返回首页

AlexGendler_BurjKhalifa_2020E-_世界上最高的摩天大楼是如何建造出来的？_-
By the end of the 20th century, the race to build the world's tallest skyscraper grinded to a halt . 到 20 世纪末时, 打造世界最高摩天大楼的竞赛 渐渐慢下来了。
Each new contender was only slightly taller than the one before, and architects were running out of ways to top their previous efforts. 每一个新竞争者, 都只比上一个高出一点点, 建筑师也想不出新方法 来超越他们先前的努力成果。
But in 2004 construction began on a new building in Dubai , promising a revolutionary design that would dwarf the competition . 但在杜拜,有一栋大楼的建造 于 2004 年 开始, 它保证会用革命性的设计 把其他角逐者比下去。
skyscraper:n.摩天楼,超高层大楼;特别高的东西; grinded:vt.磨碎;磨快;vi.磨碎;折磨;n.磨;苦工作; halt:v.停止;立定;踌躇,犹豫;n.停止;立定;休息; contender:n.竞争者;角逐者;争夺者; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数); previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; Dubai:n.迪拜(阿拉伯联合酋长国的酋长国之一); revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者; dwarf:v.变矮小;n.侏儒,矮子;adj.矮小的; competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
In 2009, the 828-meter Burj Khalifa was complete, surpassing the previous record-holder by over 60%. 2009 年,828 公尺的 哈里发塔完工了, 比先前的记录保持者 还要高出至少 60%。
So what innovations allowed for such a huge leap in height? 是什么样的创新,让这么 惊人的高度突破得以成真？
For most of architectural history, heavy building materials made it difficult for tall buildings to support their own weight. 在建筑史上大部分的时期, 沉重的建材使得高楼 很难支撑它们自身的重量。
Khalifa:n.哈里发(等于caliph); surpassing:adj.胜过的;卓越的;优秀的;adv.卓越地;非凡地;v.胜过(surpass的ing形式); innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革; leap:n.跳越;跳跃;跳高;骤变;v.跳;跳跃;跳越;猛冲; architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的;
To compensate , taller structures had wider, thicker masonry at the base, making them substantially more expensive. 为了补偿,较高的建筑会 也让造价大大增加。
The arrival of industrial steel in the early 20th century helped buildings shed weight, and stretch to new heights. 20 世纪初,工業用钢的出现 让大楼能够减轻重量, 并突破以往的高度。
But steel frames required intensive labor to produce, often under poor working conditions. 但制造钢骨需要密集的劳力, 通常工作条件也很差。
compensate:v.补偿,赔偿;抵消; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); masonry:n.石工;石工行业;石造建筑; substantially:adv.实质上;大体上;充分地; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; shed:v.摆脱;去除;蜕;落;n.工棚;简易房;剪羊毛棚;挤奶棚; stretch:v.伸展;延伸;伸出;舒展;n.伸展;弹性;舒展;一片;adj.有弹力的; frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数); intensive:adj.加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的;n.加强器;
And when they were finished, these three dimensional grids took up huge amounts of space inside buildings. 且于完工后, 这些三维的骨架格子占去了 大楼内部大量的空间。
Tall steel skyscrapers also had larger, less dense surfaces, making them vulnerable to strong winds. 很高的钢制摩天大楼通常 表面较大且密度较低, 让它们很怕强风。
Architects designed various countermeasures to prevent swaying and structural damage, but to increase height further, engineers would have to completely rethink how tall buildings were designed. 建筑师设计了各式各样的对策, 以预防大楼摇动以及结构受损, 但若要进一步增加高度, 工程师必须要完全重新 想出新的高楼设计方式。
dimensional:adj.空间的;尺寸的; grids:n.[数]网格(grid的复数形式);栅格; skyscrapers:n.摩天大楼;(skyscraper的复数) dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; countermeasures:n.对策;[军]对抗措施(countermeasure的复数); swaying:v.使摇动;支配;偏向一边(sway的ing形式); structural:adj.结构的;建筑的; rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法;
Enter the father of modern skyscrapers: Fazlur Rahman Khan . 此时就该现代摩天大楼之父 法兹勒拉合曼汗出场了。
This Bangladeshi-American engineer believed tall structures should bear their weight where they were widest and most stable— on the outside. 这位孟加拉裔的美国工程师 相信,高的建筑物 应该要用它们最宽且最稳定的部分 来承受它们的重量——
