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AliceDreger_2011X-_出身决定命运_
I want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day, at the exact same moment, each conceiving a baby -- okay? 我希望大家设想一下, 两对夫妇 在1979年的年中 在相同的一天,相同的时刻 每对怀上了一个孩子 -- 好
conceiving:v.想象;构想;设想;怀孕;怀(胎);(conceive的现在分词)
So two couples each conceiving one baby. 那么两对夫妇各自都都怀上了一个孩子
Now I don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception , because if you spend all that time imagining that conception , you're not going to listen to me. 现在,我不希望大家花太多的时间去想象怀孕 因为如果你花太多时间去想它 你就不会听我说了
conception:n.怀孕;概念;设想;开始;
So just imagine that for a moment. 所以稍微想一下就好了
And in this scenario , 那么在这种情况下
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本;
I want to imagine that, in one case, the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome , meeting that X chromosome of the egg. 我来设想一下,一个个例是 携带着Y染色体的精子 遇到携带着X染色体的卵子
sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油; Y chromosome:n.Y染色体; X chromosome:n.[遗]x染色体;雌性染色体;
And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome, meeting the X chromosome of the egg. 另一个是 携带着X染色体的精子 遇到携带着X染色体的卵子
Both are viable; both take off. 两个都存活下来了,两个都开始发育
We'll come back to these people later. 我们之后再来看这两对夫妇
So I wear two hats in most of what I do. 我担任两个角色 在我所从事的领域
wear two hats:身兼两职;
As the one hat, 一个角色是
I do history of anatomy . 我做解剖学历史研究
anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析;
I'm a historian by training, and what I study in that case is the way that people have dealt with anatomy -- meaning human bodies, animal bodies -- how they dealt with bodily fluids , concepts of bodies; how have they thought about bodies. 我是个史学工作者 我所研究的是 人类是怎么对待解剖学的—— 对无论是人类躯体,或是动物躯体—— 他们如何处理体液,抽象的躯体 他们是如何看待躯体的
bodily:adv.整体地;亲自地;以肉体形式;adj.身体的;肉体的; fluids:n.液体;流体;液;(fluid的复数)
The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist , as a patient advocate -- or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate -- for people who are patients of doctors. 另一个角色是 一名社会活动家 作为一个为病人辩护人的角色—— 或者说,像我有时候说的,作为医生们的病人的辩护人—— 我是很激进的
activist:n.积极分子;激进主义分子; advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人; impatient:adj.焦躁的;不耐心的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
In that case, what I've worked with is people who have body types that challenge social norms . 那样的话,在我工作中 所接触到的是一些 挑战着社会规范的人
norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式);
So some of what I've worked on, for example, is people who are conjoined twins -- two people within one body. 比如,我接触到的一些人 是连体婴儿 两个人共用一个身体
conjoined:adj.结合的;联合的;v.结合;联合(conjoin的过去式和过去分词);
Some of what I've worked on is people who have dwarfism -- so people who are much shorter than typical . 还有一些是侏儒症患者 他们比一般人要矮小的多
dwarfism:n.[内科]侏儒症;矮小; typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
And a lot of what I've worked on is people who have atypical sex -- so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types. 另外,许多我接触的人 他们的性别与众不同 -- 即他们没有很标准的男性特征 或者女性特有的身体特征
atypical:adj.非典型的;不合规则的; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
And as a general term, we can use the term intersex for this. 总的来说,这个症状可以被叫做双性人
intersex:n.雌雄间性;阴阳人;
Intersex comes in a lot of different forms. 双性可以有多种的形式
I'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isn't standard for male or female. 我来举几个例子 来说明你可以具有 既不是标准的男性特征也不是标准的女性特征的类型
So in one instance , you can have somebody who has an XY chromosomal basis, and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life, to become testes . 例子之一 一个人可以拥有XY染色体 并且,在Y染色体上的SRY基因(雄性性别决定基因) 刺激我们在胎儿时期都有的原始性腺 使其变成睾丸
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; chromosomal:adj.染色体的; gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子; fetal:adj.胎的,胎儿的; testes:n.睾丸(testis的复数);
And so in the fetal life the testes are pumping out testosterone . 因此在胎儿时期,睾丸分泌睾丸激素
pumping:v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动;(pump的现在分词) testosterone:n.[生化]睾酮,睾丸素(男性荷尔蒙的一种);
But because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone, the body doesn't react to the testosterone. 但是这个个体缺少受体 来接收睾丸激素 身体不能对睾丸激素做出反应
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; receptors:n.[生化]受体;接受器;神经末梢(receptor的复数); react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应;
