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AbigailMarsh_2016T-_为什么有些人特别博爱？_
There's a man out there, somewhere, who looks a little bit like the actor Idris Elba, or at least he did 20 years ago. 一位男子站在那, 长的有点神似演员伊卓瑞斯·艾巴, 或者是艾巴20年前的样子。
I don't know anything else about him, except that he once saved my life by putting his own life in danger. 除了他铤而走险 救了我一命以外, 我对他一无所知。
This man ran across four lanes of freeway traffic in the middle of the night to bring me back to safety after a car accident that could have killed me. 在夜里,男子横穿4条高速行车道, 将我从一场致命车祸中救出, 并且将我带到到安全的地方。
lanes:n.线路,跑道(lane复数形式); freeway:n.高速公路;
And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously, but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need to understand why he did it, what forces within him caused him to make the choice that I owe my life to, to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger? 整个事件让我相当恐慌, 但也留下了一个缠绕在心头、挥之不去的困惑, 让我想了解为什么他要这么做。 是什么样的动力 让他决定冒着丧失性命的风险 去拯救一个陌生人的命？
gnawing:adj.令人痛苦的;折磨人的;n.咬;不断的苦痛;v.咬;侵蚀;(gnaw的现在分词) owe:v.归功于;欠(债);欠(账);欠(情)
In other words, what are the causes of his or anybody else's capacity for altruism ? 换句话说,哪种因素造就了他或者其他人的利他行为？
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; altruism:n.利他;利他主义;
But first let me tell you what happened. 在开始之前,让我先告诉你们这故事。
That night, I was 19 years old and driving back to my home in Tacoma , Washington, down the Interstate 5 freeway, when a little dog darted out in front of my car. 事件当晚,我那时19岁, 我正要开车返回位于华盛顿州塔科马的家, 要下第五洲际公路时, 一只小狗飞奔到我的车子前方。
Tacoma:n.塔科马港市(美国华盛顿州西部港市); Interstate:adj.州际的;州与州之间的;n.(美)州际公路; darted:急冲,投掷,投射(dart的过去式和过去分词);
And I did exactly what you're not supposed to do, which is swerve to avoid it. 我立刻转向避免撞上牠, 虽然这并不是一个值得大家学习的做法。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) swerve:vi.转弯;突然转向;背离;vt.使转弯;使突然转向;使背离;n.转向;偏离的程度;
And I discovered why you're not supposed to do that. 并且,我发现不该这么做的原因。
I hit the dog anyways, and that sent the car into a fishtail , and then a spin across the freeway, until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway faced backwards into oncoming traffic and then the engine died. 我最终还是撞到了那条狗, 我的车子也剧烈摇晃, 最且开始在公路上打转, 最后停在了公路的快车道上, 逆向面对即将而来的车辆, 此时我的引擎却无法发动。
fishtail:adj.鱼尾状的;vi.摆尾飞行;n.鱼尾;摆尾行驶; spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; wound:n.创伤,伤口;v.使受伤;受伤,伤害; fast lane:n.(高速公路或州际公路上的)快车道; oncoming:adj.即将到来的;接近的;新兴的;n.来临,接近;
And I was sure in that moment that I was about to die too, but I didn't because of the actions of that one brave man who must have made the decision within a fraction of a second of seeing my stranded car 我非常确定,那个瞬间,我将丧失性命 但我没有。 因为一位勇敢的男子,做出行动, 在看见我抛锚的车子后, 下定决心,把车停在路旁,
was about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; stranded:adj.搁浅的; v.搁浅; (strand的过去式和过去分词);
to pull over and run across four lanes of freeway traffic in the dark to save my life. 在昏暗不明的黑夜中, 飞奔过4条行车道, 救了我一命。
run across:偶然遇到;跑着穿过;
And then after he got my car working again and got me back to safety and made sure I was going to be all right, he drove off again. 事后他幫我的车子修理处理好, 并且带我到了安全的地点确保一切无恙后, 他才开车离去。
He never even told me his name, and I'm pretty sure I forgot to say thank you. 他甚至没有告诉我他的名字﹐ 而我也清楚记得,我忘记道谢了。
So before I go any further, 在我继续讲下去之前,
I really want to take a moment to stop and say thank you to that stranger. 我真的很想花点时间 好好地答谢那位陌生人。
(Applause) （掌声）
I tell you all of this because the events of that night changed the course of my life to some degree. 我将这件事情告诉你们, 是因为那晚的事情,某些程度上地改变了我的人生课题,
I became a psychology researcher, and I've devoted my work to understanding the human capacity to care for others. 我成为了一位心理学研究者, 并且致力于理解人类照顾他人的能力。
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式)
Where does it come from, and how does it develop, and what are the extreme forms that it can take? 究竟这能力是怎么来的？又是怎么发展的? 为什么在极端的情况也能展现出来？
