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AdamGrant_2021S-_“温水煮青蛙”教我们如何重新思考_
You might have heard that if you drop a frog in a pot of boiling water, it will jump out right away , but if you put it in lukewarm water, and then slowly heat it up, the frog won't survive. 你可能听说过,如果把一只青蛙丢进开水里, 它会被烫得立刻跳出来, 但如果把它丢进微温的水里, 然后慢慢把水加热, 青蛙就会被煮熟而死。
The frog's big problem is that it lacks the ability to rethink the situation. 青蛙最大的问题在于 它没有重新思考自己处境的能力。
It doesn't realize that the warm bath is becoming a death trap -- until it's too late. 它没有意识到这锅温水 渐渐成为了自己的葬身之地, 等反应过来已经太迟了。
right away:立刻; lukewarm:adj.冷淡的;微温的;不够热心的; rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法; trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计;
Humans might be smarter than frogs, but our world is full of slow-boiling pots. 人类虽然比青蛙要聪明, 但我们的世界也有很多类似的一锅锅“温水”。
Think about how slow people were to react to warnings about a pandemic , climate change or a democracy in peril . 人们的反应往往很迟钝, 不管是面对一场全球大流行病, 还是气候变暖,或者民主政治受到威胁。
We fail to recognize the danger because we're reluctant to rethink the situation. 我们无法意识到这些威胁, 因为我们不愿意换个角度重新审视。
We struggle with rethinking in all kinds of situations. 在各种场景下我们都会固执己见。
We expect our squeaky brakes to keep working, until they finally fail on the freeway . 我们觉得车上嘎吱作响的刹车还能继续用, 直到它们在高速公路上失灵。
react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应; pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; peril:n.危险;冒险;vt.危及;置…于险境; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; reluctant:adj.不情愿的;勉强的;顽抗的; rethinking:n.反思;v.重新考虑(rethink的现在分词); squeaky:adj.发轧声的;吱吱响的; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; freeway:n.高速公路;
We believe the stock market will keep going up, even after we hear about a real-estate bubble . 我们坚信股价会一直上涨, 就算听说有房地产泡沫也绝不改口。
And we keep watching "Game of Thrones " even after the show jumps the shark. 《权力的游戏》每季质量越来越差, 我们还老是追着不放。
Rethinking isn't a hurdle in every part of our lives. 生活中不是所有的方面都存在这个问题。
We're happy to refresh our wardrobes and renovate our kitchens. 我们很乐意给衣柜里添新衣, 或者修缮家里的厨房。
stock market:股票市场;证券市场;股票交易; real-estate:n.房地产;不动产; bubble:n.泡;气泡;肥皂泡;一点感情;v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情); Thrones:n.座天使(圣经故事中天使名); hurdle:n.障碍;栏;跳栏;vt.克服;vi.克服;跳过; wardrobes:n.衣柜(wardrobe的复数); renovate:vt.更新;修复;革新;刷新;
But when it comes to our goals, identities and habits, we tend to stick to our guns. 但是涉及到我们的个人目标、身份、习惯时, 我们往往会特别固执。
And in a rapidly changing world, that's a huge problem. 在这个迅速变化的大千世界, 这是一个很大的问题。
I'm an organizational psychologist . 我是一名组织心理学家。
It's my job to rethink how we work, lead and live. 我的职责就是去重新思考 我们工作、生活、领导的方式。
identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数) organizational:adj.组织的;编制的; psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者;
But that hasn't stopped me from getting stuck in slow-boiling pots, so I started studying why. 然而这没有使我自己 逃脱“温水煮青蛙”的困境。 于是我开始研究其中原因。
I learned that intelligence doesn't help us escape; sometimes, it traps us longer. 我了解到,智力本身无法让我们脱困; 有时,它会让我们困得更久。
Being good at thinking can make you worse at rethinking. 善于思考可能会让人不善于重新思考。
There's evidence that the smarter you are, the more likely you are to fall victim to the "I'm not biased " bias. 有证据显示,一个人越聪明, 就越有可能陷入“我不会带有偏见”这种偏见。
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; traps:n.陷阱,捕捉器; v.使落入险境; (trap的第三人称单数和复数) evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者; biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的;
You can always find reasons to convince yourself you're on the right path, which is exactly what my friends and I did on a trip to Panama. 你总可以找到理由 说服自己,以为自己的思路是正确的, 我和朋友的一次巴拿马之行就出现了这种情况。
