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AliceGoffman_2015-_我们如何培养一群孩子进入大学，却又将另一群孩子送进监狱？_
On the path that American children travel to adulthood , two institutions oversee the journey . 美国儿童在成长的过程中, 有两种机构发挥着守望的功能:
adulthood:n.成年;成人期; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) oversee:vt.监督;审查;俯瞰;偷看到,无意中看到; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
The first is the one we hear a lot about: college. 第一种是我们经常听到的:大学。
Some of you may remember the excitement that you felt when you first set off for college. 你们当中有些人可能还记得, 当你收到录取通知书的那一刻,自己有多么兴奋。
excitement:n.兴奋;刺激;令人兴奋的事物;
Some of you may be in college right now and you're feeling this excitement at this very moment. 有些人可能现在正在上大学, 此刻你正感到无比的兴奋。
College has some shortcomings. 当然大学也有一些不足之处,
It's expensive; it leaves young people in debt . 比如学费太贵,导致年轻人负债累累。
debt:n.债务;借款;罪过;
But all in all , it's a pretty good path. 但是整体来说,大学是一条相当不错的道路。
But all in all:总的来说;
Young people emerge from college with pride and with great friends and with a lot of knowledge about the world. 年轻人从大学毕業,带着自豪,结交好朋友, 同时也学到许多有关世界的知识。
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
And perhaps most importantly, a better chance in the labor market than they had before they got there. 或许更重要的是, 对找工作来说,他们比上大学前有了更好的机会。
Today I want to talk about the second institution overseeing the journey from childhood to adulthood in the United States. 今天,我要谈谈另一种 在美国守望着孩童成长过程的机构,
overseeing:监督;审查;俯瞰;偷看到,无意中看到; childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期 United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And that institution is prison. 那就是监狱。
Young people on this journey are meeting with probation officers instead of with teachers. 在监狱里,年轻人遇到的是观护人, 而不是老师。
probation:n.试用;缓刑;查验;
They're going to court dates instead of to class. 他们得按时去法院报到,而不是教室。
Their junior year abroad is instead a trip to a state correctional facility . 别人在大三出国旅游时,他们的旅途是去州立感化院。
junior:n.青少年;职位较低者;adj.青少年的;地位低下的; abroad:adv.在国外;到海外;adj.往国外的;n.海外;异国; correctional:adj.矫正的;修正的; facility:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;天资;
And they're emerging from their 20s not with degrees in business and English, but with criminal records. 当他们在20多岁时, 他们拿到的不是企管或英文的学位, 而是犯罪前科纪录。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
This institution is also costing us a lot, about 40,000 dollars a year to send a young person to prison in New Jersey. 这个机构也花费许多公帑, 在纽泽西州,将一个年轻人送进监狱的花费, 大约是一年4万美元,
young person:n.(14至17岁的)青少年;
But here, taxpayers are footing the bill and what kids are getting is a cold prison cell and a permanent mark against them when they come home and apply for work. 但这笔钱是纳税人付的。 而这些孩子得到的是冰冷的监狱牢房, 以及在他们出狱返家后,或是找工作时, 无法抹除的永久印记。
taxpayers:n.纳税人(taxpayer的复数); permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
There are more and more kids on this journey to adulthood than ever before in the United States and that's because in the past 40 years, our incarceration rate has grown by 700 percent. 在美国,有愈来愈多的孩子步上这条成长的道路, 因为在过去的40年, 我们的监禁率,成长了百分之七百。
incarceration:n.监禁;下狱;禁闭;
I have one slide for this talk. 我为这场演讲制作了一张投影片。
Here it is. 就是这张。
