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AditiShankardass_2009I-_关于学习障碍的思考_
When I was 10 years old, a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school. 我十岁的时候, 我的一个表兄带我参观了他上的医学院。
And as a special treat , he took me to the pathology lab and took a real human brain out of the jar and placed it in my hands. 作为一次特别优待 他带我去了病理学实验室 拿出一个真正的人脑 从一个罐子里 把它放在了我手里。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; pathology:n.病理(学);(比喻)异常状态;
And there it was, the seat of human consciousness , the powerhouse of the human body, sitting in my hands. 就是这 这里就是人们意识的载体 人们身体的司令部 它就在我手中
consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉; powerhouse:n.精力旺盛的人;动力室;发电所;
And that day I knew that when I grew up, 这一天我知道当我长大
I was going to become a brain doctor, scientist, something or the other. 我会成为一名研究大脑的医生 科学家,或者是其他的什么,
Years later, when I finally grew up, my dream came true. 几年之后,当我真地长大了, 我的梦想实现了。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D. 就在我做
on the neurological causes of dyslexia in children that I encountered a startling fact that I'd like to share with you all today. 关于儿童阅读障碍的神经学起因 的博士论文时 我发现了一个令人吃惊的现象 今天我想以此与你们分享。
neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; dyslexia:n.难语症;[医]诵读困难;阅读障碍; encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式) startling:adj.惊人的;让人震惊的;极鲜亮的;v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;(startle的现在分词)
It is estimated that one in six children, that's one in six children, suffer from some developmental disorder. 据估计有六分之一的儿童, 六分之一呀, 受发展障碍的影响。
estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; developmental:adj.发展的;启发的;
This is a disorder that retards mental development in the child and causes permanent mental impairments . 这是一种 妨碍儿童智力发展, 甚至导致智力永久损伤的疾病。
retards:n.阻碍;减速(retard的复数);v.阻碍,减缓(retard的单三形式); permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; impairments:损害;损伤;
Which means that each and every one of you here today knows at least one child that is suffering from a developmental disorder. 这意味着今天在座的各位中每六个人中就有一个人 知道至少一个孩子正在受 发展障碍疾病的折磨。
But here's what really perplexed me. 但是困扰我的还不是这个。
perplexed:adj.困惑的;不知所措的;
Despite the fact that each and every one of these disorders originates in the brain, most of these disorders are diagnosed solely on the basis of observable behavior. 尽管每一种 每一种疾病 都可以在大脑中找到根源, 但大部分 只能通过可观察到的 行为来确诊。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); originates:v.起源于(originate的第三人称单数形式); diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) solely:adv.单独地,唯一地; on the basis of:根据;基于…; observable:adj.显著的;觉察得到的;看得见的;n.[物]可观察量;感觉到的事物;
But diagnosing a brain disorder without actually looking at the brain is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem based on their physical symptoms , without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray to look at the heart. 诊断一种脑部疾病 却不直接查看大脑 就像是治疗心脏病人 根据他们的身体症状, 而不做心电图或者胸部X-光片 来查看心脏。
diagnosing:n.诊断;v.诊断(diagnose的现在分词); analogous:adj.类似的;[昆]同功的;可比拟的; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
It seemed so intuitive to me. 我凭直觉感到
intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的;
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately , it would be necessary to look at the brain directly . 要准确地诊断治疗脑部疾病 直接查看大脑是很必要的。
accurately:adv.精确地,准确地; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
Looking at behavior alone can miss a vital piece of the puzzle and provide an incomplete , or even a misleading , picture of the child's problems. 直接观察行为本身 就可能错过至关重要的信息 而仅仅提供一种不完整, 甚至能让人误解的构想。
vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑; incomplete:n.未完成;adj.不完整的;不完全的;不完善的; misleading:adj.误导的;引入歧途的;v.误导;引入歧途;使误信;(mislead的现在分词)