I worked my way through college, and by my junior year, I'd finally saved enough money to travel. 我在大学期间一直兼职打工, 到了大三那年终于存够了钱出国旅游。
It was my first time leaving North America . 那是我第一次离开北美洲。
I was excited for my first time climbing a mountain, actually an active volcano , literally a slow-boiling pot. 我特别期待第一次爬上高山, 那座山恰巧是座活火山,简直跟一锅温水无异。
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; junior:n.青少年;职位较低者;adj.青少年的;地位低下的; North America:n.北美洲; volcano:n.火山; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
I set a goal to reach the summit and look into the crater . 我定了一个目标,要爬到山顶, 看看火山口里是什么样。
So, we're in Panama, we get off to a late start, but it's only supposed to take about two hours to get to the top. 于是我们到了巴拿马, 我们去到山脚时有点迟, 不过理论上只需要两个小时就能登顶。
After four hours, we still haven't reached the top. 然而四个小时之后,我们还在半山腰上。
summit:n.峰会;山顶;顶点;最高点; crater:n.火山口;弹坑;弧坑;[天文学]巨爵座;v.(使)成坑状; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
It's a little strange that it's taking so long, but we don't stop to rethink whether we should turn around. 花那么长时间感觉有点奇怪, 但我们完全没停下来思考要不要转身下山。
We've already come so far. 我们已经爬了这么久了。
We have to make it to the top. 我们必须要登到顶峰。
Do not stand between me and my goal. 谁都不能阻止我。
We don't realize we've read the wrong map. 我们没意识到,我们看的地图是错的。
We're on Panama's highest mountain, it actually takes six to eight hours to hike to the top. 我们来到的是巴拿马最高峰, 登顶需要6到8个小时的时间。
By the time we finally reach the summit, the sun is setting. 当我们终于爬到顶时, 太阳已经下山了。
We're stranded , with no food, no water, no cell phones, and no energy for the hike down. 我们困在山顶,没吃没喝,没有手机, 也完全没有下山的体能了。
There's a name for this kind of mistake, it's called " escalation of commitment to a losing course of action ." 这类的错误有一个统称, 叫做“为失败的决策加倍投入”。
hike:v.做徒步旅行; n.徒步旅行; (价格、花费等的)大幅度提高; stranded:adj.搁浅的; v.搁浅; (strand的过去式和过去分词); escalation:n.增加;扩大;逐步上升; commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺; course of action:un.球路;作战方案;行动过程;
It happens when you make an initial investment of time or money, and then you find out it might have been a bad choice, but instead of rethinking it, you double down and invest more. 它的意思是,当你在某件事上 已经投入了一定的金钱或精力, 但之后发现这件事做下去会导致失败, 你反而选择加倍投入, 而不是重新思考自己的决定。
You want to prove to yourself and everyone else that you made a good decision. 你想向自己和别人证明 你做的决定是正确的。
Escalation of commitment explains so many familiar examples of businesses plummeting . 如此的加倍投入 常常出现在商界各个衰落的大企业身上。
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; plummeting:n.垂直落下; adj.直线下降的; v.垂直落下;
Blockbuster , BlackBerry , Kodak . 比如百视达、黑莓、柯达。
Leaders just kept simmering in their slow-boiling pots, failing to rethink their strategies . 企业高层一直在温水里被反复炖煮, 未曾思考过转变航向。
Escalation of commitment explains why you might have stuck around too long in a miserable job, why you've probably waited for a table way too long at a restaurant 如此的加倍投入 可能导致你卡在糟糕的工作岗位却不愿离开, 在餐厅门口排长队等了太长时间,
Blockbuster:n.轰动;巨型炸弹;一鸣惊人者; BlackBerry:n.[园艺]黑莓; Kodak:n.小型照相机; simmering:n.气体漏泄时发出的叫声; vt.慢煮(simmer的现在分词); vi.煨(simmer的现在分词); (争吵或暴力)即将爆发; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) miserable:adj.悲惨的;痛苦的;卑鄙的;
and why you might have hung on to a bad relationship long after your friends encouraged you to leave. 或者是坚决不愿结束一段不顺心的恋情, 即使朋友们已经多次劝你与对方分手。
It's hard to admit that we were wrong and that we might have even wasted years of our lives. 我们很难承认自己犯了错, 更难承认自己可能已经因此浪费了多年时光。
So we tell ourselves, "If I just try harder, I can turn this around." 于是我们安慰自己, “如果我再用功一点,我一定可以扭转局面。”
We live in a culture that worships at the altar of hustle and prays to the high priest of grit . 我们的社会文化崇尚奋斗、拼搏, 崇尚坚韧不拔的精神。