Here's our incarceration rate, about 716 people per 100,000 in the population. 这是我们的监禁率。 每十万人当中有716人入狱服刑。
Here's the OECD countries. 这是OECD经济合作暨发展组织会员国的监禁率图表。
What's more, it's poor kids that we're sending to prison, too many drawn from African-American and Latino communities so that prison now stands firmly between the young people trying to make it and the fulfillment of the American Dream . 更重要的是,我们将贫穷的孩子们送进监狱。 他们多数来自非裔美籍和拉丁裔社区。 现在,监狱阻挡了这些想要成功, 以及实现美国梦的年轻人。
African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人); Latino:adj.拉丁美洲的;拉丁美洲人的;n.拉丁美洲人; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) fulfillment:n.履行;实行; American Dream:n.美国梦(美国人传统的价值观和社会标准,如民主、权利平等和财富);
The problem's actually a bit worse than this 'cause we're not just sending poor kids to prison, we're saddling poor kids with court fees, with probation and parole restrictions , with low-level warrants , 问题其实更为严重, 因为我们不只是将贫穷的孩子关起来, 我们还让这些孩子负担法庭费用, 用缓刑和假释来限制他们, 或是对他们发布轻度通缉。
saddling:v.给(马)备鞍;(saddle的现在分词) parole:n.语言;誓言,诺言;释放宣言;v.有条件释放,假释;使假释出狱; restrictions:n.限制规定;限制;约束;制约因素;(restriction的复数) low-level:adj.低水平的;低级别的; warrants:n.[金融]认股权证; v.授权(warrant的三单形式);
we're asking them to live in halfway houses and on house arrest , and we're asking them to negotiate a police force that is entering poor communities of color, not for the purposes of promoting public safety, but to make arrest counts, to line city coffers . 我们让他们住在中途之家或是进行居家监禁。 我们让他们屈服于警察势力 进入到有色人种的贫穷社区裏, 目的不是为了要加强公共安全, 而是为了让逮捕人数达到要求,以增加市政府收入。
house arrest:n.软禁; negotiate:v.谈判,商议;转让;越过; police force:n.警察部队; promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) coffers:n.金库(coffer的复数); v.用花格镶板装饰;
This is the hidden underside to our historic experiment in punishment : young people worried that at any moment, they will be stopped, searched and seized. 这是我们一直以来所进行的惩罚性实验。隐藏在背后的阴暗面是: 年轻人担心,他们随时可能被拦下来、被搜查、被逮捕。
underside:n.下面;阴暗面; historic:adj.有历史意义的;历史上著名的; punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待;
Not just in the streets, but in their homes, at school and at work. 不只是在街上如此,在家里、 在学校、或在工作时都有可能。
I got interested in this other path to adulthood when I was myself a college student attending the University of Pennsylvania in the early 2000s. 我开始对这一条成长的道路感到兴趣, 当我还是宾州大学学生的时候, 那时是在2000年年初。
Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
Penn sits within a historic African-American neighborhood . 宾州大学位于一个历史上非裔美人居住的地区。
neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
So you've got these two parallel journeys going on simultaneously : the kids attending this elite , private university, and the kids from the adjacent neighborhood, some of whom are making it to college, and many of whom are being shipped to prison. 在那里,可以看到这两条平行的成长道路: 一边的孩子,进入精英的的私人大学就读, 住在另一边邻近社区的孩子们, 虽然有一些也进了大学, 但是大多数的孩子却被送进监狱裏。
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等); simultaneously:adv.同时地; elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; adjacent:adj.邻近的,毗连的;
In my sophomore year, I started tutoring a young woman who was in high school who lived about 10 minutes away from the university. 在我大二那年,我开始为一个高中的女孩补习。 她住在距离这个大学10分钟路程的地方。
sophomore:n.(大学)二年级学生:(高中)二年级学生:
