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AlicePailhes_2020-_用魔术揭露自由意志的真相_-
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| Alright. |
好的 |
| I'd like to start with a small imagination exercise. |
我想从一个小小的想像力练习开始 |
| Imagine you're sitting at this table, facing me right now. |
想像你现在面对着我 坐在这张桌子前面 |
| Now, I'm going to ask you to push one of these cards towards me. |
现在,我需要你 把其中一张扑克牌推给我 |
| So please imagine yourself pushing one of these cards towards me. |
所以,请想像你正在把 其中一张扑克牌推给我 |
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imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
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| OK, so take the number matching the card you pushed and remember it -- it's important for later. |
OK,然后看看你选的扑克牌的号码 要记住它,这个很重要 |
| Now, I'm going to flip through this deck of cards and ask you to choose a card that you will see in the deck. |
现在,我要把这迭扑克牌很快地翻一遍 然后请你在其中选择一张牌 |
| Are you ready? |
准备好了吗？ |
| Alright, now that you have your card in mind, add the value of your card to your previous number. |
好的,现在你脑中有一张牌 把这张牌的号码 加上你原本选择的数字 |
| For example, if you chose the six of clubs, add six, if it's an ace, add one, and take 11 for any picture cards. |
例如,如果你选择梅花六,那就加上六 如果你选择 A,就加上一 如果是 J、Q、K 的话,就加上十一 |
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flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等); deck:n.甲板;舱面;层面;一副(为52张);v.装饰;打扮;布置;用力击倒; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
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| Have you got your final number in mind? |
你有得到一个最终数字了吗？ |
| Perfect. |
很好 |
| So please take the item matching your final number. |
现在,请选择与你的数字 相对应的物品 |
| Now, here's what's funny. |
好了,有趣的事情来了 |
| There are going to be a lot of people watching this video, and you all have different quirks with different preferences . |
会有很多人看这部影片 而每个人会有不同的倾向与偏好 |
| And yet, the vast majority of you right now is thinking about a kiwi , or, if you're left-handed , probably a corn on the cob . |
然而 现在,大多数人想的要不是奇异果 或者,如果你是左撇子的话 大概就是玉米 |
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item:n.条款,项目;一则;一件商品(或物品);adj.又,同上; quirks:怪癖;急转;借口(quirk的复数); preferences:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;(preference的复数) majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: kiwi:猕猴桃 left-handed:adj.左撇的;用左手的;笨拙的; corn on the cob:n.玉米棒子;
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| Yes, I just tricked you. |
是的,你被我耍了 |
| And I used your psychological biases to influence both of your decisions. |
我利用你的认知偏误 去影响你的两个决定 |
| I work in the MAGIC Lab at Goldsmiths University of London, which is not only a place where we make assistants vanish , but where we use magic tricks to study psychological processes , such as attention, perception , deception and free will . |
我在伦敦大学金匠学院里的 魔术实验室里工作 在这里,我们除了会把助理变不见 还会透过魔术手法 来研究人们的心理流程 像是注意力、知觉、欺骗与自由意志 |
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psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式); influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; Goldsmiths:n.金斯密斯学院; vanish:v.消失;突然不见;成为零;n.弱化音; magic tricks:n.魔术; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力; deception:n.欺骗;蒙骗;诡计;骗术;骗局; free will:n.自由意志;
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| I am fascinated by the subtle factors that influence our choices, and how understanding our flaws can give us back some power. |
我着迷于这些 能影响我们决定的小小因子 以及理解自身的缺点 所带给我们的力量 |
| Magic tricks provide a powerful tool to investigate this, and our experiments have shown that. |
魔术手法则提供了一个 很强大的研究工具 而我们的实验有了以下结果: |
| First, we humans tend to go for the easiest decisions. |
首先,我们人类倾向做最简单的选择 |
| With the card trick I did, most people tend to choose the card that I want them to choose, because I'm presenting it a bit longer than the others. |
在这个扑克牌手法中 多数人倾向去选择 我想要他们选的那张牌 因为我展示那张牌的时间 相对比较久一些 |