But sometimes, that leads us to keep going when we should stop to think again. 但有时候,这会让我们盲目向前, 忘记了停下脚步、重新思考。
Experiments show that gritty people are more likely to overplay their hands in casino games and more likely to keep trying to solve impossible puzzles . 实验证明,性格坚毅的人 更有可能在赌博游戏中下过高的赌注, 也更有可能在客观无解的谜题上花更多时间。
worships:n.崇拜; v.崇拜(上帝或神); (worship的第三人称单数和复数) altar:n.祭坛;圣坛;圣餐台; hustle:v.催促;猛推;强夺;赶紧;n.推;奔忙;拥挤喧嚷; high priest:n.(旧时犹太教的)祭司长;(某些非基督教的)大祭司; grit:v.研磨;在…上铺砂砾;咬紧牙关;摩擦作声;n.粗砂,粗砂石;勇气;决心; gritty:adj.坚韧不拔的;有砂砾的;多沙的;像砂的; overplay:vt.夸张; vi.表演过火; puzzles:智力游戏;谜题(puzzle的第三人称单数和复数)
My colleagues and I have found that NBA basketball coaches who are determined to develop the potential in rookies keep them around much longer than their performance justifies . 我和我的同事发现 美国职业篮球的一些教练 特别坚决地想发掘、培养新秀球员的潜力, 即使球员表现糟糕, 教练还会让他们长时间上场。
And researchers have even suggested that the most tenacious mountaineers are more likely to die on expeditions , because they're determined to do whatever it takes to reach the summit. 有另外的研究还表明 最有毅力的登山者也最有可能死在登山途中, 因为他们下定了决心,无论如何都要攀到山顶。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; rookies:n.菜鸟总动员(电视剧名); performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; justifies:v.证明…正确;为…辩解(或辩护);使每行排齐;(justify的第三人称单数) tenacious:adj.顽强的;坚韧的;固执的;紧握的;黏着力强的; mountaineers:n.登山家,登山运动员;山地人;vi.登山; expeditions:n.探险(expedition的复数);远征;
In Panama, my friends and I got lucky. 回到巴拿马,我和朋友幸亏运气好。
About an hour into our descent , a lone pickup truck came down the volcano and rescued us from our slow-boiling pot. 我们开始下山一个小时后, 一辆孤零零的皮卡车正好从火山开下来, 把我们从这锅温水中解救了。
There's a fine line between heroic persistence and stubborn stupidity . 英勇的坚持不懈与愚昧的顽固不化 只有非常细微的区别。
Sometimes the best kind of grit is gritting your teeth and packing your bags. 有时候最好的勇气 就是一咬牙,决定知难而退。
'"Never give up" doesn't mean "keep doing the thing that's failing." “永不放弃”并不意味着 “不断尝试注定会失败的事”。
descent:n.下降;血统;袭击;vt.除去…的气味;使…失去香味; pickup:n.收集,整理;小卡车;拾起;搭车者;偶然结识者; rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式) heroic:adj.英雄的;英勇的;记叙英雄及其事迹的;夸张的;n.史诗;英勇行为; persistence:n.持续;固执;存留;坚持不懈;毅力; stubborn:adj.顽固的;顽强的;难处理的; stupidity:n.愚蠢;糊涂事; gritting:n.勇气;沙砾;毅力;沙粒;v.(在结冰的路上)撒沙砾;(grit的现在分词)
It means "don't get locked into one narrow path, and stay open to broadening your goals. 它其实意味着:不要被一条狭窄的道路所困, 而要保持开放心态,不断拓展自己的目标。
The ultimate goal is to make it down the mountain, not just to reach the top. 毕竟最终的目的是要顺利下山, 并不是登到山顶就结束了。
Your goals can give you tunnel vision , blinding you to rethinking the situation. 你设定的目标容易给你一孔之见, 使你盲目而无法重新审视局面。
narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; broadening:n.扩展;[光]增宽;v.放宽;扩张(broaden的ing形式);adj.加宽的; ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; tunnel vision:n.视野收缩;一孔之见;井蛙之见;
And it's not just goals that can cause this kind of shortsightedness , it's your identity too. 这种短见不仅是由设立的目标所造成的, 自己的身份也是原因之一。
As a kid, my identity was wrapped up in sports. 我还小的时候,我给自己的定位 就是超级体育迷。
I spent countless hours shooting hoops on my driveway , and then I got cut from the middle school basketball team, all three years. 我花了无数个小时在家门口训练投篮, 然而后来连续三年没被我们中学篮球队选中。
shortsightedness:n.近视; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式) countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; hoops:n.箍;环;圈;(篮球)篮圈,篮框;(hoop的复数) driveway:n.(从建筑物,住房,车库等通往大路的)私人车道; middle school:n.初中;(英国为9到13岁儿童所设的)中间学校;
I spent a decade playing soccer, but I didn't make the high school team. 我踢足球也踢了十年时间, 结果也没被高中足球队选中。
At that point, I shifted my focus to a new sport, diving . 在那之后,我把自己的重心转移到 一项新的运动:跳水。
I was bad, 我跳得很差劲,
I walked like Frankenstein , I couldn't jump, 我助跑僵硬得像机器人,根本跳不起来,