And this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome. 这是一种叫做睾丸不敏感（睾丸女性化）综合征
syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位; androgen:n.雄激素;男性荷尔蒙; insensitivity:n.感觉迟钝;不灵敏性;昏迷;
So lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it. 所以,睾丸激素的量很大,但是不能引起反应
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
As a consequence , the body develops more along the female typical path. 因此,身体就会朝着 女性化的趋势发展
consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论;
When the child is born, she looks like a girl. 当婴儿诞生时,她看起来像个女孩儿
She is a girl. She is raised as a girl. 她就是女孩儿,并且被当作小姑娘来抚养
And it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts, but she's not getting her period, that somebody figures out something's up here. 大多数情况,直到青春期 她的胸部开始发育的时候 她却没有女性周期 这时我们才会开始怀疑有什么差错
puberty:n.青春期;开花期;
And they do some tests and figure out that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus , she actually has testes inside, and she has a Y chromosome. 于是他们检查发现 她并没有卵巢和子宫 实际上,在她身体内有睾丸,并且她携带着Y染色体
ovaries:n.[解剖]卵巢,[植]子房(ovary复数形式); uterus:n.[解剖]子宫;
Now what's important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male, but they're really not. 现在,有一个重要问题需要说明的是 大家一定认为这个人实际上是个男孩儿 其实并非如此
Females, like males, have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands . 女性,和男性一样 体内有一个器官叫做肾上腺
adrenal:adj.肾上腺的;n.肾上腺; glands:n.腺体(gland的复数);气封;
They're in the back of our body. 它在我们身体的后端
And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone . 并且肾上腺负责分泌雄性激素 即一种雄性荷尔蒙
hormone:n.[生理]激素,荷尔蒙;
Most females like me -- I believe myself to be a typical female -- 像我一样的大多数女性--我相信我自己是个典型的女性--
I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up but I think I'm probably typical -- most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive. 我其实不太清楚我的染色体的组成 但是我想我应该是有典型的女性—— 大多数像我一样的女性实际上是雄激素敏感的
make-up:n.化妆品;(美)补考;性格;构造;排版;
We're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens. 我们分泌雄性激素,并且对它有反应
responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词)
The consequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome. 结果是,有的像我一样女性, 大脑暴露在过多的雄性激素下 比那个出生时有睾丸的女孩 那个雄性激素不敏感综合征的女孩有的雄性激素还多
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
So sex is really complicated; it's not just that intersex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum -- in some ways, they can be all over the place. 所以说性别是个非常复杂的东西;并不是说那些双性的人 就处在男性和女性之间—— 在某些方面,他们可以覆盖整个性特征的范围
spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
Another example: a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old, who was born a boy, raised a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend, had a life as a guy and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside. 还有一个例子 几年前,我接到一个十九岁的男孩打来的电话 他生下来是个男孩,也被当作男孩来养 后来有了女朋友,也和女友发生了性关系 一直过着男孩的生活 但是最近,他发现自己体内有卵巢和子宫
What he had was an extreme form of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia . 他所有的是一种很极端的病症 叫做类固醇21-羟化酶缺乏症
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; congenital:adj.先天的,天生的;天赋的; hyperplasia:n.[病理]增生;畸形生长;
He had XX chromosomes , and in the womb , his adrenal glands were in such high gear that it created, essentially , a masculine hormonal environment. 他携带XX染色体 并且在子宫内的时候 他的肾上腺很活跃 从而形成了一个男性荷尔蒙的环境
chromosomes:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(chromosome的复数形式); womb:n.[解剖]子宫;发源地;vt.容纳; gear:n.齿轮; v.适合; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; masculine:adj.男性的;阳性的;男子气概的;n.男性;阳性,阳性词; hormonal:adj.荷尔蒙的,激素的;
And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinzed, his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones . 结果就是,他发育了男性生殖器官 他的大脑接受了 更多的典型的男性荷尔蒙
genitals:n.生殖器;外阴部; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数);
And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything. 因此他生下来看起来像个男孩儿--根本没人怀疑
suspected:v.怀疑;不信任;(suspect的过去分词和过去式)
And it was only when he had reached the age of 19 that he began to have enough medical problems actually from menstruating internally , that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female internally. 只有当他长到19岁的时候 当他开始遇到生理问题的时候 其实是在体内出现月经起 医生发现,实际上他的内部是女性
menstruating:v.月经来潮(menstruate的现在分词); internally:adv.内部地;国内地;内在地;