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subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; flaws:n.[材]缺陷;[力]裂缝(flaw的复数);v.有裂纹;使有裂缝(flaw的单三形式); investigate:v.调查;研究;审查;
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| And it becomes the easiest option for your brain. |
而这张牌就成为你脑里最简单的选项 |
| In our case, the majority of you probably chose the ten of hearts, right? |
在这个例子中 你们多数人大概会选择红心十,对吧？ |
| And a lot of other tricks are based on this principle of easy decision. |
而有很多的手法都是 基于这个「简单选项」的原则 |
| Because magicians are very aware that our brain, not to say "we," tends to be a bit lazy. |
因为魔术师们很清楚 我们的脑袋,更不用说是我们自己 |
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option:n.选择;可选择的东西; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
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| The exercise we did with the four cards is also a good example of this. |
这个四张扑克牌的手法 也是一个很棒的例子 |
| It's based on another trick I investigated , where I ask participants to physically push one of the four cards towards me. |
这是基于我研究中的另一个手法 我会要求参与者 将四张牌的其中一张推给我 |
| We found that around 60 percent of people choose the third card from the left, and if they were left-handed, they typically chose the second card from the left. |
我们发现,大约有 60% 的人 会选择左边数来的第三张牌 要是他们是左撇子的话 他们通常会选择左边数来第二张牌 |
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investigated:v.侦查;调查;研究;(investigate的过去分词和过去式) participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式); typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
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| This is based on the easy-option principle again, because the card that most people choose is the most easy to reach by the dominant hand. |
这也是基于简单选项的原则 因为多数人选择的牌 是最靠近他们惯用手的一张牌 |
| So, I knew that most of you would end up with one of these two numbers, and this allowed me to estimate the two most probable things you would end up with. |
所以,我知道你们之中多数人 最终会选择这两张牌的其中一张 而这让我得以预测 你最终猜到的物品中最有可能的两个 |
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dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本; probable:adj.很可能的;可信的;n.很可能的事;大有希望的候选者;
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| But this is not just about magic. |
但,这并不仅仅关乎魔术 |
| It's also about how we are influenced in our day-to-day lives. |
这还跟外界如何 在日常生活中影响我们有关 |
| You know, stories and politicians play with your mind as well, all the time, because they also know that we tend to choose and like what's easily grabbed or seen. |
你知道的,媒体的报导还有政客 也是时时刻刻在玩弄着你的大脑 因为他们也知道我们倾向会选择、喜欢 最容易得到跟看到的东西 |
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influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式) day-to-day:adj.日常的;逐日的; politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) grabbed:v.抓住;攫取;抓住,夺得;(grab的过去分词和过去式)
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| For instance , when you are in a store, choosing a bottle of wine or a bag of rice among many lined up on vertical shelves, your first instinct is to look only at the ones that are on the shelves in front of your eyes, right? |
举例来说,当你去到一间商店 要买一瓶酒或是一包米时 在直立的袈子上陈列的众多货品里 你的第一直觉是只会去看 袈上差不多在你眼睛高度的东西 |
| It's easier and requires less effort. |
这样选择比较简单,而且不费力 |
| Did you know that many brands actually negotiate to be at eye-level on grocery store shelves because of that easy-option principle? |
你知道吗？ 将他们的商品放在眼睛高度的架上 他们就是基于这个「简单选项」的原则 |
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instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的; instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的; brands:n.品牌;烙印(brand的复数);v.加商标于;铭刻于(brand的第三人称单数); negotiate:v.谈判,商议;转让;越过; eye-level:n.视线高度,齐眼高度; grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货;
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| And this is a tactic that many politicians use. |
而这,也是很多政客会用的伎俩 |
| When information is right in front of our eyes on social media , it's easily accessible , and it absolutely affects our voting behaviors. |
当社交媒体上的资讯 出现在我们眼睛正前方时 它会更容易被接触到 而它也绝对会影响我们的投票行为 |
