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AlexanderBetts_2016-_修复崩溃的难民处置体系的方法_
There are times when I feel really quite ashamed to be a European. 有些时候 身为一个欧洲人 我感到非常羞愧
ashamed:adj.惭愧;尴尬;因惭愧而不情愿;
In the last year, more than a million people arrived in Europe in need of our help, and our response , frankly, has been pathetic . 在去年 超过一百万人到达欧洲需要我们的帮助 而我们的反应呢坦白说 是很可悲的
response:n.响应;反应;回答; pathetic:adj.可怜的,悲哀的;感伤的;乏味的;
There are just so many contradictions . 这里有太多矛盾之处
contradictions:n.不一致,矛盾,对立;反驳;驳斥;(contradiction的复数)
We mourn the tragic death of two-year-old Alan Kurdi, and yet, since then, more than 200 children have subsequently drowned in the Mediterranean . 我们哀悼 两岁男童艾伦 科迪的惨死 然而 从那之后超过两百个孩子 接连溺亡于地中海
mourn:v.哀悼;忧伤;服丧; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; subsequently:adv.随后,其后;后来; drowned:v.(使)淹死,溺死;浸透;淹没;浸泡;(drown的过去分词和过去式) Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的;
We have international treaties that recognize that refugees are a shared responsibility, and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon hosts more Syrians than the whole of Europe combined. 我们有国际公约 承认接收难民是各国共同承担的责任 然而我们却接受面积狭小的黎巴嫩 接收的叙利亚人比整个欧洲接收的数量还要多
treaties:n.条约;协定问题(treaty的复数); recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) Lebanon:n.黎巴嫩(西南亚国家,位于地中海东岸); hosts:n.主人; v.主办,主持(活动); (host的第三人称单数和复数) Syrians:n.叙利亚人(Syrian的复数);
We lament the existence of human smugglers , and yet we make that the only viable route to seek asylum in Europe. 我们痛斥人口走私的存在 然而我们却使它成为 在欧洲寻求庇护的唯一可行之路
lament:n.挽歌;恸哭;悲痛之情;vi.哀悼;悲叹;悔恨;vt.哀悼;痛惜; smugglers:n.走私者;(smuggler的复数) viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的; route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; asylum:n.庇护;收容所,救济院;
We have labor shortages , and yet we exclude people who fit our economic and demographic needs from coming to Europe. 我们劳动力短缺 然而我们却阻止那些能满足我们经济和人口建设需求的人们 进入欧洲
shortages:n.不足,缺乏(shortage的复数形式); exclude:v.不包括;不放在考虑之列;防止…进入;阻止…参加; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; demographic:adj.人口统计学的;人口学的;
We proclaim our liberal values in opposition to fundamentalist Islam, and yet -- we have repressive policies that detain child asylum seekers , that separate children from their families, and that seize property from refugees. 我们声称 我们自由主义的价值观与伊斯兰原旨派所奉行的相反 然而-- 我们用高压政策 扣押儿童避难寻求者 使孩子与他们的家庭分离 强行没收难民财产
proclaim:vt.宣告,公布;声明;表明;赞扬; liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; in opposition to:反对;与…相反; fundamentalist:n.基要主义者;信奉正统派基督教的人;adj.基要主义的; repressive:adj.镇压的;压抑的;抑制的; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) detain:vt.拘留;留住;耽搁; seekers:n.探求者;搜查人; seize:v.抓住;夺取;理解;逮捕;
What are we doing? 我们在做什么
How has the situation come to this, that we've adopted such an inhumane response to a humanitarian crisis ? 情况是如何发展到这般地步的 我们正在以一种不人道的方式应对一场人道主义危机
adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); inhumane:adj.残忍的;无人情味的; humanitarian:adj.人道主义的;博爱的;基督凡人论的;n.人道主义者;基督凡人论者; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
I don't believe it's because people don't care, or at least I don't want to believe it's because people don't care. 我不相信是因为人们不关心 至少 我不愿相信如此
I believe it's because our politicians lack a vision , a vision for how to adapt an international refugee syste m cre ated over 50 years ago for a changing and globalized world. 我认为这是由于我们的政治家们缺乏远见 缺乏如何适应五十年前提出的 为了应对一个不断变化和全球化的 国际难民体系
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; globalized:vt.使全球化;
And so what I want to do is take a step back and ask two really fundamental questions, the two questions we all need to ask. 所以我想做的是 退后一步 提出两个非常基本的问题 这是我们都必须了解的问题
