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AjitNarayanan_2013-_一个能用任何语言交流的文字游戏_
I work with children with autism . 我从事关于自闭症儿童的工作。
autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义;
Specifically , I make technologies to help them communicate. 具体而言,我发明技术 来帮助他们交流。
Specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Now, many of the problems that children with autism face, they have a common source , and that source is that they find it difficult to understand abstraction , symbolism . 许多自闭症儿童所面临的问题, 它们有一个共同的根源, 而这个根源就是他们觉得 很难理解抽象概念和符号。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; abstraction:n.抽象;出神;心神专注;提取;分离; symbolism:n.象征,象征主义;符号论;记号;
And because of this, they have a lot of difficulty with language. 因此,他们在语言上存在很大的困难。
Let me tell you a little bit about why this is. 让我来告诉你们一些会这样的原因
You see that this is a picture of a bowl of soup. 你看这是一碗汤的图片。
All of us can see it. All of us understand this. 我们都可以看见它。我们都能理解这个。
These are two other pictures of soup, but you can see that these are more abstract 这里是另外两张汤的图片。 但是你可以看到,这些更加抽象。
These are not quite as concrete . 这些并不那么具体。
concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖
And when you get to language, you see that it becomes a word whose look, the way it looks and the way it sounds, has absolutely nothing to do with what it started with, or what it represents , which is the bowl of soup. 而当你使用语言的时候, 你看它变成了一个单词 它看起来,听起来 都跟刚开始的或代表的一碗汤, 没有半点关系。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
So it's essentially a completely abstract, a completely arbitrary representation of something which is in the real world, and this is something that children with autism have an incredible amount of difficulty with. 所以它本质上是完全抽象的, 一个对现实生活中事物 很随意的陈述, 这才是自闭症儿童 有极大困难的地方。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的; representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述 incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
Now that's why most of the people that work with children with autism -- speech therapists , educators -- what they do is, they try to help children with autism communicate not with words, but with pictures. 这就是为什么如今大多数从事自闭症儿童工作的人 ——语言治疗师们,教育者们 ——他们所做的是帮助自闭症儿童交流, 不是通过文字,而是通过图片。
therapists:n.治疗专家(therapist的复数);
So if a child with autism wanted to say, "I want soup," that child would pick three different pictures, "I," "want," and "soup," 于是如果一个自闭症儿童想说, I want soup (我要汤),那个孩子将会拿起 三张不同的图片, I (我), want (要)和 soup (汤)
and they would put these together, and then the therapist or the parent would understand that this is what the kid wants to say. 他们会将这些拼凑在一起, 然后治疗师或者家长就能理解 这就是孩子想要说的。
And this has been incredibly effective; for the last 30, 40 years people have been doing this. 而且这已经卓有成效了; 在过去的30,40年间 人们一直在这样做。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
In fact, a few years back, 事实上,几年前,
I developed an app for the iPad which does exactly this. It's called Avaz, and the way it works is that kids select different pictures. 我在iPad上开发了一个app 就是这样的运作的。它叫做Avaz, 它是这样运行的:孩子们选择 不同的图片。
These pictures are sequenced together to form sentences, and these sentences are spoken out. 这些图片排列成句子, 然后这些句子被读出来。
sequenced:[数][计]序列;
So Avaz is essentially converting pictures, it's a translator, it converts pictures into speech. 所以 Avaz 基本上在转译图片, 他是个翻译器,它将图片翻译成语音。
converting:v.(使)转变,转换,转化;可转变为;归附;(convert的现在分词) converts:vt.使转变; vi.转变,变换; n.皈依者;
Now, this was very effective . 现在,这已经很有效了。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