I could hardly touch my toes without bending my knees, and I was afraid of heights. 如果不屈膝的话我几乎摸不到脚趾头, 而且我还恐高。
But I was determined. 不过我早已下定决心了。[05:49]
shifted:转移;移动(shift的过去式和过去分词); diving:n.潜水;跳水;跳水运动;v.下潜;跳水;潜水;(dive的现在分词) Frankenstein:n.毁灭创造者自己之物;作法自毙的人; toes:n.脚趾;足尖部;有…脚趾的;v.用脚尖走;(toe的第三人称单数和复数)
I stayed at the pool until it was dark, and my coach kicked me out of practice . (Laughs) 我在跳水池训练到天黑, 直到我们教练把我赶出场。（笑声）
I knew that the seeds of greatness are planted in the daily grind , and eventually , my hard work paid off. 我知道我每天的不懈努力 一定会让我成就一番伟大事业, 最终,我的付出有了回报。
By my senior year, I made the All-American list, and I qualified for the Junior Olympic Nationals. 在我高中四年级时,我入选了全美大名单, 还成为了青年奥运会国家队的一员。
out of practice:久不练习,荒疏; greatness:n.伟大;巨大; grind:v.磨碎;磨快;n.磨;苦工作; eventually:adv.最后,终于; senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人; All-American:adj.全美洲的; n.全美最佳选手; qualified:adj.有资格的; v.合格; (qualify的过去分词和过去式)
I was obsessed with diving. 我全身心投入在跳水中。
It was more than something I did, it became who I was. 它不仅仅是我做的一项运动了, 跳水已成为我生命的一部分。
I had a diving sticker on my car, 我的车上贴着跳水相关的贴纸,
Diving gave me a way to fit in and to stand out. 跳水使我能够融入集体、展现自我。
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) sticker:n.粘贴标签;贴纸;
I had a team where I belonged and a rare skill to share. 我在跳水队中很有归属感, 我的水平也十分出色。
I had people rooting for me and control over my own progress. 有许多人为我加油鼓劲, 我的进步也尽在自己掌握之中。
But when I got to college, the sport that I loved became something I started to dread . 然而当我到了大学, 我所热爱的这项运动逐渐变成一个噩梦。
At that level, 在大学级别,
I could not beat more talented divers by outworking them. 我没法纯靠努力击败更有天赋的选手。
I was supposed to be doing higher dives , but I was still afraid of heights, and 6am practice was brutal . 我本应该继续挑战更高的高度, 然而我还是有恐高的毛病, 而且早上6点起来训练实在太辛苦。
dread:n.恐惧;可怕的人(或物);vi.惧怕;担心;vt.惧怕;担心;adj.可怕的; divers:adj.不同种类的,各式各样的; outworking:n.户外工作;外垒;vt.工作比…做得更好; dives:n.富豪; brutal:adj.残忍的;野蛮的,不讲理的;
My mind was awake, but my muscles were still asleep. 我的大脑已经清醒了,但肌肉还没完全活过来。
I did back smacks and belly flops and my slow-boiling pot this time was a freezing pool. 我经常背部着地或者肚皮着地, 我意识到这次的一锅“温水” 就是这个冰冷的跳水池。
There was one question, though, that stopped me from rethinking. 然而有这么一个问题, 让我很不愿意重新审视局面。
muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数); smacks:n.滋味; vt.掴; vi.用掌击; v.猛然; belly:n.腹部;胃;食欲;v.涨满;鼓起; flops:abbr.每秒浮点计算(floating-pointoperationspersecond);
'"If I'm not a diver, who am I?" “如果我不跳水的话,那我还能是谁？”
In psychology , there's a term for this kind of failure to rethink -- it's called "identity foreclosure ." 在心理学中,有个术语就是描述 这种不愿重新思考的心态, 它叫做“同一性早闭”。
It's when you settle prematurely on a sense of who you are and close your mind to alternative selves. 它的意思是你过早地承认了自己的身份与个性, 而不再选择探寻新的自我。
You've probably experienced identity foreclosure. 你可能就经历过同一性早闭。
Maybe you were too attached to an early idea of what school you'd go to, what kind of person you'd marry, or what career you'd choose. 或许你曾非常执着于 自己之后想上哪一所学校, 想娶或者想嫁给什么样的人, 或者想做一份什么样的工作。
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; foreclosure:n.丧失抵押品赎回权; settle:v.定居;结算;停留;确定;n.高背长椅(老式木家具,有扶手,座下多带柜); prematurely:adv.过早地;早熟地; alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
Foreclosing on one identity is like following a GPS that gives you the right directions to the wrong destination. 对同一性的这种早闭就像跟着GPS导航, 它给你指的是正确的路,但目的地却是错的。
After my freshman year of college, I rethought my identity. 在我大一年级之后,我重新思考了我的身份。
I realized that diving was a passion , not a purpose. 我意识到跳水是我的热情, 不是自己的人生意义。
My values were to grow and excel , and to contribute to helping my teammates grow and excel. 我的价值观是让自己不断成长、出众, 同时做出贡献,让我的队友也成长、出众。