He proposed swapping an internal grid of steel beams for a steel and concrete exoskeleton that would make buildings more resilient to wind while using far less heavy materials. 他提议将一个内部的钢樑格子换成 钢筋混凝土的外骨骼, 能让大楼更能承受强风, 且需使用的重建材也大大减少。
Khan:n.可汗(对最高统治者的尊称);商队客店; proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) swapping:v.交换(东西);交换(工作);用…替换;(swap的现在分词) internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; beams:[建]梁; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖 exoskeleton:n.[昆]外骨骼; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
Khan developed this idea into what he called tubular designs. 汗把这个想法发展成 他所谓的管状设计。
These buildings had exterior steel frames that were braced with concrete and connected to horizontal floor beams. 这些大楼的外部钢架用混凝土支撑, 并接到水平的楼板樑。
Tubular frames proved superior at absorbing and transferring the force of wind to a building's foundation . 管状构架已被证明具有出色的特性,
tubular:adj.管状的; exterior:n.外观;外表;adj.外面的;外部的;外表的;户外的; braced:adj.支撑的; v.支撑; horizontal:n.水平线;水平面;横线;水平位置;adj.水平的;与地面平行的;横的; superior:n.上级;上司;adj.(在品质上)更好的;占优势的;更胜一筹的; absorbing:adj.引人入胜的;精彩的;v.吸收;吞并;同化;理解;(absorb的现在分词) transferring:n.[计]转移,传递;v.移动,[计]转移(transfer的现在分词形式); foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
And since the exterior walls could bear the bulk of the load, internal supporting columns could be removed to maximize space. 因为外墙承受大量负荷, 可以把内部的支柱移除, 将空间最大化。
Following the 1960s, tubular design became the industry standard . 1960 年代之后,管状设计 便成为建筑業的标准。
This new philosophy allowed for the construction of taller, sturdier skyscrapers, including many of the record holders for world’s tallest building. 有了这项新原理, 便能盖起更高、更稳固的摩天大楼, 包括许多世界上 最高建筑的记录保持者。
bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块; columns:n.柱:(通常为)圆形石柱:(书,报纸印刷页上的)栏(column的复数) maximize:vt.取…最大值;对…极为重视;vi.尽可能广义地解释;达到最大值; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观; sturdier:强壮的;结实的;坚定的;不退让的(sturdy的比较级); holders:n.[专利]持有人(holder的复数);
But planning the Burj Khalifa would take one more innovation. 但哈里发塔的计画 还需要另一项创新。
In 2004, the late Fazlur Khan’s longtime employers , 2004 年,曾为已故的法兹勒汗 工作很长一段时间的
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, completed the Tower Palace III in South Korea. 斯基德莫尔、欧文斯、 梅瑞尔（SOM）完成了
This building took Khan's exoskeleton design one step further, with a central column supported by three protruding wings. 这栋大楼把汗的外骨骼设计 再进一步发扬光大, 中央柱的三边有翼状延伸设计。
longtime:adj.长时间的;为时甚久的;adv.长久地; employers:n.雇主;雇用者;(employer的复数) protruding:adj.突出的;伸出的;v.突出(protrude的现在分词);伸出;
Each wing’s weight carries the other two, while the heavy concrete core acts as a support beam, that also houses the building’s elevators and mechanical infrastructure . 每一侧翼的重量都能 承载另外两翼的重量, 沉重的混凝土核心则扮演支柱, 大楼的电梯及机械设备也在里面。
This design, called the buttressed core, allowed the entire structure to work as a single load-bearing unit, supporting the building’s 73 stories. 这种设计称为「扶壁核心」, 让整个建筑物能够整合成 单一个承重单位, 支撑该大楼的 73 层楼层。
SOM was confident the buttressed core could support a much taller building, and they were determined to see how high they could go with their next project. SOM 相信这种扶壁核心 还能支撑更高许多的大楼, 且他们下定决心要试试 在下个建案中能挑战多高的高度。
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; elevators:n.电梯(elevator的复数形式);升降机; mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; buttressed:v.支持;给…以力量;(buttress的过去式和过去分词) load-bearing:[建]承载;承重; confident:adj.自信的;确信的; determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式)
As only the second building to use this design, the Burj Khalifa spans an unprecedented 163 floors. 哈里发塔是第二栋 使用这种设计的大楼, 高达 163 层,创下前所未有的记录。
