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AlexanderTsiaras_2010P-_自受孕至出生——可视化_
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| I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine and chief of scientific visualization at Yale University in the department of medicine. |
我曾被耶鲁大学的医学系 提供了 一个副教授和 科学可视化主任的职位 |
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associate professor:副教授; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; visualization:n.形象化;清楚地呈现在心;
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| And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code for NASA to do virtual surgery in preparation for the astronauts going into deep spaceflight , so they could be kept in robotic pods . |
我的工作是为美国国家航天局NASA写 帮助NASA做虚拟手术用的程序和算法 虚拟手术用于为深空宇航飞行做准备的宇航员 （好把他们冻起来）。 |
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virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; spaceflight:n.航天;宇宙飞行; robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学; pods:abbr.资料库系统规则(PrinciplesofDatabaseSystems);
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| One of the fascinating things about what we were actually working on is that we were seeing, using new kinds of scanning technologies , things that had just never been seen before -- |
我们工作中很吸引人的一件事就是 我们能利用最新的扫描科到 看到从前根本无法看到的东西 —— |
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fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
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| I mean, not only in disease management , but also things that allowed us to see things about the body that just made you marvel . |
我意思是,不只是病菌和疾病有关系的 还可以看到 令人惊叹的人体 |
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disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; marvel:n.奇迹;vt.对…感到惊异;vi.感到惊讶;
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| I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen . |
我记得有一次我们在研究胶原蛋白 |
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collagen:n.[生化]胶原,胶原质;
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| And your entire body, everything -- your hair, skin, bone, nails -- everything is made of collagen. |
整个人体,所有的东西 你的头发、皮肤、骨头、指甲 …… 所有的东西都是胶原蛋白组成的。 |
| And it's a kind of rope-like structure that twirls and swirls like this. |
它是有绳子一样的结构 就这样拧来拧去的（看手势）。 |
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structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; twirls:n.旋转的东西; v.使快速旋转; swirls:n.旋涡; v.使旋转(swirl的第三人称单数形式);
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| And the only place that collagen changes its structure is in the cornea of your eye. |
而胶原蛋白唯一改变结构的地方 就在眼角膜里。 |
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cornea:n.[解剖]角膜;
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| In your eye, it becomes a grid formation , and therefore, it becomes transparent , as opposed to opaque . |
在眼睛里 它会变成一个网格结构 而因此它就变透明了,而不是（犹如指甲般）半透明。 |
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grid:n.网格;格子,栅格;输电网; formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) opaque:adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的;n.不透明物;vt.使不透明;使不反光;
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| So perfectly organized a structure, it was hard not to attribute divinity to it. |
组织的如此完美的一个结构, 很难不把这说成是神威所致 |
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organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) attribute:n.属性;象征;v.把…归因于;认为…属于;认为某人(某物)具有某种特性; divinity:n.神;神性;神学;
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| Because we kept on seeing this over and over and over again in different parts of the body. |
因为我们会不断看到这个（变化）,一遍又一遍的 在身体各个不同的位置。 |
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over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地;
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| One of the opportunities I had was one person was working on a really interesting micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH. |
我曾经有个机会 和另一位为美国国家卫生研究院工作的 研究微型磁共振成像机的人共事 |
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resonance:n.[力]共振;共鸣;反响; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式)
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| And what we were going to do was scan a new project on the development of the fetus from conception to birth using these kinds of new technologies. |
我们要做的是 利用这些新科技 为一个关于胎儿发育的 新项目做扫描 |
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fetus:n.胎儿,胎; conception:n.怀孕;概念;设想;开始;
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| So I wrote the algorithms in code, and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur -- then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI. |
我还是写我的算法和程序 而他,保罗·劳特伯尔,则负责硬件 他的磁共振成像后来赢得了诺贝尔奖 |
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hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具; Nobel Prize:n.诺贝尔奖;
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| I got the data. |
（但是数据还在我这儿） |
| And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece, "From Conception to Birth." |
我这就给大家看这研究的一个样片 “从受孕至出生” |
| (Music) |
??音乐? |
| Video text: "From Conception to Birth" |
“从受孕至出生” |
| Oocyte |
卵母细胞 |
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Oocyte:n.[细胞]卵母细胞;
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| Sperm |
精子 |
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Sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油;
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| Egg Inseminated 24 Hours: Baby's first division |
卵子被受精 第24个小时:婴儿“第一个分裂” |
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Inseminated:vt.使受胎;栽植;人工授精; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
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| The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion ... |
受精卵融合几个小时后开始分裂 |
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fertilized:v.使受精;使受粉;使受胎;使受孕;施肥于;(fertilize的过去分词和过去式) ovum:n.[细胞][组织]卵;卵子;卵形装饰; fusion:n.融合;熔化;熔接;融合物;[物]核聚变;