There are thousands of children using this, you know, all over the world, and I started thinking about what it does and what it doesn't do. 有数千个孩子正在使用这个, 你知道的,遍布全世界, 于是我开始思考 它可以做的和不能做的地方。
And I realized something interesting: 我发现了一些有趣的地方:
Avaz helps children with autism learn words. Avaz 可以帮助自闭症儿童学习单词。
What it doesn't help them do is to learn word patterns. 它没做到的是帮助他们学习 文字模式。
Let me explain this in a little more detail. 让我更具体地解释下这个。
Take this sentence: "I want soup tonight." 比如这句话: I want soup tonight (我要汤今晚)。
Now it's not just the words here that convey the meaning. 它不仅仅是文字传达了意思。
convey:vt.传达;运输;让与;
It's also the way in which these words are arranged , the way these words are modified and arranged. 这些文字的排列方式也起到了作用, 文字被修饰和排列的方式。
arranged:adj.安排的;v.安排;计划;准备(arrange的过去式和过去分词); modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词);
And that's why a sentence like "I want soup tonight" 那就是为什么一句话比如 I want soup tonight (我要汤今晚)
is different from a sentence like "Soup want I tonight," which is completely meaningless. 不同于这句 Soup want I tonight (汤要我今晚),后者是没意义 的。
So there is another hidden abstraction here which children with autism find a lot of difficulty coping with, and that's the fact that you can modify words and you can arrange them to have different meanings, to convey different ideas. 所以这里有另一个隐藏的抽象概念 自闭症儿童很难应对, 那就是,你可以修辞文字 你可以对他们进行排序 来得到不同的含义,来表达不同的思想。
coping:n.墙压顶;v.(成功地)对付,处理;(cope的现在分词) modify:vt.修改,修饰;更改;vi.修改;
Now, this is what we call grammar. 这就是我们所说的语法。
And grammar is incredibly powerful, because grammar is this one component of language which takes this finite vocabulary that all of us have and allows us to convey an infinite amount of information, an infinite amount of ideas. 而且语法极其有用的, 因为语法是语言的一个这样的组成部分。 它用我们所拥有的有限的词汇 使我们表达无限的信息, 无限的思想。
component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限;
It's the way in which you can put things together in order to convey anything you want to. 这是一种你可以将事物连在一起 来表达任何你所要表达的。
And so after I developed Avaz, 于是在我开发了 Avaz 之后,
I worried for a very long time about how I could give grammar to children with autism. 我担心过很长一段时间 关于我该怎样将语法传递给患了自闭症的孩子们。
The solution came to me from a very interesting perspective . 解决方案来自于一个很有意思的观点。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
I happened to chance upon a child with autism conversing with her mom, and this is what happened. 我碰巧遇到一个自闭症孩子 正在和他的妈妈交谈, 然后发生了这样的事。
chance upon:偶然遇见;偶然发现; conversing:v.交谈;谈话;(converse的现在分词)
Completely out of the blue , very spontaneously , the child got up and said, "Eat." 完全出乎意料的,很自然地, 那个孩子站起来并说道, Eat (吃)
out of the blue:突然地;意外地; spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地;
Now what was interesting was the way in which the mom was trying to tease out the meaning of what the child wanted to say by talking to her in questions. 非常有意思的是 这位妈妈试图梳理出 孩子所以表达的意思 通过提问来与她交谈。
tease:v.取笑; n.戏弄;
So she asked, "Eat what? Do you want to eat ice cream? 于是她问道,“吃什么？你想吃冰淇淋吗？
You want to eat? Somebody else wants to eat? 你想吃？还是别人想吃？
You want to eat cream now? You want to eat ice cream in the evening?" 你现在想吃奶油？还是你晚上想吃冰淇淋？“
And then it struck me that what the mother had done was something incredible. 这件事让我突然想到 这位妈妈做的事情是不可思议的。
She had been able to get that child to communicate an idea to her without grammar. 她已经能够让孩子和她交流想法 却不需要语法。
And it struck me that maybe this is what 我突然想到也许这就是
I was looking for. 我一直在寻找的。
Instead of arranging words in an order, in sequence, as a sentence, you arrange them in this map, where they're all linked together not by placing them one after the other but in questions, in question-answer pairs. 与其将文字 按顺序,按词组,按句子排列, 不如将他们安放在 这个地图中,它们都是联系在一起 不是通过将他们一个接着一个地排放 而是按问题,按 [问题-答案] 成对排列。