First, why is the current system not working? 首先 为什么现有的体系不起作用
And second, what can we do to fix it? 其次 我们如何解决
So the modern refugee regime was created in the aftermath of the Second World War by these guys. 现代难民体系 是在二战后制定的 由这些人
regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制; aftermath:n.后果;余波;
Its basic aim is to ensure that when a state fails, or worse, turns against its own people, people have somewhere to go, to live in safety and dignity until they can go home. 它的初衷是为了确保 当某个国家崩溃 或者更糟政权与该国人民敌对 这些人民可以有地方去投奔 在那里安全而有尊严地生活直到他们可以回到家乡
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; dignity:n.尊严;高贵;
It was created precisely for situations like the situation we see in Syria today. 这恰恰与我们今天在叙利亚看到的情况一样
Through an internati onal < font color="Black"> convention signed by 147 governments, the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees, and an internati onal < font color="Black"> organization , UNHCR, 通过由147个政府共同签署的国际会议 1951年 关于难民地位的公约 以及一个国际组织联合国难民署 UNHCR
convention:n.习俗;惯例;协定;常规; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
states committed to reciprocally admit people onto their territory who flee conflict and persecution . 承诺在成员国相互之间允许别国人进入其领土 逃离战乱纷争和迫害
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) reciprocally:adv.相互地;相反地;互惠地; territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; flee:v.逃走;迅速离开;逃避,逃跑 conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; persecution:n.迫害;烦扰;
But today, that system is failing. 但现在 这个体系正在崩溃
In theory, refugees have a right to seek asylum. 理论上 难民有权寻求庇护
In practice , our immigration policies block the path to safety. 现实中 我们的移民政策阻挡了这条通向安全的道路
In practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; immigration:n.外来移民;移居;
In theory, refugees have a right to a pathway to integration , or return to the country they've come from. 理论上 难民有权寻求平等对待 或有权选择回到他们的祖国
pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径; integration:n.集成;综合;
But in practice, they get stuck in almost indefinite limbo . 但实际操作中 他们被困于一种几乎是无限期的停滞状态
indefinite:adj.不确定的;无限的;模糊的; limbo:n.监狱;地狱的边境;放置丢弃物的场所;处于中间的或不定的状态;
In theory, refugees are a shared global responsibility. 理论上 难民问题是各国均担的责任
In practice, geography means that countries proximate the conflict take the overwhelming majority of the world's refugees. 实际中 地理位置意味着临近纷争的国家 超负荷地接收绝大部分难民
proximate:adj.近似的;最近的; overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
The system isn't broken because the rules are wrong. 原有的难民体系的规定并不是导致其崩溃的原因
It's that we're not applying them adequately to a changing world, and that's what we need to reconsider. 而是我们并没有随着世界的变化而足够运用 那是我们需要重新考虑的
applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) adequately:adv.充分地;足够地;适当地;
So I want to explain to you a little bit about how the current system works. 因此我希望向你们解释一下现今的系统是如何工作的
How does the refugee regime actually work? 现在的难民接收体系是怎样运转的
But not from a top-down institutional perspective , rather from the perspective of a refugee. 但这不是从上而下的宏观角度 而是从难民个体的角度
top-down:adj.[计]自顶向下;组织管理严密的; institutional:adj.制度的; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
So imagine a Syrian woman. 所以 想象一个叙利亚女人
Let's call her Amira. 我们暂且称她为阿米拉
And Amira to me represents many of the people I've met in the region . 阿米拉代表着我在该地区遇见的诸多难民
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) region:n.地区;范围;部位;
Amira, like around 25 percent of the world's refugees, is a woman with children, and she can't go home because she comes from this city that you see before you, Homs , a once beautiful and historic city now under rubble . 阿米拉 如同世界上约四分之一的难民一样 是一个女人带着孩子 她没法回家 因为她的城市 你现在看到的 霍姆斯市 曾经美丽而富历史气息的城市 现在满目疮痍