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| And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours. |
差不多12至15小时分裂一次 |
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anew:重新,再
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| Early Embryo |
胚胎早期 |
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Embryo:n.[胚]胚胎;胚芽;初期;adj.胚胎的;初期的;
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| Yolk sack still feeding Baby. |
卵黄依然给予胚胎营养 |
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Yolk:n.蛋黄;[胚]卵黄;羊毛脂; sack:n.麻布袋;洗劫;v.解雇;把…装入袋;劫掠;
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| 25 Days: Heart chamber developing 32 Days: Arms & hands are developing 36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertabrae |
第25天:心室正在发育 第32天:胳膊和手开始成型 第36天:原始脊椎出现 |
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chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛; adj.室内的; vt.把…关在室内; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人;
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| These weeks are the period of the most rapid development of the fetus. |
这几个星期是胚胎发育最快的阶段 |
| If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire nine months, it would be 1.5 tons at birth. |
假设胎儿九个月都在以这个速度生长…… 它将会以1.5吨的重量出生 |
| 45 Days |
第45天 |
| Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's. |
胎儿的心速是母亲的一倍 |
| 51 Days 52 Days: Developing retina , nose and fingers |
第51天 第52天:发育中的视网膜,鼻子和手指 |
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retina:n.[解剖]视网膜;
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| The fetus' continual movement in the womb is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth. |
胎儿在子宫中不断地活动 有必要帮助肌肉及骨骼的生长 |
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continual:adj.持续不断的;频繁的; womb:n.[解剖]子宫;发源地;vt.容纳; muscular:adj.肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的; skeletal:adj.骨骼的,像骨骼的;骸骨的;骨瘦如柴的;
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| 12 Weeks: Indifferent penis -- girl or boy yet to be determined 8 Months |
第12周:性别未分化的阴茎 男孩女孩无法分辨 八个月 |
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Indifferent:adj.漠不关心的;无关紧要的;中性的,中立的; penis:n.阴茎; determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式)
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| Delivery : the expulsion stage |
分娩:生产阶段 |
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Delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送; expulsion:n.驱逐;开除;
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| The moment of birth |
生命的奇迹 |
| (Applause) |
掌声 |
| Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you. |
感谢大家 |
| But as you can see , when you actually start working on this data, it's pretty spectacular . |
由此可见 当你开始处理这些数据的时候 其实是很壮观的 |
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as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; spectacular:adj.壮观的;壮丽的;令人惊叹的;n.壮观的场面;精彩的表演;
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| And as we kept on scanning more and more, working on this project, looking at these two simple cells that have this kind of unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you. |
当我们继续扫描 做这个项目的时候 看到这两个很简单的细胞 拥有这种难以置信的机械构造 而这最终会变成一个人 |
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unbelievable:adj.(非正式)难以置信的;不可信的 machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置;
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| And as we kept on working on this data, looking at small clusters of the body, these little pieces of tissue that were a trophoblast coming off of a blastocyst , |
当我们继续加工这数据 看着身体的这些小小的部分 这一小团组织 从怀胎分化出来的滋养细胞群 |
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clusters:n.[植]簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);[计]群集; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; trophoblast:n.[胚]滋养层; blastocyst:n.囊胚;胚包;
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| all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus , saying, "I'm here to stay." |
转眼嵌入了子宫壁 与子宫开始沟通 |
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all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; burrowing:v.挖掘(burrow的现在分词);[古生]掘穴; uterus:n.[解剖]子宫;
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| All of a sudden having conversation and communications with the estrogens , the progesterones, saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me," |
与雌激素和孕酮沟通 说:我要留下 说:我要留在这,养育我 |
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estrogens:n.[生理]雌激素;雌激素类;动情激素(estrogen的复数形式);
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| building this incredible trilinear fetus that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize , and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being. |
逐渐成为这个三胚层胚胎 在44天左右 胚胎便可以辨认 并在九周内 基本就变成一个小人 |
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incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
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| The marvel of this information: |
这信息令人超凡之处在于 |
| How do we actually have this biological mechanism inside our body to actually see this information? |
人体内原有的 生物机制是如何 读出这些信息的？ |
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biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
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| I'm going to show you something pretty unique . |
给你们看个很别致的东西 |
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unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
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| Here's a human heart at 25 [weeks]. |
这是25周大胚胎的心脏 |
| It's just basically two strands . |
只有两根血管 |
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basically:adv.主要地,基本上; strands:n.线; v.搁浅;
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| And like this magnificent origami , cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks, as it's just folding on itself. |