Okay, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex. 好,我们再来快速的看一个例子 另一个可能带来两性特征的情况
Some people who have XX chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis, which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it. 有XX染色体的一些人 会发育一种叫做卵睾的器官 也就是当卵巢组织 被睾丸组织包裹起来的一种器官
ovarian:adj.[解剖]卵巢的;子房的; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; testicular:adj.[解剖]睾丸的;睾丸状的; wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式)
And we're not exactly sure why that happens. 我们还不能确定它的成因
So sex can come in lots of different varieties. 所以说性别可以是很多种形式
The reason that children with these kinds of bodies -- whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning, or it's an intersex type -- are often normalized by surgeons is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health. 拥有这些身体特征的 孩子们—— 不论是侏儒症,或者连体婴儿 或者是双性型的—— 常被外科医生手术纠正的原因 实际上并不是为了 身体健康
normalized:adj.标准化的; v.使规范化(normalize的过去分词); surgeons:n.外科医生;(surgeon的复数) physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy. 因为很多情况下,他们的身体其实都很健康
The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries is because they threaten our social categories . 他们接受各种外科手术的原因 是因为他们受到我们社会上对人分类的威胁
surgeries:n.外科手术(surgery复数); categories:n.(人或事物的)类别,种类(category的复数)
Or system has been based typically on the idea that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity . 或者说社会上已经有一个典型的认识 什么样的身体结构,有什么样的特征
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity; what it means to be a black person is, allegedly , is to have an African anatomy in terms of your history. 因此,我们的概念就是作为一个女人 就必须有女性的特性 以此类推,一个黑人 就得具有非洲人的身体结构特征 在你的履历中
allegedly:adv.依其申述;据说,据称;
And so we have this terribly simplistic idea. 因此我们就有了这种过于简单的认识
simplistic:adj.过分简单化的;过分单纯化的;
And when we're faced with a body that actually presents us something quite different, it startles us in terms of those categorizations . 当我们面对一个 某些方面是与众不同的身体的时候 那些不能归类的想法让我们感到吃惊
startles:v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;使大吃一惊;(startle的第三人称单数和复数) categorizations:n.分类;分门别类;编目方法;
So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism . 因此我们的文化中有很多天真的想法 是关于个人主义的
romantic:adj.浪漫的;爱情的;n.浪漫的人;耽于幻想的人; individualism:n.个人主义;利己主义;个人特征;
And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism. 并且我们国家建立在一个非常不实际的个人主义的概念上的
Well you can imagine how startling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body. 好,你可以想象那多么令人震惊 当你的两个孩子 出生的时候是在一个身体中的
startling:adj.惊人的;让人震惊的;极鲜亮的;v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;(startle的现在分词)
Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently was last year the South African runner, Caster Semenya, had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin. 我最近一次遇到这种情况是 去年的时候,非洲田径运动员,卡斯特尔·塞门亚 在柏林国际比赛中被质疑性别问题
recently:adv.最近;新近; Caster:n.铸工;脚轮;投手;调味瓶;
I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me, "Which is the test they're going to run that will tell us whether or not 许多记者给我打电话,问我 “他们会用哪种检测方法 来向大家证明
journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); whether or not:是否…;
Caster Semenya is male or female?" 卡斯特尔·塞门亚是男还是女？”
And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test. 于是我不得不跟他们解释说,根本没有检测的方法
In fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to admit nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female, or between male and intersex and female and intersex; we actually draw that line on nature. 事实上,我们现在已经了解 性别是非常复杂的 我们不得不承认 大自然根本就没有一个明确的分界线来区分男性或女性 或者男性和双性以及女性和双性 这条分界线实际上是我们自己画的
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
So what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes, the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories that we thought of as stable anatomical categories that mapped very simply to stable identity categories are a lot more fuzzy than we thought. 因此我们现在的情况是 科学越发展 我们越得承认 这些性别的分类形式 也就是我们认为很理所当然的身体结构学上的分类 是过于简单地 给特性分了类 实际情况要比我们想象的模糊的多
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房; anatomical:adj.解剖的;解剖学的;结构上的; fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
And it's not just in terms of sex. 并且这不仅仅是关于性别的问题
It's also in terms of race, which turns out to be vastly more complicated than our terminology has allowed. 也同样是关于种族的问题 这个复杂程度 远不是我们的学术语言所能形容的
vastly:adv.极大地;广大地;深远地; terminology:n.术语,术语学;用辞;