arranging:v.安排;筹备;整理;排列;(arrange的现在分词) one after the other:相继地,一个接一个地;
And so if you do this, then what you're conveying is not a sentence in English, but what you're conveying is really a meaning, the meaning of a sentence in English. 如果你这样做,那么你所表达的 就不是英文中的一个句子, 你所表达的是真实的 意义 , 英文句子的 意义 。
conveying:v.表达,传递(思想、感情等);输送;(convey的现在分词)
Now, meaning is really the underbelly , in some sense, of language. 意义 在某种程度上是语言的软肋。
underbelly:n.下腹部;薄弱部分;易受攻击的部位,区域等;
It's what comes after thought but before language. 它是一种在想法之后语言之前的东西。
And the idea was that this particular representation might convey meaning in its raw form. 所以这个想法是,这种特别的表达方式 可能能够用原始形式传递 意义 。
So I was very excited by this, you know, hopping around all over the place, trying to figure out if I can convert all possible sentences that I hear into this. 我对此非常兴奋,你知道的, 手舞足蹈地, 试图确定我是否能够将 所有我听到的句子转换成这样。
hopping:adj.很活跃的;忙忙碌碌的;v.单脚跳行;齐足(或双足)跳行;(hop的现在分词)
And I found that this is not enough. 然后我发现这样是不够的。
Why is this not enough? 为什么不够呢？
This is not enough because if you wanted to convey something like negation , you want to say, "I don't want soup," 不够是因为如果你想要表达 某些东西,比如否认, 你会想说, I don*t want soup (我不想要汤),
negation:n.否定,否认;拒绝;
then you can't do that by asking a question. 然而你不能通过提问来做到这个,
You do that by changing the word "want." 你通过改变“want”（要）这个词来做到的。
you do that by converting the word "want" into "wanted." 你是通过将“want”转换成“wanted”做到的
It's a past tense . 它是个过去时态。
past tense:n.过去时;过去式;
So this is a flourish which I added to make the system complete. 所以这是一个重要的进度 使我完善这系统。
flourish:n.兴旺; vt.夸耀; vi.繁荣,兴旺;
This is a map of words joined together as questions and answers, and with these filters applied on top of them in order to modify them to represent certain nuances . 这是单词彼此联系在一起的一张图 通过问题和答案的方式, 通过顶上这些过滤器的应用 来修改他们来表达 某种细微差别。
filters:n.过滤器; v.过滤; (filter的第三人称单数和复数) applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) nuances:细微差别;
Let me show you this with a different example. 让我通过一个不同的例子来展示给大家。
Let's take this sentence: "I told the carpenter I could not pay him." 就拿这个句子来说吧: I told the carpenter I could not pay him. (我跟木匠说过了我不能付他钱)
carpenter:n.木匠,木工;vi.当木匠,制作;
It's a fairly complicated sentence. 这是一个相当复杂的句子。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
The way that this particular system works, you can start with any part of this sentence. 这个特别的系统工作的方式就是, 你可以以句子的任意部分开始。
I'm going to start with the word "tell." 我将从 tell (说)这个词开始。
So this is the word "tell." 这就是“说‘（tell）这个单词。
Now this happened in the past, so I'm going to make that "told." 这发生在过去, 所以我将把它变成 说过 (told)。
Now, what I'm going to do is, 现在,我将这样做,
I'm going to ask questions. 我将提问,
So, who told? I told. 那么,谁说(told)了？我说(told)了。
I told whom? I told the carpenter. 我跟谁说(told)了？我跟木匠说(told)了。
Now we start with a different part of the sentence. 现在让我们从句子的另一个部分开始。
We start with the word "pay," 我们从“付钱”（pay）这个词开始,
and we add the ability filter to it to make it "can pay." 我们加入了能力过滤器,将它变成了“can pay”(能够付钱)。
Then we make it "can't pay," 然后我们将它变成了“can*t pay”(不能付钱)
and we can make it "couldn't pay" 而且我们将它变成了“couldn*t pay”((过去)不能付钱)
by making it the past tense. 通过将它变成过去时态。
So who couldn't pay? I couldn't pay. 那么谁 couldn*t pay ((过去)不能付钱)？我 couldn*t pay ((过去)不能付钱)。
Couldn't pay whom? I couldn't pay the carpenter. 不能付钱给谁？我不能付钱付给木匠。
And then you join these two together by asking this question: 然后你讲这两个关联在一起 通过问这样的一个问题:
What did I tell the carpenter? 我跟木匠说什么了？
I told the carpenter I could not pay him. 我跟木匠说我不能付钱给他。