而就像一个壮观的折纸手工 在胚胎四周大时,细胞 会以每秒上千万的速度生长 就像折纸一样折叠自己 |
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magnificent:adj.高尚的;壮丽的;华丽的;宏伟的; origami:n.折纸手工;折纸手工品;
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| Within five weeks, you can start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles . |
五周大的胚胎,可以辨认出心房、心室 |
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atrium:n.中庭,天井前厅;[解剖]心房; ventricles:n.[解剖]心室(ventricle的复数);
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| Six weeks, these folds are now beginning with the papilla on the inside of the heart actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart until you get a mature heart -- and then basically the development of the entire human body. |
六周大,这些折叠便开始 和心脏内的乳头肌一起 能够拽下 心脏内每个瓣膜 直至心脏发育完毕 ——直至全身发育完止 |
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papilla:n.乳头;小乳头状突起; pull down:下拉;断开; valves:n.[机]阀门; v.装阀于…; mature:v.成熟; adj.明白事理的;
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| The magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure saying exactly where that nerve cell should go -- the complexity of these mathematical models of how these things are indeed done are beyond human comprehension. |
即便身为数学家的我 也要惊叹 这里生物机制的魔法 在每个基因结构内 能准确指示每个细胞去哪里的机制 能解释这一过程的数学模型 |
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mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的;
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| Even though I am a mathematician , |
的复杂性 |
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mathematician:n.数学家;善作数字计算的人;
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| I look at this with marvel of how do these instruction sets not make these mistakes as they build what is us? |
远远超过人类的理解 我迷惑这些指令 在我们形成的时候 如何不出错？ |
| It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity. |
真神秘,简直不可思议 |
| Then you start to take a look at adult life. |
然后看看成人的生命 |
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take a look at:看一看;检查;
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| Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries . |
看看这一绺毛细血管 |
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tuft:n.一簇;丛生植物;一丛;vt.用丛毛装饰;vi.丛生; capillaries:n.[解剖]毛细血管;微血管;(capillary的复数形式)
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| It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic . |
只是一个很小的,微观的,结构 |
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microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的;
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| But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth, you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels inside your body. |
但你九个月出生的时候 你体内已拥有 近六万英里（近九万六千公里）的血管 |
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vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器;
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| I mean, and only one mile is visible . |
只有一英里是可见的 |
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visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目;
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| 59,999 miles that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away . |
其他的59,999英里 输送营养带走废物的血管 |
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nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; waste away:日渐衰弱;日益消瘦;
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| The complexity of building that within a single system is, again, beyond any comprehension or any existing mathematics today. |
在一个独立系统内达到这种复杂程度 重申一遍,是超乎理解的 超过现有任何的科学的可能性 |
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mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
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| And that instruction set, from the brain to every other part of the body -- look at the complexity of the folding. |
从大脑到人体每个部位的 复杂指令 看看这折叠有多复杂 而身体从哪里得到 |
| Where does this intelligence of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information, so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow -- and this is one of the things that we're doing right now. |
知道哪里折叠可以获得更多 储存容量的智慧 这也正是我们现在正在做的研究之一 要从婴儿出生开始 |
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intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕;
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| We're actually doing the launch of two new studies of actually scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born. |
每六个月一次,知道六岁为止 扫描婴儿的大脑 |
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launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射;
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| Every six months until they're six years old -- we're going to be doing actually to about 250 children -- watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold to see how this magnificent development actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us. |
大约要扫描250名小孩 观察他们脑回和脑沟具体如何发展 观察这个惊人的过程 是如何变成记忆 如何变成我们 |
| And it's not just our own existence, but how does the woman's body understand to have genetic structure that not only builds her own, but then has the understanding that allows her to become a walking immunological , cardiovascular system that basically is a mobile system |
而着奇迹不仅限于我们个人的存在 女性的身体是如何知道 基因信息不仅需要制造自己 还要有足够理解 如何让自己变成 一个行走的免疫、心血管系统 一个可移动哺育系统 |
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immunological:adj.免疫学的; cardiovascular:adj.[解剖]心血管的; mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
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| that can actually nurture , treat this child with a kind of marvel that is beyond, again, our comprehension -- the magic that is existence, that is us? |
一个可以用超过我们理解能力的奇迹—— 来招待这个孩子的系统 一个存在奇迹。我们存在的奇迹。 |
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nurture:v.养育;培养;养护;支持; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
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| Thank you. |
谢谢大家。 |
| (Applause) |
掌声 |