共同创立者; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
He said, "The technical difficulties to be surmounted in constructing such detectors are enormous . 他说:“要建成这样的探测器, 需要克服巨大的 技术难题。
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; surmounted:拱(拱顶)的高度大于起拱线长度的一半的; constructing:n.构造;v.构造(construct的现在分词); enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
But physicists are ingenious , and with the support of a broad lay public, all obstacles will surely be overcome ." 但是,物理学家都是天才, 再加上公众的广泛支持, 所有的难关都会被攻克。”
physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数); ingenious:adj.有独创性的;机灵的,精制的;心灵手巧的; obstacles:n.障碍;障碍物;阻碍;(obstacle的复数形式) overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜;
Thorne published that in 1973, 42 years before he succeeded. 这本着作出版于1973年, 42年后,他才获得了成功。
Now, coming back to LIGO, 让我们回到LIGO的话题上来,
Scott likes to say that LIGO acts like an ear more than it does like an eye. 斯科特总是说, LIGO的运作方式更像是耳朵而非眼睛。
I want to explain what that means. 让我来解释一下这句话的意思。
Visible light has a wavelength , a size, that's much smaller than the things around you, the features on people's faces, the size of your cell phone. 可见光的波长 比我们身边的事物都要短, 比如人的五官, 或是你们的手机。
Visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目; wavelength:n.[物]波长;
And that's really useful, because it lets you make an image or a map of the things around you, by looking at the light coming from different spots in the scene about you. 这样的波长非常有用处, 因为它令人们借助来自 身边场景的不同位置的光线, 获得周围事物的直观影像。
Sound is different. 声音就不同了。
Audible sound has a wavelength that can be up to 50 feet long. 人们能听到的声音的波长可以达到50英尺。
Audible:adj.听得见的;听得见地;
And that makes it really difficult -- in fact, in practical purposes, impossible -- to make an image of something you really care about. 这使得声音很难—— 事实上,从实用意义来讲,根本不可能, 去形成你所在意的事物的直观影像。
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
Your child's face. 比如你的孩子长什么样子。
Instead, we use sound to listen for features like pitch and tone and rhythm and volume to infer a story behind the sounds. 相反,我们通过声音 来辨识音高、声调、节奏、音量等特征, 以此来推断声音背后的故事。
listen for:倾听; pitch:v.抛:用力扔:针对:触地:n.场地:程度:力度:推销的话:纵摇: tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调: rhythm:n.节奏;韵律; volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 infer:v.推断;推论;暗示;推理;
That's Alice talking. 爱丽丝正在讲话。
That's Bob interrupting . 鲍勃插话进来了。
interrupting:v.插嘴;打扰;打岔;使暂停;使中断;阻断,遮挡;(interrupt的现在分词)
Silly Bob. 鲍勃真是不分场合。
So, the same is true of gravitational waves. 引力波也有同样的作用。
We can't use them to make simple images of things out in the Universe. 我们虽然不能通过引力波获得宇宙中事物的直观影像,
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
But by listening to changes in the amplitude and frequency of those waves, we can hear the story that those waves are telling. 但通过倾听 引力波振幅和频率的变化, 我们能够听出它们所传达的故事。
amplitude:n.振幅;丰富,充足;广阔; frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;
And at least for LIGO, the frequencies that it can hear are in the audio band . 至少LIGO接收到的 波频在人们能听到的范围内。
frequencies:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;(frequency的复数) audio:adj.声音的;录音的; band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次;
So if we convert the wave patterns into pressure waves and air, into sound, we can literally hear the Universe speaking to us. 所以,如果我们把波形转化为压力波和空气波,即声音, 我们就能确实地听到宇宙传达给我们的信息。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