Now think about this. This is —(Applause)— this is a representation of this sentence without language. 现在想想这个问题。这是 —（掌声）— 这是对这个句子的一个描述 不需要语言。
And there are two or three interesting things about this. 这里有两三个很有意思的现象。
First of all , I could have started anywhere. 首先,我可以从任何地方开始。
First of all:adv.首先;
I didn't have to start with the word "tell." 我没有必要从 tell （说）这个单词开始。
I could have started anywhere in the sentence, and I could have made this entire thing. 我本可以从句子的任何一个地方开始, 也能弄出这整个东西。
The second thing is, if I wasn't an English speaker, if I was speaking in some other language, this map would actually hold true in any language. 第二点是,如果我不是一个说英语的人, 如果我说某种其他的语言, 这个地图能够在任何语言中适用。
So long as the questions are standardized , the map is actually independent of language. 只要问题能够被标准化, 这个地图事实上是独立于语言的。
So long as:adv.只要; standardized:adj.标准的; v.使合乎标准; independent of:不依赖…的;不受…支配的;
So I call this FreeSpeech, and I was playing with this for many, many months. 我管这个叫 Free Speech（自由说话）, 我玩这个玩了好多好多个月。
I was trying out so many different combinations of this. 我试过关于这个的好多个不同的组合。
combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱;
And then I noticed something very interesting about FreeSpeech. 然后我注意到 Free Speech 有一些非常有趣的现象。
I was trying to convert language, convert sentences in English into sentences in FreeSpeech, and vice versa , and back and forth . 我尝试过将语言进行转换, 将英文句子转换成 Free Speech的句子, 然后反向转换,然后反复转换。
vice versa:反之亦然; back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的;
And I realized that this particular configuration , this particular way of representing language, it allowed me to actually create very concise rules that go between FreeSpeech on one side and English on the other. 我意识到这种特别的结构, 这种特别的语言表示方式, 它竟然能让我创造非常简明的规则, 这种规则能够在 Free Speech 和 英语之间转换。
configuration:n.配置;结构;外形; representing:v.代表;维护…的利益;等于;相当于;(represent的现在分词) concise:adj.简明的,简洁的; go between:n.媒人;中间人;媒介者;
So I could actually write this set of rules that translates from this particular representation into English. 因此我事实上能够写下这些 将特别表示法转换成英语的规则。
And so I developed this thing. 于是我发明了这个东西。
I developed this thing called the FreeSpeech Engine which takes any FreeSpeech sentence as the input and gives out perfectly grammatical English text. 我发明了这个,叫做 Free Speech 引擎 它将任何 Free Speech 句子作为输入 然后输出语法完美的英语文本。
input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; grammatical:adj.文法的;符合语法规则的;
And by putting these two pieces together, the representation and the engine, 通过将这两部分结合在一起, 表示部分和引擎部分,
I was able to create an app, a technology for children with autism, that not only gives them words but also gives them grammar. 我得以创造一个 app, 一种专为自闭症儿童而生的技术, 它不仅教他们文字 它也教他们语法。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
So I tried this out with kids with autism, and I found that there was an incredible amount of identification . 我给患了自闭症的孩子试过这个, 我获得了莫大的肯定。
identification:n.鉴定,识别;认同;身份证明;
They were able to create sentences in FreeSpeech which were much more complicated but much more effective than equivalent sentences in English, and I started thinking about why that might be the case. 他们能够使用 Free Speech 来创造那些 比起类似英文语句 更复杂却有效多了的语句, 然后我开始思考 为什么是这样的。
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
And I had an idea, and I want to talk to you about this idea next. 我有一个想法,我后面想要和大家说说这个想法。
In about 1997, about 15 years back, there were a group of scientists that were trying to understand how the brain processes language, and they found something very interesting. 大概在1997年,大约15年前, 有一群科学家他们试图 弄清楚大脑是如何处理语言的, 然后他们发现了一些有很意思的现象。
processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