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
These questions are really important to understanding basic aspects of human social nature. 这些问题对于理解人类的社会性来说, 是相当重要的基本方面。
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
A lot of people, and this includes everybody from philosophers and economists to ordinary people believe that human nature is fundamentally selfish, that we're only ever really motivated by our own welfare . 有许多人,包括各种职業 像是哲学家、经济学家甚至是一般人, 都认为人性是自私的, 人们总是因为有利可图才行动。
philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); human nature:n.人性; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机; welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利;
But if that's true, why do some people, like the stranger who rescued me, do selfless things, like helping other people at enormous risk and cost to themselves? 但如果人真如此,为何有些人会做一些对无私的事 像是冒着风险幫助别人, 或像那位陌生人一样幫助我呢？
rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式) selfless:adj.无私的;不考虑自己的; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
Answering this question requires exploring the roots of extraordinary acts of altruism, and what might make people who engage in such acts different than other people. 要想回答这个疑问, 我们需要探索利他行为的根源, 为什么有些人不同于他人, 会愿意参与这样非凡的举动呢？
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定; different than:不同于;
But until recently , very little work on this topic had been done. 到目前为止,几乎没有研究探讨这样的议题。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
The actions of the man who rescued me meet the most stringent definition of altruism, which is a voluntary , costly behavior motivated by the desire to help another individual . 幫助我的那位男子 符合了利他主义的最极端定义, 即是志愿性地、大投入地 并且强烈地渴望幫助他人。
stringent:adj.严格的;严厉的;紧缩的;短缺的; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; voluntary:adj.自愿的;志愿的;自发的;故意的;n.志愿者;自愿行动; costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
So it's a selfless act intended to benefit only the other. 这是无私的举动,他们试图带给人们利益。
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式)
What could possibly explain an action like that? 该如何解释这样的举动呢？
One answer is compassion , obviously, which is a key driver of altruism. 显然,第一个答案是同情心, 这是驱动利他行为的重点。
compassion:n.同情;怜悯;
But then the question becomes, why do some people seem to have more of it than others? 但这样问题又变成了 为什么某些人会比其他人更有同情心？
And the answer may be that the brains of highly altruistic people are different in fundamental ways. 答案可能是具高度利他行为的人们 本质上脑袋就跟其他人不同。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; altruistic:adj.利他的;无私心的;
But to figure out how, 为了去找出缘由,
I actually started from the opposite end, with psychopaths . 我从反面思考着手, 研究一些精神病患者。
psychopaths:n.心理病态性格;精神病者(psychopath的复数);
A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature, like the desire to help other people, is to study people in whom that desire is missing, and psychopaths are exactly such a group. 想要研究幫助他人的天性, 我们采用了一个普遍的研究方法, 即是去研究某些失去这些天性的人们, 像是一些精神病患者就很符合这项特征。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder with strongly genetic origins , and it results in a personality that's cold and uncaring and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior. 这些精神病患者由于基因上的缺陷, 导致发展过程中具有缺陷, 最终造成他们的冷酷无情, 这让他们倾向利用一些反社会甚至暴利行为解决事情。
Psychopathy:n.精神变态,精神病; developmental:adj.发展的;启发的; disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; origins:n.起源; (origin的复数) personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色; uncaring:adj.心不在焉的,不注意的; tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好; antisocial:adj.反社会的;扰乱社会的;不爱交际的;n.违背社会公德的人;反社会者; violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的;
Once my colleagues and I at the National Institute of Mental Health conducted some of the first ever brain imaging research of psychopathic adolescents , 在国家心理卫生研究院 我和同事拍摄了第一例 患有精神疾病青少年的脑部影像,