Homs:n.霍姆斯(叙利亚城市名); historic:adj.有历史意义的;历史上著名的; rubble:n.碎石,碎砖;粗石堆;
And so Amira can't go back there. 因此阿米拉没法回去
But Amira also has no hope of resettlement to a third country, because that's a lottery ticket only available to less than one percent of the world's refugees. 阿米拉也同时没有希望去第三国重新定居 因为那就像中彩票 世界上只有不到百分之一的难民才可能获得
resettlement:n.重新安置; lottery:n.彩票;碰运气的事,难算计的事;抽彩给奖法;
So Amira and her family face an almost impossible choice. 所以阿米拉和她的家人 面对一个几乎不可能的选择
They have three basic options . 他们有三个基本的选项
options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
The first option is that Amira can take her family to a camp. 第一个是阿米拉可以带着她的家人去难民营
In the camp, she might get assistance, but there are very few prospects for Amira and her family. 在难民营 她可能会得到帮助 但对于阿米拉和她的家人前景非常渺茫
prospects:n.可能性; v.探矿; (prospect的第三人称单数和复数)
Camps are in bleak , arid locations , often in the desert. 营地位于荒凉贫瘠之地 通常是沙漠之中
bleak:adj.阴冷的;荒凉的,无遮蔽的;黯淡的,无希望的;冷酷的;单调的; arid:adj.干旱的;不毛的,[农]荒芜的; locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, you can hear the shells across the border in Syria at nighttime . 在约旦的扎塔利那民营 你可以在夜间听到跨越叙利亚国境线的炮弹声
shells:n.壳;壳状物;炮弹;v.炮击;给…去壳(shell的第三人称单数和复数) nighttime:n.夜间;adj.夜间的;夜里发生的;
There's restricted economic activity. 那里的经济活动受限
restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词);
Education is often of poor quality. 教育质量通常很低
And around the world, some 80 percent of refugees who are in camps have to stay for at least five years. 而且在全世界 约有百分之八十左右在难民营的难民 不得不在待在那里至少五年的时间
It's a miserable existence, and that's probably why, in reality, only nine percent of Syrians choose that option. 这是悲惨的地方 这也可能解释了为什么在现实中 仅有百分之九的叙利亚人选择了这个选项
miserable:adj.悲惨的;痛苦的;卑鄙的;
Alternatively , Amira can head to an urban area in a neighboring country, like Amman or Beirut . 或者阿米拉可以前往城市 邻国的某个城市区域 比如安曼或贝鲁特
Alternatively:adv.非此即彼;二者择一地;作为一种选择; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词) Beirut:n.贝鲁特(黎巴嫩一港口);
That's an option that about 75 percent of Syrian refugees have taken. 百分之七十五的叙利亚难民选择这个选项
But there, there's great difficulty as well. 但即使在那里 也是困难重重
Refugees in such urban areas don't usually have the right to work. 城市内的难民通常没有工作的权利
They don't usually get significant access to assistance. 他们通常没有获得援助的渠道
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
And so when Amira and her family have used up their basic savings , they're left with very little and likely to face urban destitution . 所以当阿米拉和她的家庭用光了基本储蓄后 他们所剩无几 很可能面对贫困
savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) destitution:n.穷困;缺乏;
So there's a third alternative, and it's one that increasing numbers of Syrians are taking. 还有第三个选项 被越来越多的叙利亚人选择
Amira can seek some hope for her family by risking their lives on a dangerous and perilous journey to another country, and it's that which we're seeing in Europe today. 阿米拉可以为她的家庭寻求希望 踏上一条可能葬送生命的危险旅程 到另一个国家去 这就是我们今天在欧洲看到的情形
perilous:adj.危险的,冒险的; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
Around the world, we present refugees with an almost impossible choice between three options: encampment , urban destitution and dangerous journeys . 全球范围内我们留给难民一个几乎不可能的选择 在这三种选项中 难民营 城市贫困 和危险的旅程
encampment:n.营地;露营;
For refugees, that choice is the global refugee regime today. 对于难民来说这个选择就是现今的全球难民体制
But I think it's a false choice. 但我觉得这是一个错误的选择
I think we can reconsider that choice. 我认为我们可以重新审议这个选择