For example, listening to gravity, just in this way, can tell us a lot about the collision of two black holes, something my colleague Scott has spent an awful lot of time thinking about. 比如,以这种形式倾听引力波, 我们就能获得很多有关两个黑洞撞击的信息, 这也是我的同事斯科特花了大量时间探索的事情。
collision:n.抵触;碰撞(或相撞)事故; colleague:n.同事,同僚;
(Audio) SH: If the two black holes are non-spinning, you get a very simple chirp : whoop ! （音频）斯科特:如果两个黑洞没有旋转, 你听到的是“嗡——”一声鸣响。
chirp:v.吱喳叫; n.(鸟的)啁啾声; (无线电的)声信号 whoop:n.大叫;哮喘声;呐喊;一点点;vt.高声说;唤起;vi.叫喊;喘息;
If the two bodies are spinning very rapidly, I have that same chirp, but with a modulation on top of it, so it kind of goes: whir , whir , whir! 如果这两个黑洞高速旋转,响声是相同的, 但调制却发生了变化, 听起来就像这样:嗡——嗡——嗡——
spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词) modulation:n.[电子]调制;调整; whir:vi.作呼呼声,呼呼作声地飞;n.呼呼声,飕飕声;vt.使呼呼响,使呼呼地飞;
It's sort of the vocabulary of spin imprinted on this waveform . 可以说这就是旋转在波形图上留下的只言片语。
imprinted:adj.印花的;盖印的;v.压印(imprint的过去分词);刻上记号;盖印; waveform:n.[物][电子]波形;
AA: So on September 14, 2015, a date that's definitely going to live in my memory, 艾伦:在2015年9月14日, 一个我将永远铭记的日子,
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
LIGO heard this: LIGO听到了这样的声音:
[Whirring sound] （嗡鸣声）
So if you know how to listen, that is the sound of -- 懂得如何倾听它的人知道,这个声音来自——
(Audio) SH: ... two black holes, each of about 30 solar masses , that were whirling around at a rate comparable to what goes on in your blender . 斯科特:......两个质量均为太阳30倍左右的黑洞, 以相当于搅拌机运转的速度 旋转时所发出的声音。
masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式); whirling:v.(使)旋转,打转;混乱不清,恍惚;(whirl的现在分词) comparable to:可比较的,比得上的; blender:n.(电动)食物搅拌器;
AA: It's worth pausing here to think about what that means. 艾伦:我们有必要停下来好好想想这意味着什么。
Two black holes, the densest thing in the Universe, one with a mass of 29 Suns and one with a mass of 36 Suns, whirling around each other 100 times per second before they collide. 两个黑洞,宇宙中密度最高的物体, 其中一个的质量是太阳的29倍, 另一个是太阳的36倍, 它们以每秒钟100次的速度绕着彼此旋转, 然后相互碰撞。
densest:密集的;浓密的;极度的(dense的最高级);
Just imagine the power of that. 想象一下其中的能量。
It's fantastic . 简直不可思议。
fantastic:奇异的,空想的
And we know it because we heard it. 我们之所以知道这一切,是因为我们听到了它们。
That's the lasting importance of LIGO. 而这就是LIGO的长远价值所在。
It's an entirely new way to observe the Universe that we've never had before. 它为我们提供了一种前所未有的 观察宇宙的途径。
observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
It's a way that lets us hear the Universe and hear the invisible . 通过这一途径,我们可以倾听宇宙, 倾听不可见的事物。
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
And there's a lot out there that we can't see -- in practice or even in principle . 在实践中甚至是理论上, 宇宙中的许多事物都是不可见的。
in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; in principle:大体上,原则上;
So supernova , for example: 举个例子,超新星——
supernova:n.超新星;
I would love to know why very massive stars explode in supernovae . 我非常想知道为什么恒星质量达到一定程度时就会发生超新星爆发。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; supernovae:n.超新星;
They're very useful; we've learned a lot about the Universe from them. 这很有价值, 它们帮助我们获得了许多有关宇宙的信息。
The problem is, all the interesting physics happens in the core , and the core is hidden behind thousands of kilometers of iron and carbon and silicon . 问题是,所有有趣的物理现象都发生在内核, 而内核掩藏在数千公里厚的 铁、碳、硅元素之下。