As we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas. 如我们所见,我们涉及各种各样艰难的领域
We look, for example, about the fact that we share at least 95 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees . 我们来看一个例子,现实情况是 我们用95%的人类的DNA 与大猩猩进行对比
chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数);
What are we to make of the fact that we differ from them only really by a few nucleotides ? 得出的事实是 人类和大猩猩的DNA只是在一些核苷酸上有所不同
nucleotides:n.核甘酸;核甘酸基(nucleotide的复数形式);
And as we get farther and farther with our science, we get more and more into a discomforted zone where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had are probably overly simplistic. 科技越发展 我们越会涉及到让人苦恼的领域 我们必须承认 那些沿用的简单的分类 是过于简单化了
overly:adv.过度地;极度地;
So we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life. 正因如此,我们正在审视着 人类生活中的各个领域
One of the places we're seeing it, for example, in our culture today, in the United States today, is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life. 其中的一个领域,举个例子 就是我们的文化领域,当今美国的文化领域 热议着生命的起源和终结
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
We have difficult conversations about at what point we decide a body becomes a human, such that it has a different right than a fetal life. 我们有一个艰难的讨论 关于我们什么时候从一个躯体变成了一个人类 从而有了不同于胎儿的权利
We have very difficult conversations nowadays -- probably not out in the open as much as within medicine -- about the question of when somebody's dead. 我们当今有一个非常有争议的话题—— 也许在外部不如在医学界内争论的激烈—— 是关于何时认定为人死亡的疑问
in the open:在户外;在野外;
In the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much with this question of when somebody was dead. 过去,人死的时候 我们的祖先从来不会过多的纠结于此
At most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose, and if it twitched , they didn't bury them yet. 最多也就是把一个羽毛粘在人的鼻子下 如果羽毛动了,旁人就不会把他们埋掉
twitched:v.痉挛;抽搐;抽动;急拉;(twitch的过去分词和过去式) bury:v.埋葬;隐藏;
If it stopped twitching , you bury them. 如果羽毛不动,就会埋了他们
twitching:n.颤搐;v.使抽搐;猛拉;夺走(twitch的ing形式);
But today, we have a situation where we want to take vital organs out of beings and give them to other beings. 但是如今的情况都是 我们希望把死者的器官 移植到其他人的身体上
vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
And as a consequence, we're stuck with having to struggle with this really difficult question about who's dead, and this leads us to a really difficult situation where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before. 结果 我们开始纠结在上面所提到的难题中 关于到底死了没有 这导致我们进入一个很困难的情况 这个情况没有之前简单的分类了
Now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories would make somebody like me really happy. 现在你也许会想,所有的这些正在崩溃的分类 也许会让像我这样的人感到高兴
I'm a political progressive , I defend people with unusual bodies, but I have to admit to you that it makes me nervous. 我是一个在政治观点上不断进步的人,我维护那些身体异于常人的人 但是我必须承认,这种改变让我感到不安
progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派;
Understanding that these categories are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense. 认识到这些分类制度 比我们想象的还不稳定,使我感到紧张
unstable:adj.不稳定的;变化莫测的;(行为、情绪)反复无常的
And it makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy . 同时,我的紧张来自于 民主的观点
point of view:观点;见地;立场; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
So in order to tell you about that tension , 所以,为了告诉大家这种紧张的程度
tension:n.张力;拉伸;矛盾;紧张局势(或关系,状况);v.绷紧;
I have to first admit to you that I'm a huge fan of the Founding Fathers. 我首先要承认,我是国父们的忠实粉丝
I know they were racists , I know they were sexist , but they were great. 我知道他们是种族主义者,他们是男性至上主义者 但是他们非常伟大
racists:n.种族主义者;种族主义的; sexist:n.性别歧视者;男性至上主义者;adj.性别主义者的;性别歧视者的;
I mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did that I find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years, and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable . 我的意思是,他们是如此的英勇、无畏 并且积极的从事他们的事业 我自己每隔几年就要重新去欣赏那个挺土的音乐剧“1776”（美国建国史的音乐剧） 并不是因为音乐好,音乐是完全可以被忽略的
bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; cheesy:adj.干酪质的;下等的;漂亮的; forgettable:adj.可忘记的;容易被忘的;
It's because of what happened in 1776 with the Founding Fathers. 是因为1776年围绕着 建国者们发生的事情
The Founding Fathers were, for my point of view, the original anatomical activists, and this is why. 建国者们,我认为他们是 最早的解剖学活动家 这是我爱他们的原因
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
What they rejected was an anatomical concept and replaced it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years. 他们反对了一个解剖学的概念 并且用另一个取而代之 这个新进的美好的概念保持了200年
rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词)
So as you all recall , what our Founding Fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy , and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy. 大家回忆一下 我们的建国者们反对的是一个君主制度的概念 并且这个君主制是基于 过于简单化的解剖学概念上的
recall:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;n.记忆力;记性;回归请求;回收令; rejecting:v.拒绝接受;拒收;不录用;不出售,不出版;(reject的现在分词) monarchy:n.君主政体;君主国;君主政治; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
The monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of DNA, but they did have a concept of birthright . 旧体制下的帝王们 没有DNA的概念 但是他们遵从的是“出身”的理念
monarchs:n.君主(monarch的复数); old world:adj.古代世界的,古时的;从前的,以前的; birthright:n.与生俱来的权利;长子继承权;
They had a concept of blue blood . 他们有贵族的概念
blue blood:贵族;贵族血统;蓝血;名门出身;
They had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grandfather to father to son and so forth. 他们认为,身在政治权力下的人 就应该掌握权力 是因为贵族血统要 从祖父到父亲到儿子一代代传承
The Founding Fathers rejected that idea, and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept, and that concept was all men are created equal. 建国者们反对这种观点 他们用一种新的解剖上的概念取而代之 那种概念就是 人人平等
They leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy, and that was a really radical thing to do. 他们消除了等级观念 并且确定解剖学的重要性 在于全民平等 而不是出身的贵贱 在当时那确实是一个很激进的改革
leveled:n.水平; adj.水平的; vi.瞄准; vt.使同等; playing field:n.运动场;操场; commonality:n.公共;共性;平民;
Now they were doing it in part because they were part of an Enlightenment system where two things were growing up together. 某种程度上,这种改革现在仍然在进行 因为他们是启蒙运动系统的一部分 两件事情是共同发展的
Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
And that was democracy growing up, but it was also science growing up at the same time . 民主制度在当时正在形成 但同时科技也在发展
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers, a lot of them were very interested in science, and they were interested in a concept of a naturalistic world. 非常明显的是,如果你注意一下建国者的历史 他们中的许多人都对科学很感兴趣 并且他们都对自然主义世界这个概念 很感兴趣
naturalistic:adj.自然的;自然主义的;博物学的;
They were moving away from supernatural explanations, and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power, where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright. 他们摒弃超自然的说法 他们排斥那些关于超自然力量的说法 因为超自然力量的概念被传播 是基于非常模糊的身世的理念
supernatural:adj.超自然的;神奇的,不可思议的;n.超自然现象;不可思议的事; transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式) vague:adj.模糊的;含糊的;不明确的;暧昧的;
They were moving towards a naturalistic concept. 他们倡导自然主义的概念
And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence , they talk about nature and nature's God. 如果你观察会发现,例如在独立宣言中 他们提及到自然和自然之神
Declaration of Independence:n.[美史]独立宣言:
They don't talk about God and God's nature. 他们没有提到上帝和上帝的自然
They're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are. 他们提到自然的力量 来解释我们是谁
So as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept that was about anatomical commonality. 因此作为其中的一部分 他们为我们带来一个概念 那就是人人生来平等
And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way the Civil Rights movement of the future. 为此 他们确实为将来的民权运动 铺垫了一个很美好的道路
Civil Rights movement:n.(美国)民权运动(20世纪50年代和60年代非裔美国人争取平等权利的运动);
They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great. 他们想不到将来会怎样,但是他们为我们奠定了基础,这是非常伟大的
So what happened years afterward ? 那么数年后发生了什么呢？
afterward:adv.以后,后来;
What happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote, took the Founding Fathers' concept of anatomical commonality being more important than anatomical difference 例如在女性身上都发生了什么 她们渴望投票的权利 按照建国者的概念 人人平等要远重要于 人的出身
and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote, the right to full citizenship , the right to own property, etc., etc." 她们说:“我们有子宫和卵巢是事实 这些不同完全不足以 意味着我们没有投票权 没有充分的公民权利 没有私人财产权等等”
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; citizenship:n.[法]公民身份,公民资格;国籍;公民权;
And women successfully argued that. 女性的主张获得了成效
Next came the successful Civil Rights movement, where we found people like Sojourner Truth talking about, "Ain't I a woman?" 接下来便是成功的民权运动 运动中出现了像索杰纳·特鲁思这样的人 她的名言“我就不是女人吗？”
Sojourner:n.寄居者;旅居者;
We find men on the marching lines of the Civil Rights movement saying, "I am a man." 我们知道男人 曾经在民权运动的发展路线上 有句名言“我是个男人”
Again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully. 此外,有色人群 呼吁人人平等而不应种族歧视 再者,
appealing:adj.吸引人的; v.呼吁; (appeal的现在分词)