The reason why we limit those options is because we think that those are the only options that are available to refugees, and they're not. 我们限制了这些选项的原因 是我们认为 这些是难民能得到的仅有选项 但事实上不是
Politicians frame the issue as a zero-sum issue, that if we benefit refugees, we're imposing costs on citizens. 政客们把它塑造成一个得失所系的问题 如果难民得益 那公民就需要承担损失
frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; zero-sum:adj.零和的; imposing:adj.壮观的; v.推行,采用; (impose的现在分词)
We tend to have a collective assumption that refugees are an inevitable cost or burden to society. 我们似乎认同一个假设 难民对社会不可避免的负担和花费
collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于;
But they don't have to. They can contribute . 但这不是定式 难民可以做出贡献
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
So what I want to argue is there are ways in which we can expand that choice set and still benefit everyone else: the host states and communities , our societies and refugees themselves. 所以我想证明的是 我们有办法增加那个选项 而且仍使所有人受益: 包括接收国和社区 我们的社会以及难民自己
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
And I want to suggest four ways we can transform the paradigm of how we think about refugees. 我想提出四种途径 来转变我们对难民的既定想法
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表;
All four ways have one thing in common: they're all ways in which we take the opportunities of globalization , mobility and markets, and update the way we think about the refugee issue. 这四种途径有一个共同点 我们都利用了全球化、社会流动性和市场的契机 更新了我们对难民问题的认知
globalization:n.全球化; mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率; update:vt.使现代化;更新;n.现代化;更新的信息;
The first one I want to think about is the idea of enabling environments, and it starts from a very basic recognition that refugees are human beings like everyone else, but they're just in extraordinary circumstances . 我想首先考虑的 是创造环境这一概念 这来自于一个最基本的认知 难民同所有其他人一样 只是他们处在特定环境中
enabling:adj.授权的;v.使能够;授权给(enable的现在分词); recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
Together with my colleagues in Oxford, we've embarked on a research project in Uganda looking at the economic lives of refugees. 我和牛津大学的同事们 在乌干达开始了一个研究项目 研究难民的经济生活
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); embarked:v.上船;装船;(embark的过去式和过去分词) Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家);
We chose Uganda not because it's representative of all host countries. 我们选择乌干达并不因为它是接收国中的典型代表
representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
It's not. It's exceptional . 它恰恰是一个例外
exceptional:adj.异常的,例外的;n.超常的学生;
Unlike most host countries around the world, what Uganda has done is give refugees economic opportunity. 不像世界上大部分的东道国 乌干达所做的 是给予难民经济上的机会
It gives them the right to work. It gives them freedom of movement. 给他们工作的权利 给他们行动自由
And the results of that are extraordinary both for refugees and the host community . 这带来的结果是惊人的 无论是对难民还是接收国来说
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
In the capital city, Kampala, we found that 21 percent of refugees own a business that employs other people, and 40 percent of those employees are nationals of the host country. 在乌干达首都坎帕拉 我们发现百分之二十一的难民开公司经营自己的生意 并雇用他人 百分之四十的受雇者 是东道国的国民
In other words, refugees are making jobs for citizens of the host country. 换句话说 难民在为东道国公民 创造就业
Even in the camps, we found extraordinary examples of vibrant , flourishing and entrepreneurial businesses. 即使是在难民营 我们也找到了 有活力的、繁荣的创业企业的例子
vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的; flourishing:adj.繁荣的;繁茂的;v.繁荣;兴旺;茁壮成长;(flourish的现在分词) entrepreneurial:adj.企业家的,创业者的;中间商的;
For example, in a settlement called Nakivale, we found examples of Congolese refugees running digital music exchange businesses. 打个比方在一个被称为纳基瓦莱的难民营中 我们找到了刚果难民 经营交易数字音乐的生意