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; silicon:n.[化学]硅;硅元素;
We'll never see through it, it's opaque to light. 这些元素不透光,我们永远无法看穿它们。
see through:adj.透明的;穿透的; opaque:adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的;n.不透明物;vt.使不透明;使不反光;
Gravitational waves go through iron as if it were glass --totally transparent . 而引力波却能穿过铁;就像穿过完全透明的玻璃一样。
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的;
The Big Bang: I would love to be able to explore the first few moments of the Universe, but we'll never see them, because the Big Bang itself is obscured by its own afterglow . 再举个例子,大爆炸。 我很想研究宇宙初始的时刻发生的一切, 但是我们已经无法看到了, 因为大爆炸本身已经被其发出的余辉所掩盖。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: obscured:adj.遮蔽的;湮没的;v.掩盖;使含混;变得模糊(obscure的过去分词); afterglow:n.夕照,晚霞;
With gravitational waves, we should be able to see all the way back to the beginning. 利用引力波, 我们有可能看到其最初的状态。
Perhaps most importantly, 或许,最重要的是,
I'm positive that there are things out there that we've never seen that we may never be able to see and that we haven't even imagined -- things that we'll only discover by listening. 我肯定宇宙中还有很多事物 是我们见所未见的, 或是永不可见的, 甚至是我们无法想象的—— 我们只能通过倾听去发现这一切。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
And in fact, even in that very first event, 事实上,在运行之初,
LIGO found things that we didn't expect. LIGO就发现了我们意想不到的事物。
Here's my colleague and one of the key members of the LIGO collaboration , 下面的录音来自我的同事,一位LIGO合作研究的主要成员,
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
Matt Evans , my colleague at MIT, addressing exactly that: 麻省理工学院的马特·埃文斯,
Evans:n.埃文斯;(姓氏)埃文斯;伊文思;
(Audio) Matt Evans: The kinds of stars which produce the black holes that we observed here are the dinosaurs of the Universe. 马特·埃文斯:我们现在观察到的这两个黑洞, 它们源自的恒星可以说是宇宙中的恐龙。
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
They're these massive things that are old, from prehistoric times, and the black holes are kind of like the dinosaur bones with which we do this archeology . 它们是来自于史前时代古老而巨大的存在, 而黑洞则像是恐龙的骨骼化石, 我们通过它们进行考古研究。
prehistoric:adj.史前的;陈旧的; archeology:n.考古学(等于archaeology);
So it lets us really get a whole nother angle on what's out there in the Universe and how the stars came to be, and in the end, of course, how we came to be out of this whole mess . 这给了我们一个全新的视角, 去思考宇宙中存在的事物, 思考星体的形成过程,当然,最终要去思考 人类在宇宙混沌中的发展之道。
nother:adj.各异的,不同的; mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
AA: Our challenge now is to be as audacious as possible. 亚伦:我们当下的挑战 就是要更加大胆尝试。
Thanks to LIGO, we know how to build exquisite detectors that can listen to the Universe, to the rustle and the chirp of the cosmos . LIGO让我们知道如何去建造精密的探测器, 以此来倾听宇宙, 倾听其中的低簌与鸣响。
exquisite:adj.精致的;细腻的;优美的,高雅的;异常的;剧烈的;n.服饰过于讲究的男子; rustle:vi.发出沙沙声;vt.使…沙沙作响;n.沙沙声;急忙;飒飒声; cosmos:n.宇宙;和谐;秩序;大波斯菊;
Our job is to dream up and build new observatories -- a whole new generation of observatories -- on the ground, in space. 我们的工作是要大胆想象并建造新的观测台—— 在地球上和太空中建立 全新一代的观测台。
I mean, what could be more glorious than listening to the Big Bang itself? 我是说,还有什么事能比倾听宇宙大爆炸更为美妙呢？
glorious:adj.光荣的;辉煌的;极好的;
Our job now is to dream big. 我们的工作就是创造伟大的梦想。
Dream with us. 跟我们一起梦想吧！
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）