| Political outcomes , such as the Brexit referendum or the American election in 2016, were heavily influenced by targeted advertising , making some information, which was not necessarily truthful, |
有些政治上的结果,像是英国脱欧公投 或是 2016 年的美国总统选举 都是被这些有针对性的广告 严重影响的后果 这让某些不见得是正确的资讯 |
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tactic:n.策略,战略;adj.按顺序的,依次排列的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) Brexit:英国退出欧盟; referendum:n.公民投票权;外交官请示书; advertising:n.做广告;广告业;广告活动;v.做广告;(advertise的现在分词) necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
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| disproportionately easily accessible and visible to specific audiences to influence their votes. |
过份容易让某些族群接触到、看到 以影响他们的投票选择 |
| But here is the good news. |
但,我也有好消息 |
| Some simple factors have an impact on how influencible we are. |
一些简单的因素 能决定我们有多容易被影响 |
| In an experiment using the trick with the four cards, we found that explicitly informing participants that they have a choice can actually lead them to make more deliberate decisions, as opposed to behaving in the way we are trying to make them behave . |
在同一个使用四张牌手法的实验中 我们发现,只要明确地告知参与者 他们能有自己的选择 就能引导他们做出更深思熟虑的决定 这个决定会跟我们想要 引诱他们去做的选择相反 |
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disproportionately:adv.不成比例地; visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; explicitly:adv.明确地;明白地; informing:v.知会;通知;通告;了解;熟悉;对…有影响(inform的现在分词) deliberate:v.深思熟虑;仔细考虑;反复思考;adj.故意的;蓄意的;存心的;不慌不忙的; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) behaving:v.表现:表现得体:有礼貌:(behave的现在分词) in the way:妨碍;挡道; behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
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| In other words, |
换句话说 |
| I either simply asked participants to push one of the cards, or I said, "Choose a card, and then push it." |
我要嘛就单纯地要求参与者 推一张牌给我 或者,我说: 「先选择一张牌,然后再推给我」 |
| And when asked to choose a card, the percentage of people who impulsively chose the most reachable one |
而当被要求选择一张牌时 会直觉性地选择最容易拿到的牌的人 |
| So, it seems that when we are reminded that we have control over our choices, and know that our actions matter, as opposed to acting without thinking, we can actually make more personal decisions and are less easily influenced. |
因此,看来当我们事先被提醒 并清楚这个选择很重要时 比起做出直觉性的选择 我们更能真正地做出自主的选择 且更难被外界影响 |
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percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; impulsively:adv.有推动力地; reachable:adj.可获得的;可达成的; reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式) personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
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| Let me show you another trick, invented by a British mentalist Derren Brown, to make my point. |
让我展示另一个手法给你看 这是由英国的读心术专家 达伦?布朗所发明 可以证明我的论点 |
| This one uses what's called " priming " in psychology . |
这会用到心理学里「促发」的概念 |
| Priming happens when exposure to something influences your thoughts and behavior later on, without you being aware that the first thing is guiding you to a certain extent . |
「促发」是当你接触到某种东西时 这东西进而影响你其后的思维与行为 而你并不会察觉到 它在其中起了引导作用 |
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mentalist:n.算命者;精神第一性论者; priming:n.起爆; v.事先指点; (prime的现在分词) psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; influences:n.影响; v.影响; to a certain extent:在一定程度上;在某种程度上;
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| The trick is usually done in a more intimate context , where I would be directly facing you, but we'll give it a try together. |
这个手法通常会在 彼此更靠近的情况下进行 我会直接跟你面对面 但我们一起来试试看 |
| Just focus on me as best as you can, but do not let me influence your choice. |
请尽可能的关注在我身上 但不要让我影响你的选择 |
| I'm going to try and mentally transmit the identity of a playing card I'm thinking of. |
我会试着用念力传送我腦中想的那張牌給你 |
| Are you ready? |
准备好了吗？ |
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intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上; transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; playing card:n.纸牌;扑克牌;