We see the same thing with the disability rights movement. 我们看到同样的成功案例发生在伤残人士的权利运动中
disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件;
The problem is, of course, that, as we begin to look at all that commonality, we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions . 问题是,当然 当我们开始去审视所有的公民 我们不得不开始质疑 为什么我们去维护一个固定的界限
maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); divisions:n.分开;分隔;分配;除(法);不和;差异;(division的复数)
Now mind you, I want to maintain some divisions, anatomically , in our culture. 现在,需要提醒大家的是,我希望去保持一些界限 身体结构上的,在我们的文化范围被内
anatomically:adv.结构上;解剖学上;
For example, I don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human. 举个例子,我不希望 给予鱼和人类一样的权利
I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy. 我不希望我们放弃一切在解剖学上的区分界限
I don't want to say five-year-olds should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry. 我不希望,一个五岁的孩子 可以被允许有性行为或者说允许结婚
consent:vi.同意;赞成;答应;n.同意;(意见等的)一致;赞成;
So there are some anatomical divisions that make sense to me and that I think we should retain . 所以说,有一些在解剖学上的界限 对我们来说是有意义的,我想那些应该被保留
make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理; retain:v.保留;保持;持有;继续拥有;
But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we retain them and do they have meaning. 但是,艰巨的任务是试着去找出哪些是应该保留的 为什么我们要保留它们,它们有什么意义
So let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk. 所以,让我们回到刚才说到的那两人 就是演讲一开始所虚构的那两个人
conceived:v.构思;设想;(conceive的过去式); at the beginning of:在…的开始;
We have two beings, both conceived in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day. 我们有两对夫妇 都在1979年年中的同一天怀孕了
Let's imagine one of them, Mary, is born three months prematurely , so she's born on June 1, 1980. 让我们设想一下,玛丽 提前三个月出生了 因此她出生于1980年6月1日
prematurely:adv.过早地;早熟地;
Henry, by contrast , is born at term, so he's born on March 1, 1980. 亨利,相反的,足月出生 他出生于1980年3月1日
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
Simply by virtue of the fact that Mary was born prematurely three months, she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry does -- the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink. 仅仅是由于 玛丽早出生了三个月这个事实 她获得各种权利的时间 要比亨利早三个月 允许有性行为的权利 选举的权利,喝酒的权利
by virtue of:由于,凭借;
Henry has to wait for all of that, not because he's actually any different in age, biologically , except in terms of when he was born. 亨利就不得不等待 他的生理学年龄没有任何不同 只是因为他出生的时间不同
biologically:adv.生物学上,生物学地;
We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are. 我们还发现其他一些离奇的权利问题
weirdness:n.命运;不可思议;离奇;
Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male -- although I haven't told you that he's the XY one -- by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted , which Mary does not need to worry about. 亨利,由于被假定为男性-- 尽管我没有告诉过大家他是XY型染色体—— 由于被假定为男性 所以现在要应征入伍 玛丽就不需要去担心这些
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式) liable:adj.有责任的,有义务的;应受罚的;有…倾向的;易…的; drafted:v.起草;草拟;选派;抽调;(draft的过去分词和过去式)
Mary, meanwhile , cannot in all the states have the same right that Henry has in all the states, namely , the right to marry. 与此同时,玛丽不能在所有的州 像亨利一样享受同样权利 也就是,结婚的权利
meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; namely:adv.也就是;即是;换句话说;
Henry can marry in every state a woman, but Mary can only marry today in a few states a woman. 亨利可以在任何一个州结婚 但是玛丽如今只能在少数几个州娶一位女性
So we have these anatomical categories that persist that are in many ways problematic and questionable . 因此我们所坚持的一些结构上的生物分类 它们在很多方面是有问题并且需要质疑的
persist:v.保持;持续存在;维持;顽强地坚持; problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; questionable:adj.可疑的;有问题的;
And the question to me becomes: 对我来说,问题就变成了:
What do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy, that we reach the point where we have to admit that a democracy that's been based on anatomy might start falling apart? 我们要做什么 当我们的科学在解剖学上 如此先进的时候 我们已经到了不得不承认 基于解剖学上的人的民主 也许正在崩溃的时候
I don't want to give up the science, but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us. 我不想对科学失去希望 但是同时,有的时候隐约觉得 科学的发展是受到我们影响的
So where do we go? 因此我们将走向何方？
It seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude : "Well, we have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere." 看起来我们的社会 有着一种实用主义的态度: “好,我必须在某处画一条界限, 那么我就在那画一条界限”
pragmatic:adj.实际的;实用主义的;国事的; attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势;