Soon, her cousin came home from a juvenile detention center. 不久,他的一位表弟从少年拘留所回到家里。
juvenile:adj.青少年的;幼稚的;n.青少年;少年读物; detention:n.拘留;延迟;挽留;
He was 15, a freshman in high school. 他当时15岁,刚就读高中一年级。
I began to get to know him and his friends and family, and I asked him what he thought about me writing about his life for my senior thesis in college. 我开始认识他、他的朋友以及家人。 我问他,我是否可以在大四的论文里 描写有关他的故事。
senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人; thesis:n.论文;论点;
This senior thesis became a dissertation at Princeton and now a book. 这篇大四所写的论文,后来也成为我在普林斯顿大学的博士论文, 以及我所写的一本书。
dissertation:n.论文,专题;学术演讲; Princeton:n.普林斯顿(美国新泽西州中部的自治市镇);
By the end of my sophomore year, 在我大二那年结束时,
I moved into the neighborhood and I spent the next six years trying to understand what young people were facing as they came of age. 我搬到那个社区居住,在接下来的六年裏, 我试着了解年轻人在成长过程所要面对的事物。
The first week I spent in this neighborhood, 我住在那里的第一周,
I saw two boys, five and seven years old, play this game of chase, where the older boy ran after the other boy. 我看到两个男孩,分别是五岁和七岁, 他们正在玩追逐游戏。 那个大男孩追着另一个男孩。
He played the cop . 大男孩扮演警察。
cop:v.遭受;忍受;注意到;n.警察;
When the cop caught up to the younger boy, he pushed him down, handcuffed him with imaginary handcuffs , took a quarter out of the other child's pocket, saying, "I'm seizing that." 当这个警察追到小男孩时, 他将他推倒在地, 假装用手铐铐上他的手, 从他的口袋拿出一个25分的硬币, 他说:「我要拿走这个硬币」。
handcuffed:v.给…戴上手铐(handcuff的过去式和过去分词); imaginary:adj.虚构的,假想的;想像的;虚数的; handcuffs:n.手铐;v.用手铐铐住(某人);(handcuff的第三人称单数和复数)
He asked the child if he was carrying any drugs or if he had a warrant. 他问那个小孩是否身上有毒品, 或者正在被通缉？
Many times, I saw this game repeated, sometimes children would simply give up running, and stick their bodies flat against the ground with their hands above their heads, or flat up against a wall. 我经常看到孩子们玩这个游戏。 有时候,孩子会放弃逃跑, 身体直直地趴在地上, 将手举在头上,或将手靠在墙壁上。
Children would yell at each other, "I'm going to lock you up, 孩子们会彼此大叫, 「我要把你关起来。
I'm going to lock you up and you're never coming home!" 我要把你关起来,让你永远不能回家！」
Once I saw a six-year-old child pull another child's pants down and try to do a cavity search. 有一次我看到一个六岁小孩拉下另一个小孩的裤子, 试着对他做「体腔檢查」。
cavity:n.腔;洞,凹处;
In the first 18 months that I lived in this neighborhood, 我住在那个社区的前18个月,
I wrote down every time I saw any contact between police and people that were my neighbors. 我纪录下每一次我所看到 警察和我的邻居之间的接触过程。
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
So in the first 18 months, 在那18个月当中,
I watched the police stop pedestrians or people in cars, search people, run people's names, chase people through the streets, pull people in for questioning, or make an arrest every single day, with five exceptions. 我看着警察拦下行人或是车子里的人, 对他们搜查,问他们的名字, 在街上追着他们, 将他们带回去问话,或是逮捕他们。 这些事每天都在上演,只有五天平安无事。
pedestrians:n.行人(pedestrian的复数);
Fifty-two times, I watched the police break down doors, chase people through houses or make an arrest of someone in their home. 总共有52次,我看到警察破门而入, 穿过房子追着人们, 或者在他们的家里抓人。
Fourteen times in this first year and a half, 在一年半内有14次,
I watched the police punch , choke , kick, stomp on or beat young men after they had caught them. 我看到警察在逮捕年轻人后, 对他们打、呛、踢、踩或揍。
punch:n.冲床; v.拳打; (用打孔器等)打孔; choke:n.窒息; v.阻塞; (尤指感情激动而)说不出话来; stomp:v.迈着重重的步子走(或跳舞、移动);