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
We found a Rwandan who runs a business that's available to allow the youth to play computer games on recycled games consoles and recycled televisions. 我们找到了卢旺达难民的生意 让年轻人可以在 回收的操纵台和显示屏上玩电脑游戏
recycled:n.再生纸;回收站;adj.[环境]回收利用的;可循环再造的; consoles:n.[计]控制台(console的复数);支柱;v.安慰;慰问(console的三单形式);
Against the odds of extreme constraint , refugees are innovating , and the gentleman you see before you is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay. 冲破极端的约束 难民们在不断创新 你们面前的是一个叫达蒙-凯的刚果人
odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; constraint:n.[数]约束;局促,态度不自然;强制; innovating:n.创新;v.革新(innovate的现在分词);创立;
Demou-Kay arrived in the settlement with very little, but he wanted to be a filmmaker . 他到达难民营的时候身无长物 但他想成为电影制作人
filmmaker:n.电影制作人;电影摄制者;
So with friends and colleagues, he started a community radio station, he rented a video camera , and he's now making films. 所以与朋友和同事一起他创办了一个社区广播站 他租了一个摄像机 他现在在制作电影
video camera:n.摄像机;
He made two documentary films with and for our team, and he's making a successful business out of very little. 他已经拍摄了两部纪录片 和我们团队 也为了我们团队 并且他从无几的资源起步拥有了成功的事业
It's those kinds of examples that should guide our response to refugees. 恰恰是这种例子 应该主导我们对难民的反应
Rather than seeing refugees as inevitably dependent upon humanitarian assistance, we need to provide them with opportunities for human flourishing. 与其认为难民不可避免地依赖人道援助 我们需要给他们提供机会来实现人类繁荣
inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; dependent upon:取决于;
Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food are all important in the emergency phase , but we need to also look beyond that. 没错,衣服、毯子、避难所、食物 在应急阶段都是非常重要的 但是我们必须也要有长远的思考
emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做;
We need to provide opportunities to connectivity , electricity , education, the right to work, access to capital and banking. 我们需要提供网络连接、电力 教育、工作的权利 资金和商业渠道
connectivity:n.[数]连通性; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
All the ways in which we take for granted that we are plugged in to the global economy can and should apply to refugees. 所有我们视为理所当然的 进入全球经济的途径 能够并且应该提供给难民
take for granted:认为…理所当然; plugged:v.堵塞;封堵;补充;供给;推广;(plug的过去分词和过去式) economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
The second idea I want to discuss is economic zones. 我想讨论的第二个想法是经济区
Unfortunately , not every host country in the world takes the approach Uganda has taken. 不幸的是 并不是世界上所有的东道国 都采用了乌干达的政策
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
Most host countries don't open up their economies to refugees in the same way. 大部分东道国的经济都不对难民开放
economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
But there are still pragmatic alternative options that we can use. 但是我们仍有实效的替代选择
pragmatic:adj.实际的;实用主义的;国事的;
Last April, I traveled to Jordan with my colleague, the development economist Paul Collier , and we brainstormed an idea while we were there with the international community and the government, an idea to bring jobs to Syrians while supporting Jordan's national development strategy . 去年四月 我前往约旦 和我的同事－发展经济学家保罗 科里亚一起 我们在那里讨论了一个想法 同国际社会和当地政府一起 这个想法就是给叙利亚人带来就业 同时推动约旦的国家发展战略
Collier:n.矿工;运煤船; brainstormed:adj.集思广益的;v.动脑筋;集思广益;想办法(brainstorm的过去分词); strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
The idea is for an economic zone, one in which we could potentially integrate the employment of refugees alongside the employment of Jordanian host nationals. 这个想法是建立一个经济区 在经济区里 我们可以把难民的就业 和东道国约旦的国民就业结合起来