They found that when you learn a language as a child, as a two-year-old, you learn it with a certain part of your brain, and when you learn a language as an adult -- 他们发现当你还说小孩时学习一门语言 比如2岁大, 你使用大脑的特定的部分来学习它, 当你作为一名成年人来学习它的时候——
for example, if I wanted to learn Japanese right now — a completely different part of my brain is used. 比如,我现在想学习日语—— 我的大脑的一个完全不同的部分被使用了。
Now I don't know why that's the case, but my guess is that that's because when you learn a language as an adult, you almost invariably learn it through your native language, or through your first language . 现在我不知道为什么是这样的, 但是我猜测那是因为 当你作为成年人学习语言的时候, 你几乎总是在 通过你的母语或者通过你的第一语言在学习它。
invariably:adv.总是;不变地;一定地; native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民; first language:n.母语;第一语言;
So what's interesting about FreeSpeech is that when you create a sentence or when you create language, a child with autism creates language with FreeSpeech, they're not using this support language, they're not using this bridge language. 所以对于 Free Speech 而言有意思的是 当你创造一个句子 或者当你创造语言时, 患了自闭症的孩子通过 Free Speech 创造语言, 他们没有使用这种语言中介, 他们没有使用桥梁语言。
They're directly constructing the sentence. 他们直接在构造句子。
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; constructing:n.构造;v.构造(construct的现在分词);
And so this gave me this idea. 这给了我这样一个想法。
Is it possible to use FreeSpeech not for children with autism but to teach language to people without disabilities ? 这样是可能的吗？不仅仅将 Free Speech 给自闭症儿童使用 也给没有缺陷的人学习语言用？
disabilities:n.残疾(disability的复数);身心障碍者;
And so I tried a number of experiments. 于是我尝试了一些实验。
The first thing I did was I built a jigsaw puzzle in which these questions and answers are coded in the form of shapes, in the form of colors, and you have people putting these together and trying to understand how this works. 首先我做的时建造一个拼图游戏 它的问题和答案 以图形和颜色 的形式编码, 然后你让人们把他们拼凑在一起 然后试图理解这是怎么运作的。
jigsaw:拼图玩具 puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑; coded:adj.[计]编码的;电码的;译成电码的;v.译成密码(code的过去式和过去分词);
And I built an app out of it, a game out of it, in which children can play with words and with a reinforcement , a sound reinforcement of visual structures, they're able to l earn l a nguage. 我通过它制作了一个应用,是一个游戏 孩子们可以用文字游戏 然后巩固, 用声音强化视觉结构, 让他们学习语言。
reinforcement:n.加固;增援;援军;加强;
And this, this has a lot of potential , a lot of promise, and the government of India recently licensed this technology from us, and they're going to try it out with millions of different children trying to teach them English. 然后这个,这个有很大的潜力,很多承诺, 而且印度政府最近 从我们这项技术授权, 他们将在上百万不同的儿童身上使用 尝试教他们英语。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; recently:adv.最近;新近; licensed:adj.得到许可的;获准拥有的;v.批准;许可(license的过去分词和过去式)
And the dream, the hope, the vision , really, is that when they learn English this way, they learn it with the same proficiency as their mother tongue . 而这个梦想,希望,远景,实际上, 就是他们能够用这种方式学习英语, 他们想能够将它学得熟练得 跟他们的母语一样。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; proficiency:n.精通,熟练; mother tongue:n.母语;本国语;
All right, let's talk about something else. 好吧,让我们来谈点别的东西。
Let's talk about speech. 让我们谈谈语言。
This is speech. 这个是语言,
So speech is the primary mode of communication delivered between all of us. 语言是我们之间 交流主要模式。
Now what's interesting about speech is that speech is one-dimensional . 关于语言有意思的是 语言是一维的。
one-dimensional:adj.肤浅的;单面的;幻想的;
Why is it one-dimensional? 为什么是一维的呢？
It's one-dimensional because it's sound. 它是一维的因为它是声音。
It's also one-dimensional because our mouths are built that way. 它是一维的也是因为 我们的嘴是那样构造的。
Our mouths are built to create one-dimensional sound. 我们的嘴被构造得生产一维的声音。