Bit by bit, I got to know two brothers, 后来,我认识了两兄弟,
Chuck and Tim. 恰克 和 提姆。
Chuck:n.卡盘;夹头;辞退;(牛等的)颈肉;v.放弃;[机]用卡盘夹紧;(口语)抛出,逐出;
Chuck was 18 when we met, a senior in high school. 我遇到恰克时,他18岁,就读高中四年级。
He was playing on the basketball team and making C's and B's. 他是篮球队的队员,成绩有C有B。
His younger brother, Tim, was 10. 他的弟弟提姆,那时10岁。
And Tim loved Chuck; he followed him around a lot, looked to Chuck to be a mentor . 提姆很爱恰克,他总是跟在恰克屁股后面, 视哥哥为偶像。
mentor:n.指导者,良师益友;vt.指导;
They lived with their mom and grandfather in a two-story row home with a front lawn and a back porch . 他们和母亲、祖父居住在 一座两层楼的连栋房屋里,房屋前有草地,后有阳台。
two-story:两层(楼)的; lawn:n.草地;草坪; porch:n.门廊;走廊;
Their mom was struggling with addiction all while the boys were growing up. 在他们的成长过程里,他们的母亲一直有吸毒问题。
addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷;
She never really was able to hold down a job for very long. 她没有长期稳定的工作,
It was their grandfather's pension that supported the family, not really enough to pay for food and clothes and school supplies for growing boys. 他们依靠祖父的退休金生活。 那笔退休金并不足以支付成长中男孩所需的食物和衣服, 以及学费开销。
pension:n.养老金;退休金;抚恤金;adj.有关退休金的;v.给…养老金[恤金,津贴等];
The family was really struggling. 那个家庭实在过得很幸苦。
So when we met, Chuck was a senior in high school. 我认识他们时,恰克在读高中四年级。
He had just turned 18. 他刚满18岁。
That winter, a kid in the schoolyard called Chuck's mom a crack whore . 那个冬天,一个学校的孩子 辱骂恰克的母亲是 吸毒婊子 。
schoolyard:n.校园;运动场; crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的; whore:v.卖淫,娼妓;n.娼妓,淫妇;
Chuck pushed the kid's face into the snow and the school cops charged him with aggravated assault . 恰克将那个孩子的脸压到雪里, 校警以重度攻击罪名起诉他。
cops:n.警察;v.遭受;忍受;注意到;(cop的第三人称单数和复数) aggravated:adj.(罪行)严重的,加重的; v.使严重; (aggravate的过去式和过去分词) assault:v.袭击;殴打;威胁;非议;(assault的现在分词)
The other kid was fine the next day, 那个被打的孩子,其实第二天就没事了,
I think it was his pride that was injured more than anything. 我想主要是他的自尊心受到伤害。
injured:adj.受伤的:委屈的: v.伤害,使受伤: n.伤员;
But anyway, since Chuck was 18, this agg. assault case sent him to adult county jail on State Road in northeast Philadelphia , where he sat, unable to pay the bail -- he couldn't afford it -- while the trial dates dragged on and on and on through almost his entire senior year. 但是,由于恰克已经年满18岁, 他因为重度攻击罪名,被关进郡立的成人监狱。 这所监狱位于费城东北边的州立公路上。 他因为无法付出假释金而被关着 －－他根本负担不起 －－ 他的出庭日期被一拖再拖, 几乎拖延了他整个高中四年级。
county:n.郡,县; jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱; northeast:adj.东北的;来自东北的;n.东北;adv.向东北;来自东北; Philadelphia:n.费城(美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市); bail:n.保释金;保释;v.允许保释(某人);离开;与…搭讪; afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; on and on:继续不停地;
Finally , near the end of this season, the judge on this assault case threw out most of the charges and Chuck came home with only a few hundred dollars' worth of court fees hanging over his head. 最后,在这个季节快要结束前, 审理这个伤害案的法官驳回了大多数的控告, 恰克可以回家了, 却也欠下数百美元的诉讼费债务。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Tim was pretty happy that day. 提姆那天很高兴。
The next fall, Chuck tried to re-enroll as a senior, but the school secretary told him that he was then 19 and too old to be readmitted . 隔年秋天,恰克要返校重读高四, 但是学校秘书告诉他, 由于他已经19岁了,超过高四的就学年龄,无法复学。