To battle the monumental vertical and lateral forces, the design strategically places the strongest, load-bearing areas where the wind is also most powerful. 为了对抗极大的直向力与横向力, 这次设计把最坚固最能承重的区域 做了策略性的安排, 安排在风力最强的地方。
spans:n.[建]跨度;一段时间(span的复数);v.跨越;持续;贯穿(span的第三人称单数); unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的; monumental:adj.不朽的;纪念碑的;非常的; vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的; lateral:adj.侧面的,横向的;n.侧部;[语]边音;vt.横向传球; strategically:adv.战略性地;战略上;
Additionally , the Y-shaped layout was specifically calibrated to minimize local wind forces. 此外,Y 字型的设计也特别做了校准, 可以将局部的风力减到最小。
Every several floors, one of the wings recedes slightly, forming a series of setbacks in a clockwise pattern. 每几层楼,就有其中一翼 稍微缩进来一点, 让这一连串的外墙退缩 形成顺时钟状。
This spiral shape disperses air currents, transforming 240 kilometer per hour winds into harmless gusts . 这种螺旋形状能够分散气流, 将时速 240 公里的风转变成
Additionally:adv.另外;此外;加之; layout:n.布局;规划;设计;版面设计; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; calibrated:v.标定,校准(刻度,以使测量准确);(calibrate的过去式和过去分词) minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要; recedes:v.逐渐远离;慢慢变小;变秃;(recede的第三人称单数) series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; setbacks:n.挫折;周折(setback复数); clockwise:adv.顺时针方向地;adj.顺时针方向的; spiral:n.螺旋;旋涡;螺旋形之物;adj.螺旋形的;v.使成螺旋形;vi.盘旋;螺旋形上升; disperses:vt.分散;使散开;传播;vi.分散;adj.分散的; transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) gusts:n.风味;一阵狂风;趣味;vi.一阵阵地劲吹;
Considering its height and unique design, the Burj Khalifa was completed in a staggeringly short five year period. 以这样的高度和独特设计而言, 哈里发塔能以五年的时间 建造完成,十分惊人。
However, this pace came at a great human cost. 然而,这么快的步调, 背后是很庞大的人力成本。
The workforce consisted mostly of South Asian migrants , who regularly endured shifts over 12 hours long for a daily wage of roughly $10. 背后劳动力的组成, 主要是南亚移工, 他们常得忍受超过 12 小时的班, 且一天的工资才约 $10 美金。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; staggeringly:adv.摇晃地;蹒跚地; workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工; consisted:vi.组成;在于;符合; migrants:n.移民;移居者;候鸟(migrant的复数形式); regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 endured:v.忍耐;忍受;持续;持久;(endure的过去分词和过去式) shifts:n.转移; v.转移; (shift的第三人称单数) wage:v.发动;n.(通常指按周领的)工资; roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地;
Those who tried to quit or return home had their paychecks and passports withheld by the project’s construction company. 若有劳工想要辞职或者返乡, 该建案的建设公司就会扣留 他们的支票及护照。
These abusive conditions led to multiple protests , in addition to at least one suicide , and one fatal accident reported on site . 这些虐待的条件,引起多次抗议, 另外还有至少一起自杀案件
In the years following the tower’s completion , the United Arab Emirates fell under harsh scrutiny for failing to enforce worker protection laws. 该塔完成后的几年间, 阿拉伯联合大公国因为没能确实执行 劳工保护法而受到严厉的监督。
quit:v.离开;放弃;停止;使…解除;n.离开;[计]退出;adj.摆脱了…的;已经了结的; paychecks:n.付薪水的支票,薪水;((paycheck的复数) withheld:v.拒绝给:抑制;忍住(withhold的过去分词和过去式) abusive:adj.辱骂的;滥用的;虐待的; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数); in addition to:除…之外; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀; fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; completion:n.完成,结束;实现; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) Emirates:n.阿联酋航空公司; harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的; scrutiny:n.详细审查;监视;细看;选票复查; enforce:v.强制执行;强迫;迫使;
Hopefully, future projects will prioritize the individuals behind these engineering marvels over the buildings themselves. 希望将来的建案能够 把工程奇迹背后的人 放在建筑物本身之前。
prioritize:v.按重要性排列;划分优先顺序;优先处理; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) marvels:奇迹(marvel的名词复数);