Foreclosing:vt.阻止;排除;取消抵押品赎回权;vi.取消抵押品赎回权; rethought:重新考虑;再想(rethink的过去式和过去分词); passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒; excel:v.超过;擅长; contribute to:有助于;捐献;
Grow, excel, contribute. 成长、出众、贡献。
I didn't have to be a diver to grow, excel and contribute. 我不需要去跳水也能做到成长、出众、贡献。
Research suggests that instead of foreclosing on one identity, we're better off trying on a range of possible selves. 研究表明,相比于同一性早闭, 积极探索多种可能的自我会对我们更有好处。
Retiring from diving freed me up to spend the summer doing psychology research and working as a diving coach. 从跳水运动退役 让我在暑假有时间去做心理学科研, 同时还兼职做了跳水教练。
It also gave me time to concentrate on my dorkiest hobby, performing as a magician. 我也有空去研究我另一个傻乎乎的兴趣爱好: 魔术表演。
I'm still working on my sleight of hand . 我的手法还需要不少练习呢。
Opening my mind to new identities opened new doors. 对新的自我敞开怀抱让我找到了新的人生路。
Research showed me that I enjoyed creating knowledge, not just consuming it. 我的研究表明我自己热爱创造知识, 而不只是消费知识。
concentrate on:集中精力于;全神贯注于; performing:adj.表演的;演奏的;v.做;执行;演出;运转(perform的现在分词) sleight of hand:n.(隐蔽的)敏捷手法;把戏;花招; consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式);
Coaching and performing helped me see myself as a teacher and an entertainer . 做教练以及表演魔术 让我看到自己作为教师、表演者的样子。
If that hadn't happened, 如果没有这些经历,
I might not have become a psychologist and a professor, and I probably wouldn't be giving this TED talk. 我很可能不会成为心理学家、教授, 我也大概率不会来做这个TED演讲了。
See, I'm an introvert , and when I first started teaching, I was afraid of public speaking. 我其实是个内向的人, 在我刚开始给同学上课的时候, 我其实很害怕公众演讲。
entertainer:n.演艺人员,表演者; introvert:vt.使内向; vi.成为内弯; n.内向的人;
I had a mentor , Jane Dutton, who gave me some invaluable advice. 我的一位导师,简·达顿, 教给我一些非常宝贵的经验。
She said, "You have to unleash your inner magician." 她说:“你要把内心的魔术师展现出来。”
So I turned my class into a live show. 于是我把我的课堂变成了现场表演。
Before the first day, I memorized my students' names and backgrounds, and then, I mastered my routine. 在第一课之前,我会记住 每个学生的名字和背景, 再之后,我精通了整个流程。
mentor:n.指导者,良师益友;vt.指导; invaluable:adj.无价的;非常贵重的; unleash:vt.发泄;突然释放;使爆发; inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的; memorized:v.记忆;记住(memorize的过去分词和过去式)
Those habits served me well. 养成这些习惯对我很有好处。
I started to relax more and I started to get good ratings . 我讲课变得越来越自如, 我的教师评分也逐渐提升了。
But just like with goals and identities, the routines that help us today can become the ruts we get trapped in tomorrow. 但就好像个人目标、身份一样, 这些流程现在有好处, 但慢慢地总会变得枯燥而僵化。
One day, I taught a class on the importance of rethinking, and afterward , a student came up and said, "You know, you're not following your own principles ." 有一天,我在课上讲重新思考的重要性, 下课后,一个同学上前来跟我说: “你有没有发现, 你自己并没遵循课上教的内容。”
relax:v.放松,休息;松懈,松弛;变从容;休养; ratings:n.评级;等级(rating的复数形式); ruts:n.发情期;惯例;性冲动;凹槽;vt.挖槽于;在…形成车辙;vi.发情; trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式) afterward:adv.以后,后来; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
They say feedback is a gift, but right then, I wondered, "How do I return this?" 大家都说反馈是一份礼物, 但就在那一刻,我脑子里却想: “这我不知道怎么接？”
(Takes a breath) （深呼吸）
I was teaching the same material, the same way, year after year . 年复一年,我都在用同样的方式讲同样的内容。
I didn't want to give up on a performance that was working. 我不愿意放弃行之有效的教学/表演方式。
I had my act down. 我的表演十分精彩。[09:45]
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈; year after year:年复一年地;每年;
Even good habits can stand in the way of rethinking. 即使这样的好习惯也会成为重新思考的绊脚石。
There's a name for that too. 这种现象也有个名字,
It's called " cognitive entrenchment ," 叫做“认知固守”,
where you get stuck in the way you've always done things. 意味着你总是脱不开自己一贯的做事方式。
Just thinking about rethinking made me defensive . 光是提到“重新思考”这个词 都会觉得特别反感。[09:57]