readmitted:v.重新接纳;再次住入医院(readmit的过去式);
Then the judge on his assault case issued him a warrant for his arrest because he couldn't pay the 225 dollars in court fees that came due a few weeks after the case ended. 接着,审理恰克伤害案的法官对他发布一份通缉, 因为他没有支付225美元的诉讼费用。 通缉令在他的案件审理结束后的几个星期发出。
issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式)
Then he was a high school dropout living on the run . 当时,他被高中退学,而且还要躲避通缉,
dropout:n.退学学生;脱落;信号失落; on the run:在逃;奔波;跑着;
Tim's first arrest came later that year after he turned 11. 提姆在那一年后期,第一次被警察逮捕, 那时他才刚满11岁。
Chuck had managed to get his warrant lifted and he was on a payment plan for the court fees and he was driving Tim to school in his girlfriend's car. 恰克后来被解除通缉, 因为他用分期付款来支付诉讼费用。 有一天,他开着女朋友的车子载提姆去学校,
payment:n.付款;支付;收款;款项;报答;
So a cop pulls them over, runs the car, and the car comes up as stolen in California. 一位警察拦住他们,盘查他们的车, 结果那是一辆在加州失窃的赃车。
Chuck had no idea where in the history of this car it had been stolen. 恰克并不知道,这辆车曾经被偷,
His girlfriend's uncle bought it from a used car auction in northeast Philly . 那是他的女朋友的叔叔,在费城东北区向一位中古车商买的。
auction:v.拍卖;竞卖;n.拍卖; Philly:n.费城(Philadelphia的俗称,美国一座城市);
Chuck and Tim had never been outside of the tri-state , let alone to California. 恰克和提姆从来没有离开过邻近三个州的范围, 更不用说到过加州。
tri-state:三态; let alone:更不必说;听任;不打扰;
But anyway, the cops down at the precinct charged Chuck with receiving stolen property. 但是,管辖当地的警察 以收受赃物的罪名起诉恰克。
precinct:n.选区;管理区;管辖区;
And then a juvenile judge, a few days later, charged Tim, age 11, with accessory to receiving a stolen property and then he was placed on three years of probation. 接着几天之后,一位主管少年案件的法官 起诉了11岁的提姆, 罪名是收受赃物罪的共犯, 并且判处三年的缓刑。
accessory:n.配件;附件;[法]从犯;adj.副的;同谋的;附属的;
With this probation sentence hanging over his head, 因为这个缓刑的判决,
Chuck sat his little brother down and began teaching him how to run from the police. 恰克开始教他的弟弟 如何躲避警察。
They would sit side by side on their back porch looking out into the shared alleyway and Chuck would coach Tim how to spot undercover cars, how to negotiate a late-night police raid , how and where to hide. 他们比肩坐在家里的后阳台, 对着公共的巷道, 恰克教提姆如何辨别便衣警察的车子, 如何避开深夜警察的盘查,以及去哪里躲藏。
side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的; alleyway:n.胡同;小巷;窄街;走廊; undercover:adj.秘密工作的;暗中做的;私下进行的; late-night:adj.深夜的;午夜的; raid:n.袭击;突击;(军舰等的)游击;(盗贼,狐等的)侵入;v.袭击(警察)抄查;
I want you to imagine for a second what Chuck and Tim's lives would be like if they were living in a neighborhood where kids were going to college, not prison. 我要你们想像一下, 恰克和提姆过着什么样的生活？ 如果他们居住在孩子们都能上大学的地区, 而不是被送进监狱。
A neighborhood like the one I got to grow up in. 就像是我从小到大所居住的社区。
Okay, you might say. 好吧,你会说,
But Chuck and Tim, kids like them, they're committing crimes! 但是像恰克和提姆这样的孩子,他们还是有犯罪啊！
committing:v.做出;犯罪或错等;自杀;承诺,保证;(commit的现在分词)
Don't they deserve to be in prison? 他们不应该关在监狱吗？
deserve:vi.应受,应得;
Don't they deserve to be living in fear of arrest? 他们害怕被逮捕,难道不是应得的吗？
Well, my answer would be no. 好,我的回答是:「不」。
They don't. 他们不应该如此被对待。
And certainly not for the same things that other young people with more privilege are doing with impunity . 尤其他们所做的事, 和那些住在优渥环境的年轻人一样,但是后者却不会受罚。
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免; impunity:n.不受惩罚;无患;[法]免罚;