But a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position. 但是很多人会因此陷在一个非常尴尬的位置
So for example, 举个例子
Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome, and what it means to marry a woman means you do have a Y chromosome. 德克萨斯州有一个决定 嫁给一个男人 意味着你没有Y染色体 同时如果你娶一个女人意味着你有Y染色体
Now in practice they don't actually test people for their chromosomes. 现实中,他们实际上不会去检测染色体
in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上;
But this is also very bizarre , because of the story I told you at the beginning about androgen insensitivity syndrome. 但是这也非常奇怪 因为我一开始告诉了大家那个关于 雄激素不敏感综合征的故事
bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等);
If we look at one of the founding fathers of modern democracy, 如有我们看一下现代民主制度的奠基人之一
Dr. Martin Luther King, he offers us something of a solution in his "I have a dream" speech. 马丁·路德·金 博士 在他的“我有一个梦想”的演讲中,为我们提供了一个解决方法
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
He says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin, but on the content of their character," 他认为我们“不应该根据一个人的肤色 而是应该根据他的品格”去评判一个人
content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
moving beyond anatomy. 摒弃人种差异
And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds like a really good idea." 我想说“是的,那听起来确实是个好方法”
But in practice, how do you do it? 但实际操作中,你怎么去做？
How do you judge people based on the content of character? 你如何根据他的品德去评判他？
I also want to point out that I'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans, because, I have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers I know 我还想指出 我不太确定我们应该如何分配人类的权利 因为,我不得不承认,有些黄金猎犬
distribute:v.分发;分配;分销;分散; retrievers:猎犬(retriever的名词复数);
that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans I know. 比起我知道的一些人似乎更应该 得到社会的帮助
deserving:adj.值得的;应得的;有功的;v.值得;应得到(deserve的现在分词); social services:n.社会福利制度(由当地政府组织,向困难者提供帮助的制度);
I also want to say there are probably also some yellow Labradors that I know that are more capable of informed , intelligent , mature decisions about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that I know. 我还想说,我知道有些拉布拉多似乎 比有些40岁左右的人在性关系问题上 更慎重,更聪明,更能作出成熟的决定
Labradors:n.拉布拉多(加拿大东部一地区);一种纽芬兰猎犬; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式) intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的;
So how do we operationalize the question of content of character? 因此我们如何去衡量 品德的问题？
operationalize:vt.使开始运转;实施;使用于操作;
It turns out to be really difficult. 结果证明是非常困难的
And part of me also wonders, what if content of character turns out to be something that's scannable in the future -- able to be seen with an fMRI? 我还想知道 如果品德的好坏 在未来可以被扫描出来—— 也许可以用核磁共振成像看见？
what if:如果…怎么办? scannable:adj.能扫描的;可校验的;可细察的;
Do we really want to go there? 我们真的愿意走到那一步吗？
I'm not sure where we go. 我不确定我们将走向何方
What I do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of the United States being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy. 我知道的是应该思考一下 美国所引领的民主存在的问题 看起来是非常重要的
We've done a really good job struggling with democracy, and I think we would do a good job in the future. 我们在争取民主的问题上已经做得非常好了 我认为今后同样会做的更好
We don't have a situation that Iran has, for example, where a man who's sexually attracted to other men is liable to be murdered, unless he's willing to submit to a sex change , in which case he's allowed to live. 我们情况和伊朗不同,比如 一个男人在性方面对其他男人有吸引力 那么他是可以被杀的 除非他愿意改变自己的性取向 那么他将可以活下来
sexually:adv.性,性欲 submit:vt.使服从;主张;呈递;vi.提交;服从; sex change:n.变性手术;
We don't have that kind of situation. 我们没有那样的情况
I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with -- a surgeon I talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of conjoined twins in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself. 我非常高兴的说我们没有那样的情况-- 对一位外科医生说,那是在数年之前 他带来一个连体婴儿 希望可以帮助他们分离,某种程度上也想让自己出名
But when I was on the phone with him, asking why he was going to do this surgery -- this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation, these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this. 但是当我跟他通电话时 问他为什么希望做这个手术—— 因为这是个危险性很高的手术—— 他答道,在这个国家 这样的孩子将会被残忍的对待,因此他必须要帮助他们这么做
surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; high-risk:adj.高危险度的; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