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology , the diagnosis of brain disorders in one in six children still remained so limited . 但是,尽管有先进的医疗技术, 要诊断出六分之一 患病儿童的病因 依然不是件容易的事。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; diagnosis:n.诊断; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
And then I came across a team at Harvard University that had taken one such advanced medical technology and finally applied it, instead of in brain research, towards diagnosing brain disorders in children. 之后我便遇到了哈佛大学的一个小组, 他们已经研发出了先进的医疗技术 并最终把这种技术 应用到了诊断儿童脑部疾病中 而不是应用到脑部研究。
Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
Their groundbreaking technology records the EEG, or the electrical activity of the brain, in real time , allowing us to watch the brain as it performs various functions and then detect even the slightest abnormality in any of these functions: vision , attention, language, audition . 他们极具创造力的技术 记录下了脑电图或实时的 脑部电波活动, 这可以让我们观察大脑 在它履行各种功能时 然后就我们就可以发现一些轻微的反常之处 在下面的这些功能中, 视觉,注意力,语言,听觉。
groundbreaking:adj.开创性的;创新的;革新的 electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; performs:v.执行;表演;演出;履行(perform的第三人称单数) detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; slightest:adj.极不重要的,最少的; abnormality:n.异常;畸形,变态; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; audition:n.试演,试唱,试音;v.试演;试唱;试音;面试;
A program called Brain Electrical 有一项叫做大脑电波
Activity Mapping then triangulates the source of that abnormality in the brain. 活动图谱的工程 会找出大脑中的 反常的地方
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
And another program called 另一项叫做
Statistical Probability Mapping then performs mathematical calculations to determine whether any of these abnormalities are clinically significant , allowing us to provide a much more accurate neurological diagnosis of the child's symptoms. 统计概率图谱的工程 用数学计算的办法 来算出这些反常是否 在临床上有用, 如果有用就给我们提供了一种更准确的 神经诊断方法 对儿童的症状。
Statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; Probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; abnormalities:n.畸形;异常情况(abnormality的复数形式); clinically:adv.临床地;门诊部地;不偏不倚;通过临床诊断; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
And so I became the head of neurophysiology for the clinical arm of this team, and we're finally able to use this technology towards actually helping children with brain disorders. 就这样我成为了这个团队中 临床分支的领导者。 最终我们可以用这种技术 来帮助那些有大脑障碍的 儿童。
neurophysiology:n.神经生理学;
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process of setting up this technology here in India. 我很高兴现在我正在 将这项技术在印度建立起来。
in the process of:在…的过程中;
I'd like to tell you about one such child, whose story was also covered by ABC News. 我想告诉你这样一个孩子, 他的故事也被ABC新闻报道过。
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar came to our clinic with this diagnosis of very severe autism . 七岁的查斯丁 西尼加 来到我们诊所 他被诊断患有严重的自闭症。
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义;
Like many autistic children, his mind was locked inside his body. 像许多自闭症儿童一样 他的思想被禁闭在身体中。
autistic:adj.[心理][内科]孤独症的;孤僻的;n.孤独症患者(常指儿童);
There were moments when he would actually space out for seconds at a time. 就曾出现过他经常 独自发呆几秒钟的情况。
And the doctors told his parents he was never going to be able to communicate or interact socially, and he would probably never have too much language. 医生告诉他的父母 他再也不能 与人交流了, 他可能不太会说话了。
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology to actually look at Justin's brain, the results were startling. 当我们用这种创造性的脑电图技术 查看查斯丁的大脑时 结果令人吃惊。
It turned out that Justin was almost certainly not autistic. 它显示查斯丁几乎没有自闭症。 他正在受癫痫的折磨
He was suffering from brain seizures that were impossible to see with the naked eye, but that were actually causing symptoms that mimicked those of autism. 他正在受癫痫的折磨 而这几乎不可能用肉眼发现, 却引起了像自闭症 一样的症状。