If Chuck had gone to my high school, that schoolyard fight would have ended there, as a schoolyard fight. 如果恰克进入我所就读的高中, 他在学校内的打架事件,不会扩大到校外, 就只是当作校园事件处理。
It never would have become an aggravated assault case. 这样的行为并不会演变成重度伤害罪。
Not a single kid that I went to college with has a criminal record right now. 我有许多大学同学, 到现在没有任何一位有犯罪纪录。
Not a single one. 一个都没有。
But can you imagine how many might have if the police had stopped those kids and searched their pockets for drugs as they walked to class? 但是你可以想像:如果警察把他们拦下来, 搜查他们的口袋是否有毒品,会有多少人因此留下犯罪纪录？
Or had raided their frat parties in the middle of the night? 或者在半夜,到他们的聚会进行临檢？
raided:v.突然搜查;偷袭;打劫;(raid的过去分词和过去式) frat:n.兄弟会;兄弟会成员;
Okay, you might say. 好,你可能会说,
But doesn't this high incarceration rate partly account for our really low crime rate? 难道不是因为提高监禁率, 才降低了犯罪率吗？
account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占;
Crime is down. That's a good thing. 能降低犯罪率,当然是件好事。
Totally, that is a good thing. Crime is down. 总体而言,那是件好事,犯罪率降低了。
It dropped precipitously in the '90s and through the 2000s. 在1990和2000年之间,犯罪率明显地降低。
precipitously:adv.陡峭地;出乎意料地;陡然地;
But according to a committee of academics convened by the National Academy of Sciences last year, the relationship between our historically high incarceration rates and our low crime rate is pretty shaky . 但是,根据去年由美国国家科学院举办的 一场学术性会议结果, 过去我们的高监禁率 与低犯罪率之间的关系,非常微弱。
according to:根据,据说; committee:n.委员会; academics:n.学术水平;学术知识;专业学者; convened:v.召集;集合;召唤;(convene的过去式和过去分词) Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; shaky:adj.摇晃的;不可靠的;不坚定的;
It turns out that the crime rate goes up and down irrespective of how many young people we send to prison. 也就是说,犯罪率的高低 与年轻人被关在监狱的数量无关。
irrespective of:prep.不考虑;不管;不受…影响;adj.不顾;不考虑;
We tend to think about justice in a pretty narrow way: good and bad, innocent and guilty . 我们常常用狭隘的观点来看待正义: 只有好与坏,无辜和有罪。
justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; innocent:adj.无辜的;无罪的;无知的;n.天真的人;笨蛋; guilty:adj.有罪的;内疚的;
Injustice is about being wrongfully convicted . 错误判决并不等于正义。
Injustice:n.不公正;不讲道义; wrongfully:adv.不正当地;不妥地; convicted:v.定罪;宣判…有罪;(convict的过去式和过去分词)
So if you're convicted of something you did do, you should be punished for it. 如果你是因为确实做了坏事而被判有罪, 你是应该受到惩罚。
There are innocent and guilty people, there are victims and there are perpetrators . 但是,有无辜的人和有罪的人, 有被害人,有肇事者。
perpetrators:n.作恶者;行凶者;犯罪者;(perpetrator的复数)
Maybe we could think a little bit more broadly than that. 或许我们可以有更宽广的思维。
broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地;
Right now, we're asking kids who live in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, who have the least amount of family resources , who are attending the country's worst schools, 现在,我们如何看待这些住在最贫困环境里的小孩？ 他们缺乏家庭的资源, 他们就读郡里最差的学校,
disadvantaged:adj.贫困的; n.弱势团体; v.使处于不利地位(disadvantage的过去式和过去分词); resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
who are facing the toughest time in the labor market, who are living in neighborhoods where violence is an everyday problem, we're asking these kids to walk the thinnest possible line -- to basically never do anything wrong. 他们在找工作时,面对最艰困的情境, 他们所居住的环境,每天都有暴力事件, 我们让这些孩子,走在最狭窄的道路上 －－ 就是基本上,不可以犯任何过错。
violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
Why are we not providing support to young kids facing these challenges? 这些孩子面临困难时,为何我们不给予支持？
Why are we offering only handcuffs, jail time and this fugitive existence? 为什么我们给他们的只是逮捕,入狱,或是不断逃亡的日子？
fugitive:adj.逃亡的;无常的;易变的;n.逃亡者;难捕捉之物;
Can we imagine something better? 难道我们不能想到更好的解决方式吗？
Can we imagine a criminal justice system that prioritizes recovery , prevention , civic inclusion , rather than punishment? 我们能否设想一个重视复原、预防, 以及公民包容的刑事司法系统, 而不是只能强调惩罚？
prioritizes:vt.把…区分优先次序;vi.把事情按优先顺序排好; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获; prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍; civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的; inclusion:n.包含;内含物;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
A criminal justice system that acknowledges the legacy of exclusion that poor people of color in the U.S. have faced and that does not promote and perpetuate those exclusions . 设想一个刑事司法系统 愿意承认在美国历史上,曾经排斥有色人种, 并且不再促进和延续这种排斥观点。
legacy:n.遗赠,遗产; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; perpetuate:vt.使不朽;保持;adj.长存的; exclusions:n.除外(exclusion的复数形式);排除给付;除外条款;
(Applause)
And finally, a criminal justice system that believes in black young people, rather than treating black young people as the enemy to be rounded up. 最后,设想一个相信黑人青年的刑事司法系统, 而不是将这些黑人青年当作是敌人一样加以逮捕。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
(Applause) （鼓掌）
The good news is that we already are. 好消息是,我们已经在做了。
A few years ago, Michelle Alexander wrote "The New Jim Crow ," 几年前,蜜雪儿．亚历山大写了 The New Jim Crow“ 这本书,
Jim Crow:歧视黑人的;歧视(黑人);
which got Americans to see incarceration as a civil rights issue of historic proportions in a way they had not seen it before. 它让美国民众采用和以往不同的方式 将“监禁”视为一项重要的人权议题。
civil rights:na.公民权; proportions:n.[数]比例;大小(proportion的复数形式);
President Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder have come out very strongly on sentencing reform , on the need to address racial disparity in incarceration. 欧巴马总统和檢察总长 Eric Holder 对于量刑改革 以及监禁的种族歧视问题非常重视。
Attorney General:n.司法部长;总检察长;首席检察官; Holder:n.持有人;所有人;固定器;(台,架等)支持物; reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善; racial:adj.种族的;人种的; disparity:n.不同;不一致;不等;
We're seeing states throw out Stop and Frisk as the civil rights violation that it is. 我们看到一些州废除了「拦檢」和「搜查」 因为这些行为违反了人权。
throw out:v.扔掉;伸出;说出;否决;突出; Frisk:v.搜身;搜(某人)的身;活蹦乱跳;n.(猫儿等)欢跃;快活的时刻;搜身 violation:n.违反;妨碍,侵害;违背;强奸;
We're seeing cities and states decriminalize possession of marijuana . 我们看到一些城市和州不再将持有大麻视为犯罪。
decriminalize:vt.使合法化;非刑事化(等于decriminalise); possession:n.拥有;具有;属地;个人财产; marijuana:n.大麻;大麻毒品;
New York, New Jersey and California have been dropping their prison populations, closing prisons, while also seeing a big drop in crime. 在纽约州、纽泽西州和加州, 正在减少囚犯人数,关闭监狱, 同时也看到犯罪率大幅降低。
Texas has gotten into the game now, also closing prisons, investing in education. 德州也开始加入改革, 关闭一些监狱,转而投资教育。
investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词)