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) psychopathic:adj.精神病的;精神错乱的;n.精神变态者; adolescents:n.[人类]青少年(adolescent复数);
and our findings , and the findings of other researchers now, have shown that people who are psychopathic pretty reliably exhibit three > chara cteristics . 我们及后续研究者的发现 都显示出患有精神疾病的人们 拥有三个相关性极高的特征。
findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) reliably:adv.可靠地;确实地;
First, although they're not generally insensitive to other people's emotions , they are insensitive to signs that other people are in distress . 首先,他们对于感受别人的情绪并没有迟钝的表现, 但是对于他人的痛苦情绪却难以感受。
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; insensitive:adj.感觉迟钝的,对…没有感觉的; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) distress:n.危难,不幸;贫困;悲痛;v.使悲痛;使贫困;
And in particular , they have difficulty recognizing fearful facial expressions like this one. 特别是, 他们对于辨识恐惧的脸部表情有障碍,像这张图。
in particular:尤其,特别; recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) fearful:adj.可怕的;担心的;严重的; facial:adj.面部的,表面的;脸的,面部用的;n.美容,美颜;脸部按摩; expressions:表达,表情(expression的复数)
And fearful expressions convey urgent need and emotional distress, and they usually elicit compassion and a desire to help in people who see them, so it makes sense that people who tend to lack compassion also tend to be insensitive to these cues . 而恐惧的表情传递了一个人的急迫及精神上的痛苦, 一般人见到恐惧的表情, 通常都会被激起同情心,并想要伸出援手, 所以合理的推论是,缺乏同情心的人 其实是难以感受这些暗示的。
convey:vt.传达;运输;让与; urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; elicit:v.抽出,引出;引起; cues:n.开端,线索;提示,关键;球杆;诱因(cue的复数形式);
The part of the brain that's the most important for recognizing fearful expressions is called the amygdala . 在大脑中, 分辨恐惧表情的重要部分 叫做杏仁核。
amygdala:n.[解剖]杏仁核;扁桃腺;苦巴旦杏;
There are very rare cases of people who lack amygdalas completely, and they're profoundly impaired in recognizing fearful expressions. 极少数的人有杏仁核发展不全的症状, 而这些人对于恐惧表情的辨识都有相当程度的障碍。
amygdalas:n.[解剖]杏仁核;扁桃腺;苦巴旦杏; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地; impaired:adj.受损的;v.损害(impair的过去式和过去分词);
And whereas healthy adults and children usually show big spikes in amygdala activity when they look at fearful expressions, psychopaths' amygdalas are underreactive to these expressions. 尽管他们是身体健康的成人或小孩, 他们在看到恐惧的表情时, 脑中杏仁核的活性都有严重的阻碍, 精神病患者的杏仁核对这些表情感受不活跃。
whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; spikes:n.钉鞋(spike的复数);v.把…钉牢(spike的第三人称单数);
Sometimes they don't react at all, which may be why they have trouble detecting these cues. 有时候他们根本没有反应, 或许这就是为何他们在感受恐惧表情上会有障碍。
react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应; detecting:n.检测;检定;v.发现;探知(detect的现在分词);adj.探测的;
Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas are smaller than average by about 18 or 20 percent. 精神病患者的杏仁核 比正常人还小18-20%
So all of these findings are reliable and robust , and they're very interesting. 因此,这些发现的可信度相当高, 同时也是相当有趣的发现。
reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的;
But remember that my main interest is not understanding why people don't care about others. 但请记得我主要感兴趣的 并非为何有些人不关心他人。
It's understanding why they do. 而是为何人会关心他人。
So the real question is, could extraordinary altruism, which is the opposite of psychopathy in terms of compassion and the desire to help other people, emerge from a brain that is also the opposite of psychopathy? 所以真正的问题是, 精神病患者的相反面, 充满同情心并可望幫助他人的人们, 那些非凡的利他行为, 是否因为他们的大脑与精神病患者也完全相反？
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
A sort of antipsychopathic brain, better able to recognize other people's fear, an amygdala that's more reactive to this expression and maybe larger than average as well? 非精神病患者的大脑, 是否就能辨识人们恐惧的脸孔？ 是否他们的杏仁核对这个表情能活化？ 或者他们的杏仁核比正常人的还要大？
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的;
As my research has now shown, all three things are true. 依据我的研究, 三者皆是。