But if you think about the brain, the thoughts that we have in our heads are not one-dimensional. 但是如果你想想大脑, 在我们脑子中的思法 不是一维的。
I mean, we have these rich, complicated, multi-dimensional ideas. 我的意思是,我们拥有这些丰富的, 复杂的,多维的思想。
multi-dimensional:adj.多维;
Now, it seems to me that language is really the brain's invention to convert this rich, multi-dimensional thought on one hand into speech on the other hand . 现在,对我而言好像是这样的 语言确实是大脑的发明 将这种丰富的,多维的想法 进行转换,一方面, 转换成语言,另一方面。
on one hand:一方面; on the other hand:另一方面;
Now what's interesting is that we do a lot of work in information nowadays, and almost all of that is done in the language domain . 现在有趣的是 我们如今在做大量的信息化工作, 而且几乎所有的工作都是在语言领域的。
domain:n.领域;域名;产业;地产;
Take Google , for example. 比如Google,打个比方吧。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
Google trawls all these countless billions of websites, all of which are in English, and when you want to use Google, you go into Google search, and you type in English, and it matches the English with the English. Google 网罗了数十亿的网站, 都是英文网站,当你想要使用 Google 时, 你进入 Google 搜索,然后你输入英文, 然后它将英文与英文匹配。
trawls:n.拖网;排钩;vi.用拖网捕鱼;vt.用拖网捕鱼; countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的;
What if we could do this in FreeSpeech instead? 如果我们能够用 Free Speech 来替代这件事会怎样呢？
What if:如果…怎么办?
I have a suspicion that if we did this, we'd find that algorithms like searching, like retrieval , all of these things, are much simpler and also more effective, because they don't process the data structure of speech. 我有一个猜想就是如果我们做到了这个, 我们就会发现类似于搜索, 类似于检索,所有这样的算法, 简单得多同时也有效得多了, 因为他们不是处理语言的信息结构,
suspicion:n.怀疑;嫌疑;疑心;一点儿;v.怀疑; retrieval:n.检索;恢复;取回;拯救;
Instead they're processing the data structure of thought. 而是他们处理想法的信息结构。
processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
The data structure of thought. 想法的信息结构。
That's a provocative idea. 这是个令人振奋的主意。
provocative:adj.刺激的,挑拨的;气人的;n.刺激物,挑拨物;兴奋剂;
But let's look at this in a little more detail. 但是让我们更仔细的想想这个问题。
So this is the FreeSpeech ecosystem . 这就是 Free Speech 生态体系。
ecosystem:n.生态系统;
We have the Free Speech representation on one side, and we have the FreeSpeech Engine, which generates English. 我们把 Free Speech 的表示法放置在一个站点上, 我们有 Free Speech 引擎, 它生成英文。
generates:[计]生成;发生;
Now if you think about it, 现在大家思考一下这个,
FreeSpeech, I told you, is completely language-independent. Free Speech,我已经跟大家讲过,是完全语言独立的。
It doesn't have any specific information in it which is about English. 他没有任何特定的信息在里面 关于英语的。
So everything that this system knows about English is actually encoded into the engine. 于是这个系统所知的所有关于英语的 事实上都被编码写入了引擎。
encoded:adj.[计]编码的;v.把…编码(encode的过去分词);
That's a pretty interesting concept in itself. 它本身就是一个非常有趣的概念。
You've encoded an entire human language into a software program. 你已经将整个人类的的语种编码 写入了一个软件程序中。
But if you look at what's inside the engine, it's actually not very complicated. 但是如果你看看引擎里面有什么, 他实际上并不是很复杂。
It's not very complicated code. 不是非常复杂的代码。
And what's more interesting is the fact that the vast majority of the code in that engine is not really English-specific. 更有趣的情况是 引擎里绝大多数的代码 都不是英文特有的。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
And that gives this interesting idea. 这给出的这样一个有趣的想法。
It might be very easy for us to actually create these engines in many, many different languages, in Hindi , in French, in German, in Swahili. 或许对我们来说 用许多不同的语言来创造这些引擎是很容易的, 比如用印地语,法语,德语,斯瓦希里语。
Hindi:n.北印度语;adj.北印度的;
And that gives another interesting idea. 这给了我们另一个有趣的想法。
For example, supposing I was a writer, say, for a newspaper or for a magazine. 比如,假设我是一名作家, 比方说,为报社或者为杂志工作。