stand in the way:妨碍;阻碍;拖…后腿; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; entrenchment:n.堑壕;防卫工事; defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的;
And then, I went through the stages of grief . 之后,我为此经历了漫长的心路历程。
I happened to be doing some research on emotion regulation at the time, and it came in handy . 我当时恰巧在做一个跟情绪调节相关的研究, 在这里派上了用场。
Although you don't always get to choose the emotions you feel, you do get to pick which ones you internalize and which ones you express . 虽然你并不一定能掌控 自己感受到什么样的情绪, 但你可以选择自己想内化哪些情绪, 以及想表达哪些情绪。
grief:n.悲痛;忧伤;不幸; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; handy:adj.便利的;手边的,就近的;容易取得的;敏捷的; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) internalize:vt.使(习俗等经吸收同化而)内在化;使藏在心底; express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务;
I started to see emotions as works in progress, kind of like art. 我逐渐开始把情绪当成一种“半成品”, 像艺术作品一样。
If you were a painter, you probably wouldn't frame your first sketch . 如果你是一名画家, 你大概率不会把自己的初稿给裱起来。
Your initial feelings are just a rough draft . 你最初的情绪感受只是草稿而已。
As you gain perspective , you can rethink and revise what you feel. 当你从多个角度思考, 你就可以审视并修改自己感受的情绪。
So that's what I did. 这就是我当时做的了。
Instead of defensiveness , I tried curiosity . 与其选择抗拒,我试着感受“好奇”。[10:33]
frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的; sketch:n.素描;草图;速写;概述;v.概述;简述;画素描;画速写; draft:n.草案; v.起草; adj.供役使的; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; revise:v.修改;复习;改变;温习;n.校订;[印]再校样; defensiveness:n.防御;防御性; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩;
I wondered, "What would happen if I became the student?" 我心想:“假如我变成听课的学生, 会发生什么呢？”
I threw out my plan for one day of class, and I invited the students to design their own session . 有一天,我把课程的教案彻底置之脑后, 然后请同学们自己设计课程的模式。
The first year, they wrote letters to their freshman selves, about what they wish they'd rethought or known sooner. 第一年,同学们给大一刚入学的自己写信, 告诉当时的自己应该反思些啥、提早知道些啥。
The next year, they gave passion talks. 下一年,同学们做了“热情演讲”。
session:n.会议;(法庭的)开庭;(议会等的)开会;学期;讲习会;
They each had one minute to share something they loved or cared about deeply. 每个人花一分钟的时间 给大家介绍自己非常热爱的一件事物。
And now, all my students give passion talks to introduce themselves to the class. 现在,我课上的所有同学 都靠“热情演讲”来做自我介绍。
I believe that good teachers introduce new thoughts but great teachers introduce new ways of thinking. 我认为好的老师会给同学讲述新思想, 而真正优秀的老师会讲述新的思维方式。
But it wasn't until I ceded control that I truly understood how much my students had to teach one another, and me. 直到我对课程框架结构彻底放手, 我才真正意识到 我的学生们互相教授,以及教授给我的知识 是无穷无尽的。
Ever since then, 在那之后,
I put an annual reminder in my calendar to rethink what and how I teach. 我每年都会预留一段时间 重新思考我上课的内容和方式。
It's a checkup . 这是我的例行检查。
Just when you go to the doctor for an annual checkup when nothing seems to be wrong, you can do the same thing in the important parts of your life. 就好像每年都会去做一次体检一样, 即使没有生病也会去, 我们对人生中重要的事情也可以做这样的检查。[11:26]
ceded:vt.屈服;让与;割让(cede的过去式); annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; calendar:n.日历;挂历;v.把…记入日程表中; checkup:na.检验;(严格的)健康检查;身体检查;
A career checkup to consider how your goals are shifting . 比如检查自己的职业、工作状态, 思考个人目标是否改变了。
A relationship checkup to re-examine your habits. 检查人际关系,重新思考自己的生活习惯。
An identity checkup to consider how your values are evolving . 检查个人身份、定位, 思考自己的价值观有没有变化。
Rethinking does not have to change your mind -- it just means taking time to reflect and staying open to reconsidering . 重新思考并不一定会让你改变主意, 它只是让你花时间去反思, 使你乐于接受改变。
shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词) re-examine:vt.再检验; evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达; reconsidering:v.重新考虑;重新审议;(reconsider的现在分词)