And we discovered this by testing a population of truly extraordinary altruists . 透过测试那些真的具有利他行为的人, 我们发现了这些现象。
altruists:n.爱他主义者;利他主义者;
These are people who have given one of their own kidneys to a complete stranger. 那些受试者很乐意将自己的肾脏, 去提供给一位陌生人。
kidneys:n.[解剖]肾脏;转炉的附着物;肾形矿脉(kidney的复数);
So these are people who have volunteered to undergo major surgery so that one of their own healthy kidneys can be removed and transplanted into a very ill stranger that they've never met and may never meet. 这些人自愿承受大型手术, 将他们自己的健康肾脏转移, 到另一位虚弱的陌生人身上, 他们甚至从未见过这些陌生人。
volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) undergo:vt.经历,经受;忍受; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; transplanted:移植;转移;
'"Why would anybody do this?" is a very common question. 「为什么会有人这样做？」这是一个大家都想知道的问题。
And the answer may be that the brains of these extraordinary altruists have certain special characteristics. 而答案可能是因为 这些具非凡利他行为的人, 他们的大脑有一些特别之处。
They are better at recognizing other people's fear. 他们更善于感受他人的恐惧。
They're literally better at detecting when somebody else is in distress. 他们确实更能侦测到别人的痛苦情绪。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
This may be in part because their amygdala is more reactive to these expressions. 可能有部分是因为他们的杏仁核对这些表情的反应更加活耀。
And remember, this is the same part of the brain that we found was underreactive in people who are psychopathic. 提醒一下,精神病患者脑中同一个部位 对此是不活耀的。
And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well, by about eight percent. 最后一点,我们发现具利他行为的人, 他们的杏仁核比常人大了8%。
So together, what these data suggest is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world that's anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic, 综上所述,这些资讯显示了 世界上的人们可能存在于这条爱心连续曲线上, 有的人在精神疾病的极端,不具同情心,
continuum:n.[数]连续统;[经]连续统一体;闭联集;
and at the other by people who are very compassionate and driven to acts of extreme altruism. 也有人非常地有同情心, 导致他们有极端的利他行为。
compassionate:adj.慈悲的;富于同情心的;vt.同情;怜悯;
But I should add that what makes extraordinary altruists so different is not just that they're more compassionate than average. 但我要强调,这些非凡的利他行为 并不仅是因为他们的同情心强于常人。
They are, but what's even more unusual about them is that they're compassionate and altruistic not just towards people who are in their own innermost circle of friends and family. Right? 他们其实是 更加地与众不同, 他们的同情心跟利他行为 不仅是对于最接近自己的人际关系, 像是朋友跟家人,对吧？
innermost:adj.内心的;最里面的,最深处的;秘密的;
Because to have compassion for people that you love and identify with is not extraordinary. 因为对你所爱的人有同情心, 并不能算是非凡的行为。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion extends way beyond that circle, even beyond their wider circle of acquaintances to people who are outside their social circle altogether, total strangers, just like the man who rescued me. 真正非凡的利他者的同情心,会延伸至圈外． 甚至延伸到熟人圈之外, 延伸到自己社交圈以外的所有人, 所有的陌生人, 就像是那位拯救我的男子那样。
extends:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;使延期;(extend的第三人称单数) acquaintances:n.认识的人;熟人;略有交情;(对某事物的)了解;(acquaintance的复数)
And I've had the opportunity now to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors how it is that they manage to generate such a wide circle of compassion that they were willing to give a complete stranger their kidney. 我曾问愿意捐赠肾脏的人们: 如何才能将自己的同情心的范围扩大, 扩大到使他们愿意将肾脏捐给完全不认识的陌生人？
donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主; generate:v.产生;引起;
And I found it's a really difficult question for them to answer. 而我发现这对他们来说是非常困难的问题,
I say, "How is it that you're willing to do this thing when so many other people don't? 我问:「是什么让你愿意去做这件 大多数人都不愿意做的事？
You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans who has ever given a kidney to a stranger. 每2000位美国人中都不会有一位像你这样 愿意将肾脏捐给陌生人的人,
What is it that makes you so special?" 是什么让你变得如此特别？」
And what do they say? 他们怎么说？
They say, "Nothing. 他们说:「没什么,
There's nothing special about me. 对我来说这没什么特别。
I'm just the same as everybody else." 我跟其他人都是一样的。」