seizures:n.癫痫,痉挛;发作(seizure的复数); naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的; mimicked:v.模仿(活象);
After Justin was given anti-seizure medication , the change in him was amazing. 在治疗查斯丁的癫痫时, 他的变化很惊人。
medication:n.药;药物;
Within a period of 60 days, his vocabulary went from two to three words to 300 words. 60天之内, 他的词汇量从两三个单词 提高到300个单词。
And his communication and social interaction were improved so dramatically that he was enrolled into a regular school and even became a karate super champ . 他的沟通和社交能力 也得到了极大地提高, 因而他入学了 并成为了空手道超级冠军。
interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; enrolled:v.(使)加入;注册;登记;(enroll的过去分词和过去式) karate:n.空手道(日本的一种徒手武术); champ:n.咀嚼; vt.焦急; vi.咬;
Research shows that 50 percent of children, almost 50 percent of children diagnosed with autism are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures. 研究表明一半 几乎一半 被诊断患有自闭症的儿童 实际上是受着隐秘的癫痫的折磨。
These are the faces of the children that I have tested with stories just like Justin. 这是一些我检测过的 儿童的脸。 有着像查斯丁一样故事的
All these children came to our clinic with a diagnosis of autism, attention deficit disorder , mental retardation , language problems. 所有这些孩子 被诊断 患有自闭症,注意力缺失, 智力障碍,语言问题来到我们的诊所。
attention deficit disorder:n.注意(缺陷)障碍(伴多动);儿童多动症; retardation:n.阻滞;迟延;妨碍;
Instead, our EEG scans revealed very specific problems hidden within their brains that couldn't possibly have been detected by their behavioral assessments . 而我们脑电图扫描显示 他们的大脑中隐藏着一些问题 这些问题很可能不会通过 对他们行为的估测来发现。
revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; detected:v.发现;查明;侦察出;(detect的过去分词和过去式) behavioral:adj.行为的; assessments:评价;
So these EEG scans enabled us to provide these children with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis and much more targeted treatment . 因此这些脑电图扫描 让我们对这些孩子做出了 更为准确的精神诊断 更具针对性的治疗。
enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式) treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
For too long now, children with developmental disorders have suffered from misdiagnosis while their real problems have gone undetected and left to worsen . 有发展障碍的儿童被误诊 而他们真正的问题却没有被发现 并变得更严重, 这种情况持续太久了。
misdiagnosis:n.错误的诊断; undetected:adj.未被发现的;未检测到的; worsen:vi.恶化;变得更坏;更坏;vt.使恶化;使变得更坏;
And for too long, these children and their parents have suffered undue frustration and desperation. 这些孩子和他们的父母受挫折和绝望的折磨 太久了。
undue:adj.过度的,过分的;不适当的;未到期的; frustration:n.挫折;
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience , one in which we can finally look directly at brain function in real time with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively , and find the true source of so many disabilities in children. 但现在我们处在一个神经科学的新时代, 在这个时代我们可以 实时地直接查看大脑的功能状态 这不会有危险或副作用,没有侵害性, 并找到如此 这些儿童智力障碍的真正原因。
neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); non-invasively:重复性,无创性; disabilities:n.残疾(disability的复数);身心障碍者;
So if I could inspire even a fraction of you in the audience today to share this pioneering diagnostic approach with even one parent whose child is suffering from a developmental disorder, then perhaps one more puzzle in one more brain will be solved. 如果今天我可以 通过与一位孩子患有发展障碍的父母分享 这种先进的诊断办法 让在座的各位中一小部分人 感到备受鼓舞的话 那也许又一个人脑中的疑惑 会被消除。
inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
One more mind will be unlocked. 又一个思想会被解放。
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed or even undiagnosed by the system will finally realize his or her true potential while there's still time for his or her brain to recover. 又一个被误诊的或是 没有被该系统诊断的孩子 会意识到他或她的潜力 那就是这仍然还有时间 让他或她的大脑恢复正常。
misdiagnosed:v.错误地或判断,断定;(misdiagnose的过去式和过去分词) undiagnosed:adj.[临床]未确诊的;尚未找出原因的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves . 所有这些只需通过观察这个孩子的脑电波。
brainwaves:n.灵感;妙计;脑电波;(brainwave的复数)
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）