supposing:conj.假如;不妨去…吧;v.假使;让;猜想(suppose的ing形式);
I could create content in one language, FreeSpeech, and the person who's consuming that content, the person who's reading that particular information could choose any engine, and they could read it in their own mother tongue, in their native language. 我可以用一种语言创作内容,Free Speech, 看内容的人, 阅览特定信息的人, 能够选择任意引擎, 他们能够用他们的母语来阅读, 用他们的当地语言。
content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式);
I mean, this is an incredibly attractive idea, especially for India. 我的意思是,这是一个极其诱人的想法, 特别是对印度而言。
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
We have so many different languages. 我们有这么多不同的语言。
There's a song about India, and there's a description of the country as, it says, 有一首关于印度的歌,其中有一段描述 是关于这个国家的,它是这样唱的,
description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型;
(in Sanskrit). （梵文）
That means "ever-smiling speaker of beautiful languages." 意思是说“永远微笑着的 美好的语言的述说者”
Language is beautiful. 语言是美好的。
I think it's the most beautiful of human creations . 我认为它是人类发明中最美好的。
creations:n.创作;创造物(creation的复数形式);
I think it's the loveliest thing that our brains have invented. 我认为他是我们的大脑创造的最可爱的东西。
It entertains, it educates, it enlightens, but what I like the most about language is that it empowers . 它使人欢乐,教导众生,启发心灵 但是关于语言我最喜欢的 是它带给人力量。
empowers:授权;使能够(empower的第三人称单数);
I want to leave you with this. 我想以一下内容作为结束。
This is a photograph of my collaborators , my earliest collaborators when I started working on language and autism and various other things. 这是一张我的同事的照片, 我最早的同事 当我开始研究语言 和自闭症和许多其他的东西的时候。
collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
The girl's name is Pavna, and that's her mother, Kalpana. 这个女孩的名字叫 Pavna, 这个是她的妈妈, Kalpana。
And Pavna's an entrepreneur , but her story is much more remarkable than mine, because Pavna is about 23. Pavna 是一名创业者, 但她的故事比我的更值得一提, 因为 Pavna 大约只有23岁。
entrepreneur:n.企业家;承包人;主办者; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
She has quadriplegic cerebral palsy , so ever since she was born, she could neither move nor talk. 她患有脑性四肢瘫痪, 所以从她出生以来, 她既不能行动也不能说话。
quadriplegic:n.四肢瘫痪者;adj.四肢瘫痪的; cerebral palsy:n.大脑性瘫痪;
And everything that she's accomplished so far, finishing school , going to college, starting a company, collaborating with me to develop Avaz, all of these things she's done with nothing more than moving her eyes. 她目前的所有成就, 完成学业,进入大学, 创立公司, 与我合作开发 Avaz, 她所做的所有这些 都是通过移动她的眼睛来完成的。
accomplished:adj.完成的;有技巧的;有学问的;v.完成;(accomplish的过去分词和过去式) finishing school:n.精修学校(为富家女子学习上流社会行为所办的私立学校); collaborating:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的现在分词)
Daniel Webster said this: Daniel Webster 曾经这样说过:
Webster:n.编织者;
He said, "If all of my possessions were taken from me with one exception , 他说,“如果我所拥有的一切都将被带走 只能有一个例外,
possessions:n.拥有;个人财产;私人物品;控球状态;(possession的复数) exception:n.例外;异议;
I would choose to keep the power of communication, for with it, I would regain all the rest ." 我将选择留下交流的力量, 因为有了它,我将能够重建所有其他的东西。”
regain:vt.再次得到;重新获得,恢复;返回;n.恢复;收复;收回 all the rest:其他所有相关信息;
And that's why, of all of these incredible applications of FreeSpeech, the one that's closest to my heart still remains the ability for this to empower children with disabilities to be able to communicate, the power of communication, to get back all the rest. 这就是为何,在 Free Speech 所有这些不可思议的应用中, 最接近我的心灵的那一个 仍旧是它赋予 自闭症儿童 能够交流的力量, 交流的力量, 重建所有其他的东西。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢。（掌声）
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢大家。谢谢。谢谢。（掌声）
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢大家。谢谢。谢谢。（掌声）