And I think that's actually a really telling answer, because it suggests that the circles of these altruists don't look like this, they look more like this. 而我想,这确实就是真正的答案了, 因为正显示出了,这些人的人际圈看起来不像这样, 而是像这样,
They have no center. 他们没有中心自我。
These altruists literally don't think of themselves as being at the center of anything, as being better or more inherently important than anybody else. 这些利他主义者不认为 自己是在任何事物的中心, 他们并不觉得自己比其他人更优秀或独特。
inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地;
When I asked one altruist why donating her kidney made sense to her, she said, "Because it's not about me." 当我问一位利他主义者,为什么捐赠肾脏对她来说是正常的, 她说:「因为这不只是关系到我自己。」
donating:v.捐赠,赠送;(donate的现在分词)
Another said, "I'm not different. I'm not unique . 另一位利他主义者说: 「我跟其他人没什么不同,我并不是独一无二。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
Your study here is going to find out that I'm just the same as you." 你的研究中应该也发现了,其实我与你没什么不同。」
I think the best description for this amazing lack of self-centeredness is humility , which is that quality that in the words of St. Augustine makes men as angels. 我认为对于这样缺乏自我中心的性格,最好的叙述是 谦卑, 而谦卑二字正是使圣奥古斯丁, 最后成为天使的原因。
description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型; self-centeredness:自我中心; humility:n.谦卑,谦逊;
And why is that? 为什么呢？
It's because if there's no center of your circle, there can be no inner rings or outer rings, nobody who is more or less worthy of your care and compassion than anybody else. 因为如果你的人际圈中没有中心, 那就没有内圈,也没有外圈了, 没有人更值得也没有人不值得 你去表现同情心。
outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; more or less:或多或少; worthy:adj.值得的; n.杰出人物;
And I think that this is what really distinguishes extraordinary altruists from the average person. 我认为这是最非凡利他者与一般人 最大的差异。
distinguishes:vt.区分;辨别;使杰出,使表现突出;vi.区别,区分;辨别;
But I also think that this is a view of the world that's attainable by many and maybe even most people. 但我认为对大多数的人来说, 这是一个崇高的愿景。
attainable:adj.可得到的;可达到的;可到达的;
And I think this because at the societal level, expansions of altruism and compassion are already happening everywhere. 我认为从社会层面上来看, 利他主义及同情心已经扩张到每个角落。
societal:adj.社会的; expansions:n.[数]扩展(expansion的复数形式);
The psychologist Steven Pinker and others have shown that all around the world people are becoming less and less accepting of suffering in ever-widening circles of others, 心理学家史迪芬．平克跟其他研究者表示, 世界上的人们越来越难 接受人际圈以外的人们受到折磨,
psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者;
which has led to declines of all kinds of cruelty and violence , from animal abuse to domestic violence to capital punishment . 所以许多残忍、暴力的事件才会越来越少 像是虐待动物、家庭暴力及死刑。
declines:vi.下降;衰退;拒绝(decline的第三人称单数); cruelty:n.残酷;残忍;残酷的行为; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; capital punishment:n.死刑;极刑;
And it's led to increases in all kinds of altruism. 而各种利他行为越来越多。
A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous how normal and ordinary it is for people to donate their blood and bone marrow to complete strangers today. 一百多年前,人们认为 捐赠血液及骨髓, 是非常荒谬可笑的事, 但在今日,这项行为却是相当普遍。
ludicrous:adj.滑稽的;荒唐的; donate:v.赠送;献(血);捐献(器官); bone marrow:n.骨髓;
Is it possible that a hundred years from now people will think that donating a kidney to a stranger is just as normal and ordinary as we think donating blood and bone marrow is today? 也许在百年之后, 人们会认为捐赞肾脏给陌生人 是一件再普通不过的事, 就像我们今日认为捐血跟骨髓很普通一样。
Maybe. 或许,
So what's at the root of all these amazing changes? 这些惊人变化的根源,
In part it seems to be increases in wealth and standards of living. 某部分或许是 源自于财富的增加或生活水平的进步。
wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
As societies become wealthier and better off, people seem to turn their focus of attention outward , and as a result , all kinds of altruism towards strangers increases, 社会变得更富有、更好, 人们会开始将注意力转向其他方面。 因此,对陌生人的利他行为增加了,
outward:n.外表; adj.表面的; v.同"outwards.outwardandhomeward"; as a result:结果;