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; integrate:v.成为一体;(使)加入;adj.完全的; employment:n.使用;职业;雇用;
And just 15 minutes away from the Zaatari refugee camp, home to 83,000 refugees, is an existing economic zone called the King Hussein Bin Talal Development Area . 扎塔利难民营外仅15分钟的车程 此处安置了83,000名难民 就是一个现行的经济区 被称为侯赛因国王开发区
Development Area:n.开发区;
The government has spent over a hundred million dollars connecting it to the electricity grid , connecting it to the road network, but it lacked two things: access to labor and inward investment . 政府投入了超过一亿美金 来连接输电网和道路 但是还缺少两个东西 劳动力和外来投资
grid:n.网格;格子,栅格;输电网; inward investment:n.对内投资;
So what if refugees were able to work there rather than being stuck in camps, able to support their families and develop skills through vocational training before they go back to Syria? 所以假使难民能够在那里工作 而不是被困在难民营里 在返回叙利亚前 能够负担家计并通过职业训练来培养技能 那将会怎么呢？
what if:如果…怎么办? vocational:adj.职业的,行业的;
We recognized that that could benefit Jordan, whose development strategy requires it to make the leap as a middle income country to manufacturing . 我们认识到这样做有益于约旦 它的国家发展战略要求升级制造业 作为一个中等收入的国家
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) leap:n.跳越;跳跃;跳高;骤变;v.跳;跳跃;跳越;猛冲; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
It could benefit refugees, but it could also contribute to the postconflict reconstruction of Syria by recognizing that we need to incubate refugees as the best source of eventually rebuilding Syria. 这样做使难民受益 同时也有助于叙利亚的战后重建 通过认识到我们需要培养难民 来作为最终重建叙利亚的最好资源
contribute to:有助于;捐献; reconstruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴; recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) incubate:vt.孵化;培养;温育;逐渐发展;vi.孵化;酝酿;n.孵育物; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; eventually:adv.最后,终于;
We published the idea in the journal Foreign Affairs. 我们将这个观点发表在《国外事务》期刊上
journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报;
King Abdullah has picked up on the idea. 约旦国王阿卜杜拉也采纳这个想法
It was announced at the London Syria Conference two weeks ago, and a pilot will begin in the summer. 两星期前 在伦敦叙利亚会议上宣布 试点项目会在今年夏天开始实施
Conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
(Applause) （掌声）
The third idea that I want to put to you is preference matching between states and refugees to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes you see here in the selfie featuring Angela Merkel and a Syrian refugee. 我想展示的第三个想法 是国家和难民之间的偏好匹配 为了达到这幅自拍中的这种满意结局 照片上是德国首相默克尔和一名叙利亚难民
preference:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) selfie:n.自拍照;
What we rarely do is ask refugees what they want, where they want to go, but I'd argue we can do that and still make everyone better off. 我们很少询问难民他们想要什么或是他们想去那里 但是我主张可以这样做 同时让所有人都受益
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
The economist Alvin Roth has developed the idea of matching markets, ways in which the preference ranking of the parties shapes an eventual match. 经济学家艾文 罗斯创造了配对市场的概念 也就是双方的偏好顺序决定了最终的匹配
My colleagues Will Jones and Alex Teytelboym have explored ways in which that idea could be applied to refugees, to ask refugees to rank their preferred destinations, 我的同事威尔 琼斯和埃里克斯 泰特博因 研究如何应用这个概念来解决难民问题 他们要求难民将偏好的国家排序
explored:v.探索;勘探;考察;探险;(explore的过去式和过去分词) applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) preferred:v.较喜欢;喜欢…多于…;(prefer的过去式和过去分词)
but also allow states to rank the types of refugees they want on skills criteria or language criteria and allow those to match. 但同时允许国家将想要接收的难民种类排序 基于技能或是语言的标准 最后将两种排序匹配
criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数);