A hallmark of wisdom is knowing when to grit and when to quit , when to throw in the towel on an old identity and dive into a new one, when to walk away from some old habits and start scaling a new mountain. 智慧的重要体现 就是知道啥时埋头苦干,啥时知难而退; 啥时该抛弃自己曾经的定位, 转而迎接新的自我; 啥时该摒弃一些旧的习惯, 去挑战一些新的事物。
Your past can weigh you down, and rethinking can liberate you. 你的过往是一种包袱, 重新思考能使你挣脱桎梏。
Rethinking is not just a skill to master personally , it's a value we need to embrace culturally . 重新思考不只是我们个人要掌握的技能, 我们也要从文化层面鼓励推行这种价值。
hallmark:n.特点;品质证明;vt.给…盖上品质证明印记;使具有…标志; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问; quit:v.离开;放弃;停止;使…解除;n.离开;[计]退出;adj.摆脱了…的;已经了结的; throw in the towel:认输; scaling:n.缩放比例; v.剥落; liberate:v.解放;使自由;使摆脱约束(或限制); personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括; culturally:adv.从文化角度,文化意义上;在人文学方面;
We live in a world that mistakes confidence for competence , that pressures us to favor the comfort of conviction over the discomfort of doubt, that accuses people who change their minds of flip-flopping , when in fact, they might be learning. 我们现在的世界常常把自信误以为是实力, 这使得我们更容易固执己见, 而对质疑、追问感到不适, 也使得我们看不起改变主意的人, 觉得他们思想不坚定, 然而事实上,他们可能在持续学习新知识。
So let's talk about how to make rethinking the norm . 所以说,我们要讨论怎样让重新思考变成习惯。
We need to invite it and to model it. 为此我们要互相鼓励、效仿。
A few years ago, some of our students at Wharton challenged the faculty to do that. 几年前, 我们在沃顿商学院的一些学生 向我们教职工发起了挑战。
confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; competence:n.能力,胜任;权限;作证能力;足以过舒适生活的收入; conviction:n.判罪;定罪;坚定的看法(或信念);坚信;肯定; discomfort:n.不适,不安;不便之处;vt.使…不舒服;使…不安; accuses:v.控告;控诉;谴责;(accuse的第三人称单数) flip-flopping:v.改变观点; (flip-flop的现在分词) norm:n.规范;标准;定额;常态;v.规范;规定; faculty:n.科,系;能力;全体教员;
They asked us to record our own version of Jimmy Kimmel's Mean Tweets . 他们想让我们录一段视频, 模仿“吉米鸡毛秀”里的 名人嘉宾“恶言恶语”板块。
We took the worst feedback we'd ever received on student course evaluations , and we read it out loud. 我们去找自己收到的最差的课程评估, 学生每个学期都会写, 然后我们亲口读出来。
Angela Duckworth: “It was easily one of the worst three classes I've ever taken... 安吉拉·达克沃斯:“这堂课绝对是我 上过的最垃圾的三门课之一,
Tweets:n.啾啾声,小鸟叫声(tweet的复数形式);v.鸣叫(tweet的三单形式); evaluations:n.[审计]评估(evaluation的复数);
one of which the professor was let go after the semester .” 其中一门课的老师在学期结束后被炒鱿鱼了。”
Mohamed El-Erian: “The number of stories you tell you're causing us to physically shake in our seats.” 穆罕默德·艾尔-艾里恩:“你课上讲的天方夜谭 我们坐在凳子上都控制不住地发抖。”
(Laughs) （笑声）
Mae McDonnell: “So great to finally have a professor from Australia. 梅·麦克唐纳:“我们总算有个澳洲的老师了。
semester:n.学期;半年;
You started strong but then got softer. 你学期开头很给力,越到结尾越疲软。
You need tenure , so toughen up with these brats .” 你要想当终身教授, 最好赶紧治治你的捣蛋学生。”
I'm from Alabama . 我老家是阿拉巴马州的。
Michael Sinkinson: “Prof Sinkinson acts all down with pop culture but secretly thinks Ariana Grande is a font in Microsoft Word.” 迈克尔·辛金森:“辛金森教授嘴上说 自己对流行文化了如指掌, 但实际上却以为爱莉安娜·格兰德 是Word文档里某个字体的名称。”
tenure:n.任期;占有;vt.授予…终身职位; toughen:vt.使…坚韧;使…顽固;vi.变坚韧;变顽固; brats:n.乳臭未干的小孩;顽童;(brat的第三人称单数) Alabama:n.阿拉巴马州(美国州名); Grande:adj.重大的,显要的; font:n.字型;圣洗池(设于教堂中,常为石造);
(Laughs) （笑声）
AG: After I show these clips in class, students give more thoughtful feedback. 格兰特:当我在课上播完这些视频之后, 同学们给了我们更有价值的反馈。
They rethink what's relevant . 他们思考了哪些反馈是有关、有用的。
They also become more comfortable telling me what to think, because I'm not just claiming I'm receptive to criticism . 他们也更愿意来告诉我他们的所思所想, 因为我不只是口口声声说自己愿意听取批评。
clips:n.夹子; v.夹住; thoughtful:adj.深思的;体贴的;关切的; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; claiming:v.声称;要求给予;理应获得;(claim的现在分词) receptive:adj.善于接受的;能容纳的; criticism:n.批评;批判;评论;指责;