This curious coalition is building from the right and the left, made up of former prisoners and fiscal conservatives , of civil rights activists and libertarians , 有一些令人惊讶的组织,由社会各阶层人士共同组成, 其中包括了更生人和财政保守派, 人权斗士和自由主义者,
curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的; coalition:n.联合;结合,合并; made up of:由…组成,由…构成; fiscal:adj.会计的,财政的;国库的; conservatives:n.保守党,保守派; libertarians:adj.自由的;自由论者的;持自由论的;n.自由意志主义者;行动自由论者;
of young people taking to the streets to protest police violence against unarmed black teenagers, and older, wealthier people -- some of you are here in the audience -- pumping big money into decarceration initiatives 有些年轻人走上街头,抗议警察以暴力对付 手无寸铁的黑人青年, 除此之外,还有许多年长,富有的人 －－ 你们有些正坐在观众席里 －－ 热心捐款赞助反监禁行动。
protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩; unarmed:adj.不带武器的;非武装的;不使用武器的;徒手的 pumping:v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动;(pump的现在分词) initiatives:n.积极性;主动权(initiative的复数);创始;
In a deeply divided Congress , the work of reforming our criminal justice system is just about the only thing that the right and the left are coming together on. 在意见分歧的国会里, 改革现有刑事司法系统的工作 成为无论左派或右派议员 唯一彼此有共识的议题。
Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; reforming:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;(reform的现在分词)
I did not think I would see this political moment in my lifetime. 我从未曾想过,在有生之年可以看到这一刻。
I think many of the people who have been working tirelessly to write about the causes and consequences of our historically high incarceration rates did not think we would see this moment in our lifetime. 我想到,有许多人竭尽心力 在探讨史上高监禁率的原因和结果时, 他们也未曾想过 会在有生之年见证这个时刻。
tirelessly:adv.不知疲倦地;不屈不挠地; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
The question for us now is, how much can we make of it? 现在我们的问题是,我们能因此学到什么？
How much can we change? 我们能改变多少？
I want to end with a call to young people, the young people attending college and the young people struggling to stay out of prison or to make it through prison and return home. 最后,我要向年轻人呼吁, 无论你是正在读大学的年轻人, 还是努力想要离开监狱的年轻人, 或者即将服完刑期返家的年轻人。
It may seem like these paths to adulthood are worlds apart, but the young people participating in these two institutions conveying us to adulthood, they have one thing in common: 这些长大成人的道路天差地远, 但是经由这两种机构而成长的年轻人 让我们所看到 他们的共同点是:
participating:v.参加;参与(participate的现在分词) conveying:v.表达,传递(思想、感情等);输送;(convey的现在分词)
Both can be leaders in the work of reforming our criminal justice system. 他们都可以成为改革刑事司法系统的领导者。
Young people have always been leaders in the fight for equal rights, the fight for more people to be granted dignity and a fighting chance at freedom. 在争取平权的战斗中,年轻人一直扮演着领导的角色。 这是为了替更多的人争取尊严, 以及争取自由的机会。
granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式) dignity:n.尊严;高贵;
The mission for the generation of young people coming of age in this, a sea-change moment, potentially , is to end mass incarceration and build a new criminal justice system, emphasis on the word justice. 这一代年轻人的使命, 在这个急剧变化的时刻,很有可能实现的 是结束大规模的监禁,并且建立一个崭新的 强调「公平正义」的刑事司法系统。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; coming of age:n.成年;成熟; sea-change:翻天覆地的变化; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; emphasis:n.强调;重视;重要性;(对某个词或短语的)强调;
Thanks. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）