My response to him was, "Well, have you considered political asylum instead of a separation surgery?" 我对他的回答是,“恩,你为他们考虑过政治避难 而不是进行手术吗？”
response:n.响应;反应;回答; asylum:n.庇护;收容所,救济院; separation:n.分离;分开;分割;隔离;
The United States has offered tremendous possibility for allowing people to be the way they are, without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state. 美国为像这样的孩子保持他们自己的特征 提供了很大的可能 他们从不用为了国家改变自己的身体
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; for the sake of:为了;为了…的利益;
So I think we have to be in the lead. 因此我认为我们应该要引领这种思想
Well, just to close, I want to suggest to you that I've been talking a lot about the fathers. 好,说到这里,我想提醒大家 我已经谈论了很多前人的事情
And I want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like, if we had more involved the mothers. 我还想考虑一下 民主会是什么样子,或者是已经是什么样子的可能性 如果我们可以让更多的母亲参与进来
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist , and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights that can come from different kinds of anatomies , particularly when we have people thinking in groups. 我还想说对女权主义者有点激进的话 那就是我认为 不同的人 也许可以带来不同的的观察视角 特别是当我们习惯于群体性思维的时候
feminist:n.男女平等主义者;adj.主张男女平等的; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); anatomies:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;骨骼; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
Now for years, because I've been interested in intersex, 我已经对双性人感兴趣很多年了
I've also been interested in sex difference research. 也对性别差异也进行了多年的研究
And one of the things that I've been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and females in terms of the way they think and operate in the world. 我十分感兴趣的事情之一是 去观察世界范围内男性与女性之间 在思考问题和解决问题上的差别
And what we know from cross-cultural studies is that females, on average -- not everyone, but on average -- are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group. 我们从跨文化研究中得知 女性,平均的看—— 当然不是每个人,而是平均的看—— 更倾向于留意 复杂的社会关系 同时更加关心、同情 人群中的弱势群体
cross-cultural:adj.跨文化的;交叉文化的; inclined:adj.有…倾向; v.(使)倾向于,有…的趋势; (incline的过去分词和过去式) attentive:adj.留意的,注意的; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
And so if we think about that, we have an interesting situation on our hands. 那么如果我们这么认为 我们发现一个有趣的情况
Years ago, when I was in graduate school , one of my graduate advisers who knew I was interested in feminism -- 数年前,当我读研究生的时候 我的一位指导教授知道我对女权运动很感兴趣——
graduate school:研究所,研究院; advisers:n.顾问(adviser的复数); feminism:n.女权主义;女权运动;男女平等主义;
I considered myself a feminist, as I still do -- asked a really strange question. 我自认是女权主义者,一直是—— 他问了我一个很怪的问题
He said, "Tell me what's feminine about feminism." 他说:“告诉我女权主义女性化在哪里”
feminine:adj.女性的;妇女(似)的;阴性的;娇柔的;
And I thought, "Well that's the dumbest question I've ever heard. 我想“恩……这是我听过的最让我哑口无言的问题
dumbest:哑的;蠢的(dumb的最高级);
Feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender , so there's nothing feminine about feminism." 女权主义是所有消除陈腐性别观念的一切活动的统称, 因此,女权主义不存在女性化”
stereotypes:n.模式化观念(或形象); v.对…形成模式化(或类型化)的看法; (stereotype的第三人称单数和复数) gender:n.性别;
But the more I thought about his question, the more I thought there might be something feminine about feminism. 但是,进一步解读这个问题, 我想的更多的是,也许女权主义存在着一些女性化
That is to say , there might be something, on average, different about female brains from male brains that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable. 也就是说,也许有一些,总的说来 女性的思维不同于男性的部分 使得我们更加富有警惕性 对于复杂的社会关系 并且更加注意关心那些弱势群体
That is to say:就是;即;换言之;
So whereas the fathers were extremely attentive to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state, it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept, what we would have is more of a concept of, not just how to protect, but how to care for each other. 但是前人们细心的 指出如何保护个人不受国家的影响 如果我们在这个概念中注入如更多的母性 是可能的 我们将拥有的要远多于一个概念 不仅仅是如何保护 而是如何照顾彼此
whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); injected:v.(给…)注射(药物等); (inject的过去分词和过去式)
And maybe that's where we need to go in the future, when we take democracy beyond anatomy, is to think less about the individual body, in terms of the identity, and think more about those relationships. 也许这就是我们未来要走的路 当我们抛开人种的分别来讲民主—— 也就是较少的考虑到人的个体 关于人的身份特性, 而是更多的考虑人们之间的关系
So that as we the people try to create a more perfect union, we're thinking about what we do for each other. 因此,当人们试图创造一个更加美好的联合体的时候 我们需要考虑的是我们为他人都做了什么
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）