I'm demonstrating that I can take it. 我展示了自己能够直面这些批评。
We need that kind of openness in schools, in families, in businesses, in governments, in nonprofits . 这种透明度需要贯彻到各所学校, 乃至我们的家庭、公司、 政府、非营利组织之中。
A couple of years ago, I was working on a project for the Gates Foundation , and I suggested that leaders could record their own version of Mean Tweets. 几年前,我在给盖茨基金会做一个项目, 我当时就建议基金会领导人 也录一段类似的“恶言恶语”视频。
demonstrating:n.演示;v.证明;示威;显示;(demonstrate的现在分词) openness:n.公开;宽阔;率真; nonprofits:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的; Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
Melinda Gates volunteered to go first, and one of the points of feedback that she read said "Melinda is like Mary effing Poppins. 梅琳达·盖茨自愿第一个读, 她读到的其中一点反馈说: “梅琳达自以为跟超级保姆玛丽包萍一样:
Practically perfect in every way." 一切的一切都无可挑剔。”
And then, she started listing her imperfections . 而紧接着,她就开始列举自己的诸多不足之处。
People at the Gates Foundation who saw that video ended up becoming more willing to recognize and overcome their own limitations . 盖茨基金会里看过这段视频的人 后来都变得更加愿意 去找到并且克服自己的不足与限制。
volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) effing:adj.该死的,他妈的(避而不说fucking) Practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上; imperfections:n.不合格折贴(imperfection的复数); overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式);
They were also more likely to speak up about problems and solutions. 他们也变得更积极主动地 提出问题并提供个人见解。
What Melinda was modeling was confident humility . 梅琳达展现出的就是一个自信而谦逊的形象。
Confident humility is being secure enough in your strengths to acknowledge your weaknesses. 自信的谦逊是在你对自己的长处 拥有足够安全感时, 可以大胆承认自己的不足。
Believing that the best way to prove yourself is to improve yourself, knowing that weak leaders silence their critics and make themselves weaker, while strong leaders engage their critics and make themselves stronger. 相信最好的证明自我的方式就是不断提升自我, 软弱的领导者只会封住批评者的嘴, 却使自己显得更加软弱, 而强有力的领导者直面任何批评, 让自己变得更强有力。
confident:adj.自信的;确信的; humility:n.谦卑,谦逊; improve:v.改进;改善; critics:n.评论家;批评者;吹毛求疵的人(critic的复数); engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
Confident humility gives you the courage to say "I don't know," 自信的谦逊让你敢于说“我不知道”,
instead of pretending to have all the answers. 而不是假装自己什么都会。
To say "I was wrong," instead of insisting you were right. 你会说“我犯了错”,而不坚称自己总是对的。
It encourages you to listen to ideas that make you think hard, not just the ones that make you feel good, and to surround yourself with people who challenge your thought process , not just the ones who agree with your conclusions . 它鼓励你听取各方的意见, 并推动你积极思考, 而不只听取让自己高兴的甜言蜜语。 它还使你身边充满更多 有能力挑战你的思维方式的人, 而不只是那些只会满口答应的人。
And sometimes, it even leads you to challenge your own conclusions, like with the story about the frog that can't survive the slow-boiling pot. 有时候,它甚至会让你挑战自己的结论, 就好比“青蛙会被温水煮熟”这个结论。
I found out recently that's a myth . 我最近才发现这完全是个流言。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; conclusions:n.结论,总结;决定;(conclusion的复数) recently:adv.最近;新近; myth:n.神话;虚构的人,虚构的事;
If you heat up the water, the frog will jump out as soon as it gets uncomfortably warm. 如果你把水加热, 青蛙在水太烫时就立刻跳出来了。
Of course it jumps out, it's not an idiot . 它当然会跳出来啦,它又不是傻子！
The problem is not the frog, it's us. 问题并不在青蛙身上,而在我们身上。
Once we accept the story as true, we don't bother to think again. 一旦我们接受这个故事确有其事, 我们就懒得重新思考了。
as soon as:一…就; uncomfortably:adv.不舒适地;不自在地;令人不快地; idiot:n.笨蛋,傻瓜;白痴; bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼;
What if we were more like the frog, ready to jump out if the water gets too warm? 假如我们更像青蛙一样, 水温过高时及时跳出,会怎么样呢？
We need to be quick to rethink. 我们要随时准备好重新思考。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
What if:如果…怎么办?