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| OK, so first make the color bright and vivid . |
OK,首先请想像一张颜色鲜艳的牌 |
| Imagine a screen in your mind, and on the screen, the little numbers, low down in the corners of the cards, and then in the top of the cards. |
想像你脑中有一个萤幕 在那个萤幕上 卡牌的边缘有小小的数字 卡牌的上方也有数字 |
| And then the things in the middle, in the center of the cards, the boom , boom , boom , the suits. |
接着,中间有些东西 它们在卡片的正中央 接着嘣嘣嘣,就这么排列 |
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vivid:adj.生动的;鲜明的;鲜艳的; boom:n.繁荣;吊杆;v.激增;繁荣昌盛;轰鸣;轰响;adj.(美)猛涨起来的;
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| Did you get it? |
你有画面了吗？ |
| OK, so I'm going to bet that the majority of you thought about the three of diamonds, but chose another card, right? |
OK,我打赌你们多数人 刚开始想到的是方块三 但最后选择了另一张牌,对吧？ |
| As you might have noticed, |
你可能已经注意到 |
| I heavily tried to influence your choice with my gestures while giving you the instructions. |
在下指示给你时我非常努力地試著想要 用我的手勢去影響你的選擇 |
| By studying this trick, we found that around 18 percent of people choose the three of diamonds, and nearly 40 percent choose the three of any suit, while being completely oblivious of the fact I was manipulating them. |
在研究这个手法后 我们发现大概有 18% 的人 会选择方块三 然后有接近 40% 的人会选择数字三 完全不知道我正在操弄他们 |
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bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿; gestures:n.手势; v.做手势; (gesture的第三人称单数和复数) oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的; manipulating:v.(暗中)控制,操纵,影响;正骨;治疗脱臼;(manipulate的现在分词)
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| So what happened here? |
所以,发生什么事了？ |
| Because you were aware that I was trying to influence your choice, you probably paid more attention to what I was doing. |
因为你事先知道我试着要影响你的选择 你大概会更注意我的行为 |
| And this led the majority of you to choose more consciously than our participants who have no information about who I am, what I'm studying or what I'm trying to do with their minds. |
而这让你们之中的多数人 更有意识的做出抉择 相较于另一群没有背景资讯 不知道我是谁,我在研究什么 或是我想对他们的大脑 做些什么的人 |
| So the thing is, in all of our experiments, we managed to heavily influence people's card choices, while they report feeling completely free and in control of their choice. |
所以,结果是 在我们所有的实验中 我们设法对人们的选择产生很大的影响 他们却认为这完全是 出自于他们自身的意志 |
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consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地;
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| And this lack of self-awareness makes politicians, companies and other people's influence all the more powerful, because we might think we are in control of our choice and beliefs when we are not. |
而像这样子的缺乏自我意识 就会让一些政客、企業与其他的人 更具有影响力 因为我们可能以为 我们的选择与信仰掌握在自己手中 但有时候事实却不然 |
| Politically or in our consumer behaviors, if we don't pay attention, misleading content or showy ads can just trick our mind. |
在我们做出政治或消费行为时 如果我们不能更加谨慎 误导性的内容,或誇大不实的广告 就能骗过我们的大脑 |
| What if , in our day-to-day lives, we would stop more often and consciously choose before acting on this impulsive, reactive beast inside of us? |
在日常生活中 要是我们能更常停下来 不受心裡這頭衝動的野獸所控制 而做出更有意識的抉擇呢？ |
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self-awareness:n.自我意识; all the more:更加;越发; Politically:adv.政治上; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; misleading:adj.误导的;引入歧途的;v.误导;引入歧途;使误信;(mislead的现在分词) content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; showy:adj.艳丽的;炫耀的;显眼的; What if:如果…怎么办? reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的;
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| We can actually act more consciously if we keep in mind that we have the capacity to be influenced. |
我们能真正地做出更有意识的选择 但要谨记 我们是很容易会被外界影响的 |
| Thank you. |
谢谢你 |
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keep in mind:记住; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
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