Now, of course you'd need to build in quotas on things like diversity and vulnerability , but it's a way of increasing the possibilities of matching. 当然 你需要在多样性和脆弱性 这些方面建立配额 但这是一种能提高配对可能性的方法
quotas:n.配额(quota的复数);[经管]定额,[经]限额;v.分配(quota的第三人称单数); diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点;
The matching idea has been successfully used to match, for instance , students with university places, to match kidney donors with patients , and it underlies the kind of algorithms that exist on dating websites. 这种配对理念已经成功应用于 比方说,配对学生和大学 配对肾捐献者和病患 它也突出了交友网站中的运算法则的重要性
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性; donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下;
So why not apply that to give refugees greater choice? 所以为什么不应用它来给难民更好的选择呢？
It could also be used at the national level, where one of the great challenges we face is to persuade local communities to accept refugees. 这同样可应用于国家层面 在这个层面 我们面对的最大问题 是说服地方社区接纳难民
persuade:v.说服;劝说;使信服;使相信;
And at the moment, in my country, for instance, we often send engineers to rural areas and farmers to the cities, which makes no sense at all. 目前 以我的国家为例 我们经常把工程师送到偏远地区把农民送进城市 完全没有道理
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
So matching markets offer a potential way to bring those preferences together and listen to the needs and demands of the populations that host and the refugees themselves. 所以匹配市场提供了一种潜在的方式来匹配这些偏好 并且反映了接收国人民 以及难民的需要和要求
preferences:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;(preference的复数)
The fourth idea I want to put to you is of humanitarian visas . 我的第四个想法是人道主义签证
visas:n.(护照的)签证;v.发签证;(visa的第三人称单数和复数)
Much of the tragedy and chaos we've seen in Europe was entirely avoidable . 我们在欧洲看到的大多悲剧和混乱 是完全可以避免的
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品; chaos:n.混沌,混乱; avoidable:adj.可避免的;可作为无效的;可回避的;
It stems from a fundamental contradiction in Europe's asylum policy , which is the following: that in order to seek asylum in Europe, you have to arrive spontaneously by embarking on those dangerous journeys that I described . 这起源于欧洲避难政策的一个根本矛盾之处 如下: 为了在欧洲寻求避难 你必须要自行到达欧洲 经过一段我之前描述的危险的旅程
stems:n.花草的茎或梗; v.阻止; (stem的第三人称单数和复数) policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地; embarking:v.着手;登机(embark的现在分词); described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
But why should those journeys be necessary in an era of the budget airline and modern consular capabilities? 但是为什么这些旅程是必要的 在一个存在廉价航空和领事馆的时代？
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; airline:n.航空公司; consular:adj.领事的;
They're completely unnecessary journeys, and last year, they led to the deaths of over 3,000 people on Europe's borders and within European territory. 这些都是完全不必要的旅程 去年 这导致了超过三千人的死亡 在欧洲边界和欧洲境内
If refugees were simply allowed to travel directly and seek asylum in Europe, we would avoid that, and there's a way of doing that through something called a humanitarian visa, that allows people to collect a visa at an embassy or a consulate in a neighboring country and then simply pay their own way through a ferry or a flight to Europe. 如果难民可以能够 直接前往欧洲并寻求庇护 我们就可以避免这些死亡 这的确可以实现 通过人道主义签证 这允许人们在邻近国家的大使馆 或领事馆领取签证 然后自己买单 通过邮轮或者飞机到达欧洲
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; embassy:n.大使馆;大使馆全体人员; consulate:n.领事;领事馆;领事任期;领事职位;
It costs around a thousand euros to take a smuggler from Turkey to the Greek islands. 要花费大约一千欧元 将一个偷渡者从土耳其带到希腊群岛
euros:n.欧元;欧洛斯风;带雨东南暴风(euro复数);
It costs 200 euros to take a budget airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt. 只需要二百欧元
If we allowed refugees to do that, it would have major advantages . 如果我们允许他们这样做 会带来极大的成果
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
It would save lives, it would undercut the entire market for smugglers, and it would remove the chaos we see from Europe's front line in areas like the Greek islands. 这会拯救生命 根除非法偷渡的市场 消除我们在欧洲边缘看到的混乱 像希腊群岛这样的地区
undercut:vt.廉价出售; vi.底切; n.底切; front line:adj.前线的;第一线的;
It's politics that prevents us doing that rather than a rational solution . 阻止我们实施这个方案的原因是政治而不是理性的解决方案
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
And this is an idea that has been applied. 并且这是一个已经被应用的想法
Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach where over 2,000 Syrians have been able to get humanitarian visas, enter Brazil, and claim refugee status on arrival in Brazil. 巴西首先采用了这种政策 超过2,000叙利亚人获得了人道主义签证 进入巴西 并在入境时获得申请难民身份
Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家);
And in that scheme , every Syrian who has gone through it has received refugee status and been recognized as a genuine refugee. 在那个计划中 每个叙利亚人都 获得了难民身份 并确认是真正难民
scheme:n.计划;方案;体系;体制;阴谋;v.密谋;图谋;想;认为; genuine:adj.真实的,真正的;诚恳的;
There is a historical precedent for it as well. 也有一个历史先例
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; precedent:n.先例;前例;adj.在前的;在先的;
Between 1922 and 1942, these Nansen passports were used as travel documents to allow 450,000 Assyrians, Turks and Chechens to travel across Europe and claim refugee status elsewhere in Europe. 在1922年和1942年之间 这些南森护照作为出入境文件 允许450,000名亚述人、土耳其人和车臣人 穿越欧洲 并在欧洲其他地方申请难民身份
Turks:n.土耳其人;突厥人(Turk的复数形式); Chechens:n.(居住在北高加索的)车臣人; elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
And the Nansen International Refugee Office received the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of this being a viable strategy. 南森国际难民署荣获了诺贝尔和平奖 表彰这一可行的对策
So all four of these ideas that I've presented you are ways in which we can expand Amira's choice set. 所以我展示给你们的四个想法 都是我们可以增加阿米拉选项的方式
They're ways in which we can have greater choice for refugees beyond those basic, impossible three options 让难民可以有更好的选择 而不仅限于三个基本的、不可能的选项
I explained to you and still leave others better off. 如我之前所说的 并且仍然使所有人受益
In conclusion , we really need a new vision, a vision that enlarges the choices of refugees but recognizes that they don't have to be a burden. 总的来说 我们需要全新的视角 来增加难民的选择 同时认识到他们并不一定是社会的负担
In conclusion:总之;最后; recognizes:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的第三人称单数)
There's nothing inevitable about refugees being a cost. 难民成为花费并不是定式
Yes, they are a humanitarian responsibility, but they're human beings with skills, talents, aspirations , with the ability to make contributions -- if we let them. 的确 难民是我们的人道主义责任 但是他们也是拥有技能、才华和志向的人类 有贡献社会的能力－如果我们允许
aspirations:n.愿望; contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数)
In the new world, migration is not going to go away. 在一个新的世界里 迁徙并不会消失
What we've seen in Europe will be with us for many years. 我们在欧洲看到的景象在许多年内会一直存在
People will continue to travel, they'll continue to be displaced , and we need to find rational, realistic ways of managing this -- not based on the old logics of humanitarian assistance, not based on logics of charity , but building on the opportunities offered by globalization, markets and mobility. 人们会不断迁徙 人们仍会背井离乡 我们需要找到一种理性现实的方法来管理－ 并不基于人道主义援助的旧的逻辑 不是基于慈善的逻辑 而是基于全球化、 市场和流动性带来的机遇
displaced:v.取代;替代;置换;迫使(某人)离开家园;转移;(displace的过去式和过去分词) realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物;
I'd urge you all to wake up and urge our politicians to wake up to this challenge. 我希望大家都认识到这点我恳请我们的政府官员 能够迎接这个挑战
Thank you very much. 感谢大家
(Applause) （掌声）